1. Which Mineral Group Does Orthoclase Belong To?

A mineral is a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystal structure. Minerals can be divided into two main groups; silicates and nonsilicates. Silicate minerals make up more than 90% of the Earth’s crust, and contain a combination of silicon & oxygen. Often, silicates contain other elements (such as aluminum, iron, magnesium, and potassium). A sample of feldspar was analyzed to find out what it was made of. The graph below shows the results of the analysis. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.

1. Which mineral group does orthoclase belong to? a. Oxide b. Sulfate c. Silicate d. Nonsilicate 2. The sample consists of four elements: potassium, aluminum, silicon, and oxygen. Which element makes up the largest percentage of your sample? a. Potassium b. Aluminum c. Silicon d. Oxygen 3. Feldspar contains a combination of silicon and oxygen. What percentage of your sample is composed of silicon & oxygen combined? a. 30% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60% 4. If your sample has a mass of 10.0 g, how many grams of oxygen does it contain? a. 1.0 g b. 2.0 g c. 4.0 g d. 8.0 g 5. Your sample of orthoclase has a hardness of 6. Which of the following minerals will scratch your sample (use the hardness scale for help) a. Gypsum b. Corundum c. Calcite d. Apatite

Directions Use the diagram to answer the following questions. 6. What substance is the densest? a. Water b. Lamp Oil c. Honey d. Rubbing Alcohol 7. What substance is the least dense? a. Water b. Lamp Oil c. Honey d. Rubbing Alcohol 8. If the density of Honey is 2g/ cm3 and the density of Dish soap is 1.5 g /cm3, what is the density for Karo Syrup? a. 2 g/ cm3 b. 1.5 g/ cm3 c. 2.1 g/ cm3 d. 1.8 g/ cm3 9. The density of vinegar is 89% of what water is. Based on this information where would vinegar sit in the density column? a. Above Water b. Below Water c. At the top of the density column d. At the bottom of the density column 10. What is the best definition of density? a. A measurement of volume per unit of mass b. A measurement of mass in matter c. A measurement of mass per unit of volume d. A measurement of how mass affects volume 11. If mass increased but volume stayed the same what would happen to the density of a substance? a. It would increase. b. It would decrease. c. It would stay the same d. Mass does not affect density. 12. If mass stayed the same but volume was increased what would happen to the density of a substance? a. It would increase. b. It would decrease. c. It would stay the same d. Mass does not affect density. 13. An oil tanker crossing the ocean runs aground on a reef. A hole is torn in the ship’s hull and millions of gallons of crude oil are spilled into the ocean. (Assume that crude oil has the same density as vegetable oil) What group of animals is in the most danger? a. Animals at the bottom of the ocean. b. Animals on land. c. Animals that live near the surface of the ocean. d. Animals that live in the deep ocean. Interpreting Diagrams: The graph below represents how a substance changes state, based on temperature over a period of time. Assume that at point A the substance in the experiment starts as a solid. Use the diagram above and answer the following questions. 14. What form of energy was most likely added to increase the temperature? a. Chemical b. Electrical c. Heat d. Potential 15. From point B to C the substance is changing state, which would most likely be correct? a. Liquid  Solid b. Solid  Liquid c. Liquid  Gas d. Gas  Liquid 16. In the graph what most likely is the dependent variable a. Time b. Energy c. Temperature d. Volume 17. What is the difference in temperature from point B to point D a. 140 °C b. 70 °C c. 75°C d. 90 °C 18. What phase change is occurring from point D to E? a. Liquid  Solid b. Solid  Liquid c. Liquid  Gas d. Gas  Liquid 19. At what point are the molecules moving the fastest? a. A b. B c. C d. D

Acid Rain Analysis When the pH of rain water drops below 7, the results can be very harmful to the environment. Fish die as a result of lowered pH in lakes and rivers. Acid rain harms trees and plants by burning leaves and destroying nutrients. In addition, stone buildings and monuments are weathered away more quickly. Why is acid rain more of a problem in some places than others? To answer this question, let’s first look at how rain becomes acidic. Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a gas found naturally in the air. Carbonic acid occurs when carbon dioxide gas dissolves in rain droplets of unpolluted air:

CO2 + H2O  H2CO3. When CO2 dissolves into rain droplets, carbonic acid, H2CO3 (a very weak acid), is produced resulting in a pH of 5.6.

The burning of fossil fuels releases nitrogen and sulfur oxides into the air. Nitrogen dioxide from automobile exhaust results in the formation of nitrous acid and nitric acid when combined with rainwater: 2NO2 + H2O HNO2 + HNO3.

Sulfur dioxide from the burning of coal reacts with rain to form sulfurous acid:SO2 + H2O H2SO3.

The pH of rain containing HNO2, HNO3, or H2SO3 is usually below 5.6 and is classified as acid rain. Figure 1 shows the trend of rain pH in the United States in a typical year. Notice that most acidic rain falls on or downwind of heavily populated and industrialized areas.

Multiple Choice:

20. What is the normal pH of pure H2O ? a. 7 b. 8 c. 6 d. 1 21. Which of the following pH values would be considered to be the most acidic? a. 8.9 b. 4.9 c. 12.9 d. 2.9 22. What is the pH for the majority of the state of Pennsylvania? a. 4.1 b. 4.3 c. 4.7 d. 4.5 23. Which portion of Florida has the most acidic rain? a. North-west b. Southern c. Central-east d. all the same 24. Which state has the most acidic rain? a. California b. Pennsylvania c. New Jersey d. Texas 25. What type of reaction produces carbonic acid? a. Double displacement b. Synthesis c. Single displacement d. Decomposition