Countryman & McDaniel - The Logistics - Customs Broker & Hull Attorneys http://www.cargolaw.com/2011nightmare_mv_rena.html accessed 5 Dec 2011 (this is a sample of the document, not the full content)
International Trade & Safety Consultants
"Overlooking Runway 25 - Right, at Los Angeles International Airport"
"Acute Rena Failure"
The Grounding of M/V Rena
Feature Date: Oct. 5 2011 In Singles Only
Event Date: Oct. 5 2011
M/V Rena
IMO Number: 8806802
Countryman & McDaniel
The Air & Ocean Logistics- Customs Broker & Hull Attorneys
International Trade Consultants
"Overlooking Runway 25 - Right, at Los Angeles International Airport"
On The Scene -- At Astrolabe Reef, off Tauranga, Maritime New Zealand
A 2011 Countryman & McDaniel
Cargo Nightmare Prize Contender
Feature Updates: (click for the selected date)
November 2 2011 - The Incident - Cracked Hull & Ecological Damage
November 5 2011 - One Month Summary - Vessel Stabilization & Fuel Removal
November 15 2011 - Removing The Cargo Containers - Saving A Doomed Vessel?
1 November 16 2011 - The First Container Is Removed - Successfully
November 21 2011 - Meet Sea-Tow 60 And 49 Containers Removed Thus Far
November 22 2011 - Svitzer Salvage Engineers And The Danger Dance
November 23 2011 - Stern Containers Are Cleared -- Amazing Salvage Feat
December 3 2011 -- Bad Weather Slows The Pace
Maritime New Zealand Blaine Prentiss -- Asst. Editor, The Cargo Letter
Our Important Contributors For This Feature:
Simon Dutto Ashley Black – UK William Cooke – Hawaii Todd Drake
Ben Gundry Keith Hadland David Kempster - Australia
Stuart Midgley - Duck Brothers Transport Pty Ltd, , Australia
John Nichols - Scottsdale, AZ Jude Ravo Reuben Jay Scott
A Cargo Nightmare Prize Contender
The Date: Oct. 5 2011
The Time: 02:20 Local
The Place: Astrolabe Reef, off Tauranga, Maritime New Zealand
"Acute Rena Failure"
M/V Rena
IMO Number: 8806802
On The Scene At Astrolabe Reef, off Tauranga, Maritime New Zealand
October 5 2011
M/V Rena, EX-M/V Zim America, Ex-M/V Voyage Related Info (Last Received) Andaman Sea Andaman Sea (Until 2010 Nov 24)
2 Draught: 9.6 m Zim America (Until 2007 Mar 12) Destination: Tauranga, New Zealand Andaman Sea (Until 2007 Jan 29) - Operator: ZIM ETA: 2011-10-05 13:00 Flag: Malta Speed recorded (Max / Average): 17.7 / 17 knots IMO Number: 8806802 Speed marching: 21 kn MMSI: 636014911 Main engine: 8RTA76 Callsign: A8XJ7 1240 KW, 8 cylidners, Cegielski Current flag: Liberia Poznan - Poland Home port: Monrovia Build year: 1990 Class society: American Bureau Of Shipping Vessell type: Container Ship Builder: Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft Kiel, Hull: Double, Dry Cargo Germany Maximum TEU capacity: 3351 Current owner: Ofer Brothers Group Herzliyya, Israel Gross tonnage: 37,209 tons Owner under name Andaman Sea: ZIM Summer Dead Weight: 47,230 tons Integrated Shipping Handling equipment: (swl 6,1 tons) Manager: Ciel Ship management Athens, Greece LOA (Length Overall): 235 m Chartered to: Costamare Inc. Beam: 32 m The Prolog To Disaster -- An Acute Loss
PROLOG TO DISASTER
MV Rena is a 3,351 TEU container ship owned by the Greek shipping company Costamare Inc. through one of its subsidiaries, Daina Shipping Co. The ship was built in 1990 as M/V ZIM America for the Israeli shipping company Zim by Howaldtswerke- Deutsche Werft AG in Kiel, Germany. She was renamed M/V Andaman Sea in 2007 and has sailed under her current name and owner since 2010.
It was just after 2 PM in calm seas, on a routine voyage when the aging MV Rena would gain infamy by grounding on the well known Astrolabe Reef.
