School of Geography and the Institute of Contemporary Chinese Studies
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Graduate School of International Studies Korea University
ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA
AUTUMN 2015
Convenor: Professor Seungho Lee
COURSE CODES IAS419
CLASSES Room 324, International Studies Hall Mondays, 09:00-11:45
OFFICE Room 530, International Studies Hall Phone: 02 3290 2426 Email: [email protected]
TA Ms Jiwon Park Room: 220, International Studies Hall Phone: 02 3290 1395 Email: [email protected]
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course provides an introduction to environmental challenges in China, including critical issues in air, land, and water management with special reference to the reform era since 1978. Such variety of environmental issues will be dealt with in connection with analyses and investigation of institutional change, politics, social changes, and policies in China. More in- depth analyses on diverse topics will be followed by a number of case studies such as environmental NGOs and Civil Society, the Three Gorges Dam, and the South North Water Transfer Project. Throughout the course, students are encouraged to read through books, journal articles, government reports, and articles in the media, not only included in the reading list but also beyond the reading list, in order to understand complex environmental problems, and to take an active part in classroom discussions.
ASSESSMENT
2,000 word Literature Review 40% 19 October 2015
60% 3,000 word Essay 14 December 2015
1 COURSE SCHEDULE
1. Introduction to the Course 31 August Introduction to the course Ideas of China - politics, history, economy, and culture Environmental challenges
2. Development or Environment? 7 September Concept of sustainable development China’s reform since 1978 Trade-off between Development and the Environment?
3. Environmental History 14 September Retreat of Elephants Human Encroachment to the Environment Mao’s War against Nature
4. Air Pollution and Deforestation 21 September) Cleaner Air for Olympics Less Forest, More Erosion
Chusok Holidays (26-29 September) No Lecture on 28 September
5. Water Challenges 5 October Water Scarcity in North Brown & Black Rivers Too Little in North, Too Much in South Climate change & water
6. Energy 12 October Energy-Hungry China Fuelling China: Oil & Electricity Alternative Energies
MID-TERM EXAMS (19-23 October 2015) 2,000 Word Literature Review on 19 October
7. Environmental Policy 26 October Institutional Settings – Laws, Regulations & Programmes Organisations Rule of Law: Enforcement and Compliance
2 8. Civil Society & Environmental NGOs 2 November Chinese Civil Society? Environmental NGOs & GONGOs Public Participation
9. Public Private Partnership in the Water Sector 9 November Why Public Private Partnership? Emerging Water Market Multinational companies & Chinese companies
10. Three Gorges Dam 16 November History & Origin Insight into Project Dam Politics
11. South North Water Transfer Project 23 November Diversion of water from south to north Quenching thirst through supply or demand management
12. Energy & Climate Change in China 30 November Coal, China’s choice in the 21st Century? Policy dilemma on coal use & Green House Gas emission
13. No Lecture 7 December
FINAL EXAMS (14-18 December 2015) 3,000 word Essay on 14 December
3 LITERATURE REVIEW
You should write one literature review paper with not more than 2,000 words on the designated literature below:
1. Cann, Cynthia W., Cann, Michael C. and Gao Shangquan (2005) ‘China’s Road to Sustainable Development’, in Kristen A. Day (ed.), China’s Environment and the Challenge of Sustainable Development, New York & London: M.E. Sharpe.
2. Mol, Arthur (2006), ‘Environment and Modernity in Transitional China: Frontiers of Ecological Modernization’, in Ho, Peter and Vermeer, Eduard, China’s Limits to Growth, Oxford: Blackwell.
3. Lee, Seungho (2006), ‘China’s Water Policy Challenges’, China Policy Institute Discussion Paper No. 13, November.
Read thoroughly and review major findings, particularly important arguments shown in the literature.
Deadline – 19 October 2015
ESSAY
You should write one academic essay with not more than 3 , 0 00 words on a particular topic in the course.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
Please choose one out of five questions below and write a 3,000 word essay.
