Child Development Chapter 6 Review

1. During Piaget’s ______stage, which spans the first 2 years of life, infants and toddlers “think” with their eyes, ears and hands.

2. According to Piaget, specific psychological structures, or organized ways of making sense of experience called ______, change with age.

3. Match the following terms with the appropriate description.

_____ Creating new schemes or adjusting to old 1. Adaptation ones to better fit with the environment 2. Accomodation _____ Time when children are not changing much 3. Assimilation in terms of their cognitive development, 4. Equilibrium a steady, comfortable condition 5. Disequilibrium _____ Time of rapid cognitive change, a period of cognitive discomfort _____ Using current schemes to interpret the external world _____ Building schemes through direct interaction with the environment

4. What is a circular reaction? Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary circular reactions. Circular reaction: ______Primary: ______Secondary: ______Tertiary: ______

5. Match each of the following sensorimotor substages with the appropriate description.

_____ Infants’ primary means of adapting to the 1. Substage 1 environment is through reflexes 2. Substage 2 _____ Infants engage in goal-directed behavior and 3. Substage 3 begin to attain object permanence 4. Substage 4 _____ Toddlers repeat behaviors with variation, 5. Substage 5 producing new effects 6. Substage 6 _____ Infants’ adaptations are oriented toward their own bodies _____ Toddlers gain the ability to create mental Representations _____ Infants act to repeat interesting Effects in the surrounding world 6. When infants coordinate schemes deliberately to solve simple problems, what do we call this? ______

7. ______are internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate.

8. The understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight is called ______.

9. Describe the three basic parts of mental system according to the information- processing approach. Sensory Register: ______Working, or short-term, Memory: ______Long-term Memory: ______

10. True or False: Information-processing researchers believe that the basic structure of the mental system is similar throughout life.

11. ______, the simplest form of memory, involves a simple indication as to whether a new experience is identical or similar to a previous one. ______, on the other hand, is much more challenging because it involves remembering something in the absence of perceptual support.

12. What is infantile amnesia?

13. The earliest categories are ______, or based on similar overall appearance or prominent object part. By the end of the first year, more categories are ______, or based on common function and behavior. – LOOK AT THE LAST PARAGRAPH ON THE PAGE TO FIND THIS

14. According to Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, complex mental activities have their origins in ______. Through joint activities with (less/more) mature members of their society, children come to master activities and think in ways that have meaning in their culture.

15. Explain Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development. ______

16. Explain the difference between and intelligence quotient (IQ) and a developmental quotient (DQ). IQ: ______DQ: ______17. True or False: Scores on infant intelligence tests are excellent predictors of later intelligence. Why or why not? ______

18. For what purpose are infant intelligence scores largely used? ______

19. What is developmentally appropriate practice? What are some of the characteristics and signs?

20. On average, children say their first word at ______months of age.

21. Around 2 months, babies begin to make vowel-like noises called ______. Around 6 months, ______appears, in which infants repeat consonant-vowel combinations in long strings.

22. What is joint attention? How does it help with language development?

23. True or False: Turn-taking games such as pat-a-cake and peekaboo contribute to infants’ acquisition of language skills.

24. When young children learn new words, they tend to make two types of errors. List and provide an example of each type of error. A. ______B. ______

25. What is the difference between production and comprehension of speech?

26. At all ages, (production/comprehension) is ahead of (production/comprehension).

27. What are baby signs? Why might they be useful when communicating with infants? (note: you will need to use information from lecture and/or other sources to answer)

28. What is telegraphic speech? Provide an example. ______29. Describe the characteristics of infant-directed speech (IDS), noting how it promotes language development. ______

note: IDS is sometimes referred to as child-directed speech (CDS)