The story of M/V Rena was and will have a great economic & ecolocilcal impact on this
3 area of Maritime New Zealand, but our coverage suffered an unfortunate break as we departed to attend the FIATA World Congress at Cairo, Egypt from Oct. 15 through Oct. 28. We expected to resume this story, with a full feature, in a about two weeks. If history held true to form. It did.
M/V Rena has remained breaking news. With M/V Rena hard aground and her holds flooded -- the big question remains whether this troubled vessel can be saved? Ay least, yhe loss of M/V Rena Is Acute.
While our feature will demonstrate the current crisis for M/V Rena, during our trip to Cairo the greater danger has presented itself in terms of ecological disaster. As for the vessel, M/V Rena appears doomed.
We plan to follow .this debacle from today forward.
All Photo Are Courtesy of Maritime New Zealand.
This feature deals with two concepts:"Acute Rena Failure" ...... and ...... of course ...... as always ...... "Ship Happens! ©"
Michael S. McDaniel - Your Editor
October 5 2011 -- The Incident
From The Cargo Letter - Oct. 5 2011 - stranded at Astrolabe Reef, off Tauranga, Maritime New Zealand 47,230-dwt Liberian-flagged boxship M/V Rena (IMO: 8806802, built 1990, 3029 TEU) carrying 25 crew struck the Astrolabe Reef and grounded on Oct 5. Several breaches have been identified in the hull but no breaches in the fuel tanks. A light sheen of oil was detected in the surrounding water which is able to be dispersed easily. No injuries. [From our Sr. Correspondent Tim Schwabedissen, 5-10-11]
Astrolabe Reef - an ironic place to ground a vessel
An astrolabe is an elaborate inclinometer, historically used by astronomers, navigators, and astrologers. Its many uses include locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars, determining local time given local latitude and vice-versa, surveying, triangulation, and to cast horoscopes. It was used in classical antiquity, through the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and Renaissance for all these purposes. In the Islamic world, it was also used to calculate the Qibla and to find the times for Salah, prayers.
There is often confusion between the astrolabe and the mariner's astrolabe. While the astrolabe could be useful for determining latitude on land, it was an awkward instrument for use on the heaving deck of a ship or in wind. The mariner's astrolabe was developed to address these issues.
4 Under the present circumstances of M/V Rena, Astrolabe Reef is an ironic grounding location. M/V Rena might have been better off using an astrolabe for navigation, but now there is ample opportunity for M/V Rena to use the inclinometer feature for calculating her list.
THE IRONY MOST CRUEL
But the irony most cruel is having US$800,000 of sauvignon blanc stuck on the Astrolabe Reef -- a fact not lost on the Marlborough area winery that shares the same name. Blenheim wine company Astrolabe Ltd. has a shipment of 4,000 cases on the 236-meter M/V Rena. The wine was destined for the Irish Christmas market. Indeed, officials have doubled crews for the salvage effort upon learning of this peril for the sauvignon blanc. There is great sadness in Dublin, where a vigil in underway.
We hope Astrolabe Ltd had quality marine cargo insurance -- because a significant part of the cargo value -- if not most of it -- will be spent in General Average to save M/V Rena. Cargo insurance pays for General Average claims, to the insured amount.
Perhaps Astrolabe LTD should have used it's own astrolabe in planning this shipment.
Astrolabe Reef Peaks From The Sea -- Tip of The Berg
From The Cargo Letter - Oct. 5 2011 - stranded at Astrolabe Reef, off Tauranga, Maritime New Zealand Maritime New Zealand says hydraulic oil has spilt from M/V Rena which has struck a reef near the Tauranga Harbour on Oct. 5, however the vessel's fuel tanks are still intact.
The 236m cargoM/V Rena, which carries a Liberian flag, struck the Astrolabe Reef, north of Motiti Island, around 2.20 am. There are no reported injuries to the 25 crew on board.
A "light oil sheen" found on the surface has been identified as hydraulic oil, Maritime New Zealand says.
M/V Rena, which left Napier bound for Tauranga Port, is reportedly on a 10 degree list, but is stable on the reef. Two of her cargo holds are flooded, and pumps are being used to extract the water. "As a precautionary measure, fuel in tanks on the port side is being transferred to the starboard side," Maritime New Zealand said in a statement.