1. To what extent do you agree that China has adopted the principles of sustainable development for its modernization since the early 1990s?
2. ‘China’s environmental problems are linked to the ideological bankruptcy and disillusionment left by the country’s Maoist experiment’ (Shapiro 2001). Discuss.
3. Explain China’s regulatory measures to ameliorate air pollution caused by sulphur
dioxide (SO2).
4. Evaluate China’s response to the water shortage challenge with reference to institutional and organizational reform in water policy.
5. Identify newly emergent social actors and analyze their influence on environmental policy in China since the late 1970s.
Select one of the essay questions. Wherever possible make use of maps, charts or diagrams to illustrate your analysis.
4 Prepare a full bibliography of recent (at least last 5 years) academic reference materials on a particular topic. In addition to materials in Korea University, you are encouraged to consult other holdings and electronic sources. Your annotation should include a concise statement that positions the source in the context of the wider array of literature. Write an essay style review comparing and contrasting the main academic literature on a particular theme regarding Chinese environmental issues.
DEADLINE – 14 December 2015
SUBMISSION
Please submit all the course works by email only. No paper course works are accepted.
LATE SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK
The convenor will deduct 5% per working day from the mark given for a piece of coursework which is submitted late. You can request an extension from me for an agreed length of time if you have serious problems in completing your coursework on time (e.g. due to illness or other personal difficulties). In case of illness, a doctor’s note should be provided to support the request. In case of other personal difficulties, some proof of evidence should be provided.
ESSAY STYLE
Your essay will include the following components equivalent not more than 3 , 0 00 words: introduction; literature review; critical arguments/analyses & case study; conclusion. At the end of your essay, you should include a full list of bibliography with maps or other visuals if necessary.
You should use 1.5 lines and Font 12 in your essay to help assess the coursework.
In any case, you will be expected to demonstrate an understanding of your chosen topic/essay question in relation to the topics covered in the course and to the relevant theoretical literature.
References
Chicago-style notes and a full bibliography in the appropriate format - are an essential part of the scholarly exercise of writing coursework essays. Inadequate, inconsistent or incorrectly formatted referencing will be penalised. Please refer to the referencing guidelines of the Graduate School of International Studies.
But you may choose different referencing systems such as the Harvard System (Lee 2006: page number) as long as the system is coherent throughout the manuscript.
Internet Sources
5 You have to use internet-based research sources very carefully. You are not encouraged to make arguments entirely based on internet-based sources, since those are often not checked and discussed intellectually (i.e. Wikipedia). Whenever possible, you should clearly indicate where the information comes from if you use any internet sources and double-check if such information is correct and coherent by referring to academic books, articles and reports.
* Referencing internet material
The general rule for references to documents, articles or data taken from internet sites is that you should use a form of citation that makes them easily accessible to others wishing to locate them. In the text, references should include the author and title of the document, the date, and the web page address of the document. Examples:
For footnote-style references: 1. China Labour Bulletin, "CLB analysis of the new Trade Union Law", http://www.china- labour.org.hk, 2002.
For Harvard-style references (in text): (China Labour Bulletin 2002, http://www.china-labour.org.hk)
Bibliography entries must include the full web page address of the article or information and the date on which you accessed it. Examples: Bibliography entry, footnote-style:
China Labour Bulletin, "CLB analysis of the new Trade Union Law" (28 February 2002), http://www.china-labour.org.hk/iso/article_pvadp?article_id=1976, accessed 13 March 2004.
Bibliography entry, Harvard-style: China Labour Bulletin 2002, "CLB analysis of the new Trade Union Law" (28 February 2002), http://www.china-labour.org.hk/iso/article_pvadp?article_id=1976, accessed 13 March 2004.
6 PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is a form of intellectual dishonesty and as such is unacceptable in the scholarly community. It is regarded by the University as a serious academic offence, and can be penalised seriously, including the awarding of a zero mark for the piece of coursework concerned or for the entire course. It can also result in a written warning, suspension or expulsion from your course, or the revoking of the award of your degree. All cases of suspected plagiarism will be reported to the Head of the School offering the module for disciplinary action.
Plagiarism is presenting the work of another person as if it were your own. It is plagiarism to quote another writer directly in your coursework without "quotation marks" and a reference to the original source, including page numbers. It is also plagiarism to summarise the views of another writer without attribution, even if you use your own words. The important thing is never to let it be thought that you are claiming that a particular position is original to you when it is not, and proper referencing will achieve this.
Example: This passage on Mao and the Cultural Revolution is from Jack Gray, Rebellions and Revolutions (Oxford: OUP, 1990), pp378-9: In 1967, after encouraging hopes of a Paris Commune alternative to Party dictatorship, he repudiated the Shanghai Paris Commune established in his name, and insisted on the restoration of Party authority. At the moment of truth he chose the vanguard party. This final failure of nerve provides an a fortiori argument that Marxism-Leninism cannot democratize itself.
In your essay you might make a statement like this: "It can be argued that Mao's failure to follow through with the implementation of the Paris Commune model in 1967 showed that the socialist system could not democratize itself". This is a paraphrase of a specific argument made by another writer, and must be footnoted with page numbers as if it were a direct quotation. If the same sentence was rephrased as "It can be argued, as Jack Gray has, that" etc., and footnoted with page numbers, that would be full and correct attribution. Anything less could constitute plagiarism.
Tutors will check all pieces of coursework for plagiarism, and may use Internet search engines and other specialist computer software as well as their own knowledge of the source material to do so.
7 READING LIST
This list is only a sample of relevant books, journal articles, government reports and other miscellaneous materials available in the library. More titles will also be added throughout the course and updated reading lists will be circulated. Some of these readings, and others referred to during the semester, will be added by email or in classes by the convenor.
PRIMARY READINGS THROUGHOUT THE COURSE
These readings are essential to understand the complexity of environmental challenges in China. Although a few chapters are recommended to read for particular topics, it is strongly suggested to read through the whole books during the course.
Day, Kristen A. (ed.) (2005), China’s Environment and the Challenge of Sustainable Development, New York & London; M.E. Sharpe.
Gang, Chen (2009), Politics of China’s Environmental Protection, New Jersey: World Scientific.
Ho, Peter and Vermeer, Eduard B. (2006), China’s Limits to Growth, Oxford: Blackwell.
Lee, Seungho (2006), Water and Development in China – Political Economy of Shanghai Water Policy, New Jersey and Singapore: World Scientific.
Xie, Jian (eds.) (2009), Addressing China’s Water Security: Recommendations for Selected Water Resource Management Issues, Washington D.C.: World Bank. http://www.worldban k.org/eapenviron ment/ChinaWaterA AA
8 WEEK 1. INTRODUCTION TO CHINA & ITS ENVIRONMENT
WEEK 2. DEVELOPMENT OR ENVIRONMENT?
ESSENTIAL READINGS
Cann, Cynthia W., Cann, Michael C. and Gao Shangquan (2005), ‘China’s Road to Sustainable Development’, in Kristen A. Day (ed.), China’s Environment and the Challenge of Sustainable Development, New York & London: M.E. Sharpe.
Gao Jixi (2007), ‘The terrible cost of China’s growth (part one)’, Chinadialogue, 12 January 2007. http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/684
Jiang Gaoming and Gao Jixi (2007), ‘The terrible cost of China’s growth (part two)’, Chinadialogue, 12 January 2007. http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/686
Mol, Arthur (2006), ‘Environment and Modernity in Transitional China: Frontiers of Ecological Modernization’, in Ho, Peter and Vermeer, Eduard, China’s Limits to Growth, Oxford: Blackwell.
Wang Jiaquan (2007), ‘China’s Economic Engine Forced to Face Environmental Deficit’, Worldwatch Institute, 26 July. http://www.csrchina.net/page-1231.html
Zhang, Kun-Min and Wen, Zong-Guo (2008) Review and challenges of policies of environmental protection and sustainable development in China. Journal of Environmental Management 88, 1249-1261.