"The ship's captain is in discussion with the ship's owner and salvage experts to assess how best to move the ship off the reef - this is expected to take some time."
5 MNZ's Marine Pollution Response Service is mobilising its team of trained spill responders, as well as specialist equipment to the site. Members of the National Oiled Wildlife Response Team have also responded to Tauranga.
The Astrolabe Reef is about 4 nautical miles north of Motiti Island (about 12 nautical miles off the coast).
In August, the 22-year-old M/V Rena was detained for a day in Freemantle, Western Australia, by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority after "serious deficiencies" were found on the ship.The authority's report found the vessel had "not been maintained between surveys", the "hatchway cover securing arrangements defective" and cargo was not stowed and secured as stipulated in the cargo securing manual. The vessel was released after these issues were addressed.
M/V Rena is owned by the company Costamare Inc, of Greece, and was under the charter of the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC).
From The Cargo Letter - Oct. 7 2011 Lightering operations will begin on October 10 with the focus of removing the heavy oil and diesel fuel from M/V Rena first. A naval architect is expected on scene and to evaluate if any other cargo will need to be lightered off M/V Rena before salvage can begin. The tug M/V Waka Kume out of Auckland has been charted to assist in the salvage operation. The tug is expected to be on scene by the next day.
Greatest fear -- the oil tanks have been compromised. Over 20 tons of oil has thus far leaked from /V Rena -- but there are 2,000 tons aboard.
Four vessels from the New Zealand Defence Force have been deployed for the response, comprising Rotoiti, Taupo, Manawanui and Endeavour.
Editors Note - 15 Oct. 2011
The saga of M/V Rena will be breaking news for the foreseeable future, as we have experienced with so many nail biting stories of this type over the years. Normally The Cargo Letter would provide you with daily updates and a flood of exciting photos -- including many we have already collected.
Unfortunately, we must depart to attend the FIATA World Congress at Cairo, Egypt very shortly. We expect a break in our coverage, but plan to resume this story, with a full feature, in a about two weeks. If history holds true to form, M/V Rena will remain breaking news at that time. With M/V Rena hard aground and her holds flooded -- the big question is whether this troubled vessel can be saved?
Thanks to all our loyal Contributors, whose valued efforts brings depth to the features we provide for you.
McD - your Editor
6 Reader Comments - Oct. 8 2011
From the various news stories it appears M/V Rena may be leaking some fuel oil while she has definitely already leaked some lighter oils. New Zealand is very proud of its 'clean grean' image as tourism is a major part of their economy, so the oil leak concerns are the headline stories in all the local media.
Weather has been remarkably calm so far but heavier seas are forecast from Oct. 10. Maritime NZ ordered the shipowners to appoint a salvor two days ago and Svitzer was signed.
I just thought to check the tides at the time of the grounding, M/V Rena did indeed go aground only 27 minutes after high tide. High tide was at 0153 local time, she grounded at approximately 0220.
Looking at the images of M/V Rena, her forward half seems to be stuck fast, her stern half still floating. I wonder how, the structure of M/V Rena will cope with that if the heavier seas do arrive That explains why M/V Rena looks so high in a lot of the photos.
Stuart Midgley - Duck Brothers Transport Pty Ltd,, Australia
From The Cargo Letter - Oct. 15 2011 - stranded
The Captain and 2nd Officer of M/V Rena were arrested in New Zealand. The Captain was remanded on bail after being charged by Maritime New Zealand (MNZ) under Section # 65 of the Maritime Transport Act with "Operating a vessel in a manner causing unnecessary danger or risk." The 2nd Officer, who was in charge of the navigation watch of M/V Rena is facing the same charge. The alleged offense carries a maximum penalty of US$7,800.00 or a maximum 12-months in jail. MNZ says more charges are likely to follow.
The Tokyo Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) port-state-control (PSC) records show container ship M/V Rena was cited for multiple deficiencies on four occasions and detained once during the 4-months before she went aground on Astrolabe Reef. Records show the last inspection at Bluff, New Zealand, uncovered 19 deficiencies less than a week before the grounding. None of the deficiencies were new, suggesting they were a continuation of 15 deficiencies spotted during two separate inspections at Fremantle on 21 & 22 July.