FURTHER READINGS
Gang He (2008), ‘China’s New Ministry of Environmental Protection Begins to Bark, but Still Lacks in Bite,’ Chinadialogue, 18 September, 2008. http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/2407
China Green: Climate Change & China – A Short Film (accessed 17 June 09, about 16 min) http://www.asiasociety.org/chinagreen/china-in-action/
WEEK 3. ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
ESSENTIAL READINGS
Economy, Elizabeth (2003), ‘Chapter two’, The River Runs Black, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press.
Ho, Peter (2003), ‘Mao’s War Against Nature? The Environmental Impact of the Grain-First Campaign in China’, China Journal, No.50, July 2003.
9 Shapiro, J (2002), Mao’s War against Nature: Politics and Environment in Revolutionary China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
FURTHER READINGS
Elvin, Mark (2000), ‘The Environmental Legacy of Imperial China’, in Richard L. Edmonds (ed.) Managing the Chinese Environment, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Elvin, Mark (2004), The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
WEEK 4. AIR POLLUTION & DEFORESTATION
ESSENTIAL READINGS
AIR & CLIMATE CHANGE
Chinadialogue Website: climate change and air pollution https://www.chinadialogue.net/topics/climate+change+&+energy
Heggelund, Gorild (2007) China’s Climate Change Policy: Domestic and International Developments. Asian Perspective 31 (2), 155-191.
Kahn, Joseph and Yardley, Jim (2007), ‘As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes’, New York Times, 26 August 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26china.html
National Development and Reform Commission of PRC (2007) China’s National Climate Change Programme.
State Council of PRC (2008) China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change.
Wiener, Jonathan (2008) Climate Change Policy and Policy Change in China. 55 UCLA Law Review, 1805-1826.
Zhang Hua (2006), ‘China’s Climate Change Performance Worsening’, Worldwatch Institute, 23 November 2006. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4748
FOREST
Feng, Yongfeng and Liu Yingling (2007), ‘A Country with No Big Trees’, Worldwatch Institute, 21 August 2007. http://www.worldwatch.org
10 Kitamura, Kenji and Cao Guangxia (2003), ‘Community Forestry in Yunnan Province’, in Jennifer L. Turner (ed.), China Environment Series 6, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Ceter. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1421&fuseaction=topics.publications
Wang, Sen, Kooten, G. Cornelis van, and Wilson, Bill (2004), ‘Mosaic of reform: forest policy in post-1978 China’, Forest Policy and Economics 6 (2004), 71-83.
FURTHER READINGS
AIR
Gilonna, J.M. (2008), ‘China also suffers from indoor air pollution’, LA Times, 13 October 2008. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/13/world/fg-chinaair13
Rosenthal, Elisabeth (2007) ‘Cement Industry is at Center of Climate Change Debate’. The New York Times, 26 October 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/business/worldbusiness/26cement.html
Vandenbergh, Michael (2008) Climate Change: The China Problem. Southern California Law Review 81, 905-958.
FOREST
Lele, Uma (2007), ‘India’s lagging forest reform’. Http://www.livemint.com
WEEK 5. WATER CHALLENGES
ESSENTIAL READINGS
China Development Brief (2006), ‘Water “overdraft” threatens development, says UN’, China Development Brief, 24 November 2006. http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com/node/881
Lee, Seungho (2006), ‘China’s Water Policy Challenges’, China Policy Institute Discussion Paper No. 13, November. http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/china-policy- institute/publications/documents/Discussion_Paper_13_LEE_China_Water_Policy_Challenges.p df
Ma, Jun (2007), ‘Disaster in Taihu Lake’, Chinadialogue, 8 June 2007. http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/1082-Disaster-in-Taihu-Lake
Xie, Jian (eds.) (2009), Addressing China’s Water Security: Recommendations for Selected Water Resource Management Issues, Washington D.C.: World Bank. http://www.worldban k.org/eapenviron ment/ChinaWaterA AA
FURTHER READINGS
11 Lee, Seungho (2006), ‘Chapter three’, in Water and Development in China, New Jersey: World Scientific.
WEEK 6. ENERGY
ESSENTIAL READINGS
Aldhous, Peter (2005), ‘Energy: China’s Burning Ambition’, Nature 435, p1152-1154, 30 June 2005.
Downs, Erica S. (2005), ‘The Chinese Energy Security Debate’, China Quarterly.
Ebel, Robert E.(2005), China’s Energy Future: the Middle Kingdom seeks its place in the sun, Washington D.C.: The CSIS Press.
Lai, Hongyi (2007), ‘China’s Oil Diplomacy: is it a global security threat?’, Third World Quarterly, Vol.28, No.3, p519-537.
FURTHER READINGS
Bolt, Paul J and Willner, Albert S. (eds.) (2005), China’s Nuclear Future, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
‘Gas-fired Dragon’, Economist, February 17th 2005.
WEEK 7. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
ESSENTIAL READINGS
Environmental Performance Review of China 2007, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) July 2007. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/58/23/37657409.pdf
Mol, Arthur (2009) Urban environmental governance innovations in China. Current Opinions in Environmental Sustainability 1, 96-100.
Rooij, Benjamin (2006), ‘Implementation of Chinese Environmental Law: Regular Enforcement and political Campaigns’, in Peter Ho and Eduard Vermeer, China’s Limits to Growth, Oxford: Blackwell.
Gang, Chen (2009) ‘Chapter 2 & 3’ in Politics of China’s Environmental Protection, World Scientific, Singapore.
12 FURTHER READINGS
Liu, Jianqiang (2007), ‘At the centre of China’s environmental storm: Interview with ‘Hurricane Pan’, Three Gorges Probe, 23 January 2007. http://www.probeinternational.org/catalog/content_fullstory.php?contentId=2623&cat_id=24
Liu, Tianfu (2006), ‘Pollution of the Songhua River: A Catalyst for Environmental Reform’, China Law & Practice, March 2006.
WEEK 8. CIVIL SOCIETY & ENVIRONMENTAL NGOS
ESSENTIAL READINGS
Lee, Seungho (2007), ‘Environmental Movements of Social Organisations in Shanghai’, China Information, July 21(2), 269-297.
Stalley, Philip and Yang, Dongning (2006), ‘An Emerging Environmental Movement in China?’, The China Quarterly 186:333-356.
Tang, Shui-Yan and Zhang Xueyong (2008) Civil environmental NGOs, civil society and democratisation in China. Journal of Development Studies 44(3), 425-228.
Wang, Hua (2011) Stakeholder dialogues on institutional strategy for sustainable development in China – the case of community environmental roundtables. Washington D.C., World Bank. http://go.worldbank.org/V37A3HNNG0
Yang Guobin (2005), ‘Environmental NGOs and Institutional Dynamics in China’, China Quarterly 181, p46-66.
FURTHER READINGS
Song, Sylvia Ping (2005), ‘Atypical Environmental NGOs in Guangdong, China’, in Jennifer L. Turner (ed.), China Environment Series 7, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1421&fuseaction=topics.publications
Weller, Robert P (2006), Discovering Nature: globalisation and environmental culture in China & Taiwan, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
WEEK 9. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE WATER SECTOR
ESSENTIAL READINGS
Bellier, Michel and Zhou, Yue Maggie (2003), Private Participation in infrastructure in China, washington D.C.: World Bank.
Carmody, J. (2009) Water in China, Responsible Research.
13 Http://www.responsibleresearch.com
Lee, Seungho (2007) Private Sector Participation in the Shanghai Water Sector. Water Policy 9(4), 405-423.
Lee, Seungho (2010) Development of Public Private Partnership Projects in the Chinese Water Sector. Water Resources Management 24, 1925-1945.