• 35 member salvage team from the appointed salvage company Svitzer &endash; with local support teams and colleagues providing round-the-clock technical advice and analysis from Australia, Singapore and the Netherlands
7 Despite Valiant Efforts of Svitzer Salvage -- Cargo Has Shifted As M/V Rena Breaks On Astrolabe Reef
We Apologize For The Stark Reality of A Maritime Disaster
It is Important To Understand How Experts From Around The World Can Now Mitigate This Damage As Was Never Possible Before.
Still, The Extent To Which Man Can Effect Innocent Nature Is Profound.
Continued Bad Weather Has Made It Too Dangerous For Divers To Continue Their Work On M/V Rena On Oct. 30
From The Cargo Letter - Oct. 30 2011 - stranded
Heavy seas have stopped divers from getting to bunker tanks below the water line after gaining earlier success in attaching hoses to pump off 1,000 tons of bunker fuel. While 7,500 volunteers registered to assist in a 30 October beach clean up, only 160 showed up for the event. National on-scene commander Nick Quinn said that if people volunteer, they need to show up for work. Fresh oil is expected on Papamoa Beach on 31 October. Continued bad weather has made it too dangerous for divers to continue their work. Bunker oil from M/V Rena is still washing upon the shore, but lighter hydraulic oil appears to be dispersing naturally. Continuing salvage efforts were suspended on 31 October. With the forecast of rough weather likely to mean more containers could be lost overboard, the salvors at Svitzer hope to fit tracking transponders to the accessible dangerous goods containers and other containers thought more likely to be lost from the vessel. Meanwhile, M/V Pencaldo has arrived on-scene from Australia with the intent of using her deck crane to offload the remaining 1,288 containers. Since only, a few containers can be offloaded each day, this remains a race against time to secure M/V Rena before she breaks up.
READER COMMENTS - Nov. 2 2011 - Contrary To Reports, The Volunteers Came
Yes, there were plenty of cleanup volunteers just after the grounding, but this year's October school holidays ran from 8 through 24 October. After the 25th the pool of available volunteers became much smaller.
Finally, thanks for your web site, and keep up the good work. Thanks for your web site, and keep up the good work.
Jay Scott
READER COMMENTS - Nov. 8 2011 - What Was The Warning?
8 I'd like to know is/was there anything on the reef to warn boats to stay away, or did the MV Rena run over it? Benjamin (Bennie) P Mc Knew
Hi Bennie,
Good question you ask about warning of the reef.
First, these reefs are well know n to commercial mariners in the area.
The reefs are well marked upon the navigational charts which are rerquired to b relied upon for navigation and have guided professional mariners for hundreds of years.
More, modern vessels carry GPS equipment which warns of dangers such as Astrolabe Reef. We do not presently know the state of equipment on M/V Rena.
Michael S.McDaniel
From The Cargo Letter - Nov. 5 2011 - One Month Later
Salvage divers working on the M/V Rena have attached hot taps to the starboard engine as efforts to empty fuel from the stricken ship enter the final phase.
A team of salvors pumped water into M/V Rena 's starboard fuel tank overnight to allow the last remaining fuel oil to be slowly siphoned off the stricken vessel. About 358 tons of fuel oil remains in the ship's submerged starboard five tank, while an unknown amount of engine oil remains in the engine room. The two underwater taps are capable of extracting just four tonnes of fuel an hour. An Australian crane barge is on standby to start removing containers as soon as all the oil has been pumped off.
It is a month since the M/V Rena crashed into the Astrolabe Reef, off Tauranga, at 2.20am on October 5 2011.
More than 350 tons of oil spilled into the sea, killing hundreds of birds, covering Bay of Plenty beaches in black muck and leaving Maritime New Zealand with a clean-up bill that has so far topped A$14M. The M/V Rena 's captain and second officer are facing charges over the incident while the ship's owner, Costamare Shipping, has refused to say whether it will cover the bill for New Zealand's worst environmental disaster.
Yesterday divers attached two hot taps to the starboard tank and had started pumping water into it. Hot-tapping involves penetrating an oil tank underwater in a way that does not release oil into the environment. Water is pumped into the tank, forcing oil to float to the surface, which allows salvors to extract it from the ship to the bunker barge Awanuia. But a spokeswoman for Maritime New Zealand said the process would be slow. "It's a slow method, you are looking at four tons an hour and that's running at full steam as well."
9 "Considering that the oil is the consistency of marmite and has to be pushed through 150 meters of hose, this represents an excellent effort," salvors said.
MNZ salvage unit manager Bruce Anderson said dive teams had confirmed that the "coffer dam" or watertight barrier under construction to enable access to the starboard tank was unusable after heavy weather this week. "Given the amount of time it would take to rebuild this, they have decided to focus their efforts on hot-tapping."
Meanwhile, another salvage team was continuing to pump the lube and hydraulic oils in the engine room into a centralised tank and into M/V Awanuia. Salvage company Svitzer is also preparing to remove containers from the vessel. The crane barge ST60, which is equipped with two cranes, will undertake sea trials before it is used to remove containers once the fuel recovery is complete. Svitzer has engaged another large ocean-going barge from Singapore expected to arrive in early December. The barge can remove containers from within the ship.
On shore, clean-up operations around the Bay of Plenty continue with volunteer efforts yesterday concentrating on Papamoa Beach. Nearly 8,000 people have registered with MNZ's volunteer clean-up programme with 25 of those spending the past five days on Motiti Island where large quantities of timber and other pieces of container debris have washed up. National on-scene commander Alex van Wijngaarden said volunteers had now dedicated 13,000 hours to the clean- up.
McD
November 15 2011
From The Cargo Letter - Nov. 15 2011 - The Oil Is Gone - Now The Containers
Salvage crews have successfully removed all the remaining oil from M/V Rena, avoiding a worse environmental disaster.
The vessel grounded on the Astrolabe Reef near Tauranga on October 5th and authorities feared the worst as about 385 tons of oil initially spilled into the ocean, fouling local beaches.
But in a stop-start effort, salvage crews began pumping oil in the days after the grounding while bad weather threatened to tear the ship apart.
On Nov. 14, Maritime New Zealand announced it had finished pumping 1,454 tons of oil from the ship and was sending a sea crane to the vessel to begin removing some of the 1,280 containers that remain on board.
M/V Rena Is In A State of Emergency
The Vessel Is About To Break Up -- Her Cargo Is About To Break Loose
10 November 16 2011
The First Container Is Removed - Successfully
Sea Tow 60 Barge Removes First Container From M/V Rena Late On Nov. 16 2011
It Is A Long And Dangerous Road Ahead
From The Cargo Lettrer - Nov. 17 2011 - Now The Containers
Calm conditions have allowed 15 more containers to be lifted from the stern of M/V Rena to the crane barge Sea Tow 60 (ST 60), Maritime New Zealand (MNZ) says.
This brings the total number of containers removed to 18, after three were removed Nov. 16.
MNZ Salvage Unit Manager Kenny Crawford said "With every container removed, the consequences are lessened, but every day is a new day and each container presents its own puzzle.
"Cranes cannot operate in winds greater than around 24 knots, so we are very much at the mercy of the weather. Even if it looks calm, strong winds can halt operations," Mr Crawford said.
Salvors have now fitted 220 transponders to containers aboard M/V Rena and tugs are on hand to provide additional support for vessel operations.
Containers recovered from M/V Rena are being transferred from the ST60 on to the salvage support vessel M/V Go Canopus, before being brought into port for unloading and processing as required. Container processing is being carried out by Braemar Howells.
Containers that need cleaning and treatment will be taken to the waste transfer center in Truman Lane. Harrison's Cut will be used only for submerged or floating containers, which, for whatever reason, cannot be recovered by barges and must be marshalled onto the beach for collection.
Meanwhile, National On Scene Commander Mick Courtnell said clean-up teams have had a successful few days washing down rocky foreshores.
"Water blasting around the Mount is progressing well and teams have been out washing rocks by hand at Leisure Island. Mechanical cleaning is on-going at Papamoa & Maketu and all restricted areas will be clearly signposted," he said.
11 Mr Courtnell reminded the public that the risk of another release of oil is still present as salvors continue to strip oil from the grounded M/V Rena. "The situation could unfold in any number of ways and we will continue to have teams and equipment ready to mobilise at a moment's notice," he said.