Lee, Seungho (2015) Wastewater treatment transfer-operate-transfer projects in China – the case of the Hefei Wangxiaoying Wastewater Treatment TOT project. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 19(4), 831-840.
Nickum, James E. and Lee, Yok-Shui F (2006), ‘Same Longitude, Different Latitudes: Institutional Change in Urban Water in China, North and South’, Environmental Politics, Vol.15, No.2, p231- 247.
FURTHER READINGS
Datamonitor, Water Utilities in China 2002-2011. (Electronically accessible through the university library)
McKee, Colin (2007), Investing in Asia’s Water Sector, Association for Sustainable and Responsible Investment in Asia, February. http://www.asria.org/publications
Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook 2009-2010, 2010-2011, 2011-2012, London: Pinsent Masons.
WEEK 10. THREE GORGES DAM
ESSENTIAL READINGS
‘Chinese dam causes quakes & landslides’, The Sunday Times, 30 May 2010. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7140217.ece
Fan Xiao (2006), ‘Three Gorges revisited’, Three Gorges Probe, 3 May 2006. http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-files/fanxiao.pdf
Heggelund, Gorild (2006), ‘Resettlement Programmes and Environmental Capacity in the Three Gorges Dam Project’, in Peter Ho and Eduard Vermeer, China’s Limits to Growth, Oxford: Blackwell.
Jim, C.Y. and Yang, Felix Y. (2006), ‘Local Responses to Inundation and De-Farming in the Reservoir Region of the Three Gorges Project’, Environmental Management 38(4):618-637.
Tan, Yan and Yao, Fajun (2006), ‘Three Gorges Project: Effects of Resettlement on the Environment in the Reservoir Area and Countermeasures’, Population and Environment 27(4):351-371. 14 ‘Three Gorges dam money ‘missing’’, BBC News, 26 January 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6301075.stm
FURTHER READINGS
Fan Xiao (2007), ‘China’s big dams: are they safe?’, Three Gorges Probe, 28 January 2007. http://www.probeinternational.org/catalog/content_fullstory.php?contentId=2624&cat_id=24
‘Government to audit gigantic Three Gorges Project’, Xinhua, 18 February 2006.
WEEK 11. SOUTH NORTH WATER TRANSFER PROJECT
ESSENTIAL READINGS
Nickum, James (2006), ‘The Status of the South to North Water Transfer Plans in China’, UN Human Development Report 2006 – Beyond Scarcity: power, poverty and the global water crisis. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/papers/James_Nickum_China_water_transfer. pdf
WWF (2007), Pipedreams? Interbasin water transfers and water shortages, Global Freshwater Programme, June. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/pipedreams_ibts_final_report_27_june_2007_1.pdf
FURTHER READINGS
Chellaney, Brahama (2007), ‘Averting Water Wars in Asia’, International Herald Tribune, 26 June 2007.
Jakes, Susan (2006), ‘China’s Water Woes’, Time, 2 October 2006. http://www.time.com/time/asia/2006/environment/water.html
WEEK 12. ENERGY & CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA
ESSENTIAL READINGS
Chinadialogue Website: climate change & energy https://www.chinadialogue.net/topics/climate+change+&+energy
Aldhous, Peter (2005), ‘Energy: China’s Burning Ambition’, Nature 435, p1152-1154, 30 June 2005.
Heggelund, Gorild (2007) China’s Climate Change Policy: Domestic and International Developments. Asian Perspective 31 (2), 155-191.
15 Zhang Hua (2006), ‘China’s Climate Change Performance Worsening’, Worldwatch Institute, 23 November 2006. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4748
FURTHER READINGS
Ford, Peter (2009), ‘China’s green leap forward’, Christian Science Monitor, 10 August.
Ford, Peter (2009), ‘How Baoding, China, becomes world’s first ‘carbon positive’ city’, Christian Science Monitor, 10 August.
WEEK 13. NO LECTURE
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