Sea Tow 60 Astern of M/V Rena, 6am, Nov. 18 2011
PB Sea-Towage
Operator of Sea-Tow 60 - Doing The Heavy Work
A Sister Barge of Sea-Tow 60 Shows The Versatility of This PB Sea-Towage Vessel Type
Sea-Tow 60 - 6,000 DWT Project Cargo Barge General Information Dimensions Towing Equipment Yard: Taizhous Ship Engineering, China Deck Loading 15 mt/m2 Length Overall 85.34 m Towing Bridle 76mm studlink chain Beam, Moulded 24.38 m Side Walls 4.8 m Built 2001 Emergency Tow Wire Max Operating Draft 4.6 m 2x Winch/Windlass Fore & Aft, Port of Registry, Flag - Avatiu, Cook Islands 15 mt line pull Draft Lightship 1.0 m DWT 6000 mt Official Number 1312 GRT 2772 mt Deck Dimensions 65.8 m x 21.3 m RoRo Features Cubic Capacity 6727 m3 Removable Stern Walls for RoRo Operation Stern Ramp Rail ST60 Is Towed Behind A Tug & Has Been Removable Ramps Chartered By Svitzer For M/V Rena
From The Cargo Lettrer - Nov. 22 2011 - Container Danger Dance
12 Since Nov. 16 2011, the brave engineers of Svitzer Salvage have choreographed a dangerous dance of shifting seas, a pitching vessel and balanced containers, cut loose from their stow. This is the "rubber meets the road" point where the problems of your job is just no longer worth of discussion. This is where 70,000 pound containers can unexpectedly take your life.
From The Cargo Lettrer - Nov. 30 2011 - Container Scoreboard
Containers as of Nov. 30
• 1,368 containers on board Rena at time of grounding
• 547 containers stored above deck at the time of grounding
• 821 containers stored below deck at time of grounding
• 121 containers with perishable foodstuffs
• 32 containers with dangerous goods
• Estimated 87 containers (total) lost overboard &endash; 25 of these have been recovered
• 166 containers removed since container recovery began on November 16
• 219 transponders fitted to containers
The Stern Is Clear -- But There Is A Long Road Ahead
From The Cargo Lettrer - Dec. 3 2011 - Weather slows the pace
Bad weather over the past several days has prevented any container recovery from M/V Rena. The forecast is is for heavy rain, culminating in winds of up to 25-30 knots on Dec. 4 night, with sea swells of up to 3 meters. It is unlikely any container recovery operations will take place for the next few days. Ongoing monitoring of the wreck via electronic sensors shows no change to the state of M/V Rena.
The Dedication of This Feature Is Simple: To The Crew of M/V Rena And Their Families.
SPECIAL NOTE: The historic dangers of carriage by air & sae continue to be quite real. Shippers must be encouraged to purchase high quality marine cargo insurance from their freight forwarder or customs broker.
13 It's very dangerous out there. SPECIAL NOTE: The historic dangers of carriage by sea continue to be quite real. Shippers must be encouraged to purchase high quality marine cargo insurance from their freight forwarder or customs broker. It's very dangerous out there.
EDITOR'S NOTE FOR SURVEYORS, ATTORNEYS & MARINE ADJUSTERS: The Internet edition effort of The Cargo Letter now celebrates it's 8th Year of Service -- making us quite senior in this segment of the industry. We once estimated container underway losses at about 1,500 per year. Lloyd's put that figure at about 10,000 earlier this year. Quite obviously, the reporting mechanism for these massive losses is not supported by the lines. News of these events is not posted to the maritime community. Our new project is to call upon you -- those handling the claims -- to let us know of each container loss at sea-- in confidentiality. Many of you survey on behalf of cargo interests with no need for confidentiality. Others work for the lines & need to be protected. As a respected Int'l publication, The Cargo Letter enjoys full press privileges & cannot be forced to disclose our sources of information. No successful attempt has ever been made. If a personal notation for your report is desired -- each contributor will be given a "hot link" to your company Website in each & every report. Please take moment & report your "overside" containers to us. If you do not wish attribution, your entry will be "anonymous." This will will benefit our industry -- for obvious reasons! McD
* NOTE: The Cargo Letter wants you to know that by keeping the identity of our contributors 100% Confidential, you are able to view our continuing series of "Cargo Disasters." Our friends send us materials which benefit the industry. The materials are provided to our news publication with complete and enforceable confidentiality for the sender. In turn, we provide these materials to you.
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