Re-Enter Density

Re-enter density 18 Name______Hr.______Engel’s earth science on a shoe string© Open the following link and answer the questions that follow. Cut, paste and go into a Omni box in browser- wechoosethemoon.org 1. The Saturn V Launch vehicle has how many stages? ______Open the following link and answer the questions that follow. http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo_mission.html 2. What part of the Saturn V rocket returns to earth? ______Open the following link and answer the questions that follow. http://pbskids.org/zoom/games/3puckchuck/ Whack your way through all seven levels. 3. 1st Law- An object at rest tends to stay at rest until another ______acts on it. 4. 2nd Law Force equals ______time’s acceleration. 5. 3rd Law- For every action there is an equal and ______reaction. Open each of the following links and answer the questions that follow. SOLAR SYSTEM, Formation, Sun, Planets, Dwarf Planets, Asteroids, Meteors, Discovery, Kuiper Belt 6.http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/comets/comet_model_interactive.html What happens to the comet as it nears the sun, it grows a “______” that points away from the sun.

Answer the question that follows by looking at the graphics. 7. Why does the Apollo CM have to make mid course corrections, because the moon is ______the earth. (Once every 29 1/2 days!) 8. http://www.science-animations.com/gravity.html Play all six animations and give one thing you learned for each.

______

3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Returning space flights have had to conquer all five layers of the atmosphere in order to re-enter earth’s layers successfully. Re-Enter Density Lab will explore the different densities of the five layers and how they affect the return trip of a command capsule from the exosphere to earth.

QUESTION: How do the different densities of the 5 layers of the atmosphere affect the re-entry speed of a spacecraft?

HYPOTHESIS: If a spacecraft goes through five layers of atmosphere each with a different density then the speed of the spacecraft will slow down.

INVESTIGATION: 1. Calculate the densities of each of the five liquids that will represent the five layers of the atmosphere. Record the densities in Chart 1 in the conclusion section of the lab.

2. Take one of the five liquid filled tubes and have a group member hold it straight up and down.

3. Take one of the thumbtacks, which we will us as our command capsule and prepare to drop it through the first liquid tube.

4. Drop the thumbtack, command capsule, pointed side up. The round smooth side of the tack should enter the tube first. Be sure to drop the thumbtack from the same location each time.

5. Record the time, to the tenth of a second, which it takes for the tack, space shuttle to travel through the one- meter (100 cm) tube of liquid.

6. Record this time in Chart #2 in the conclusion section of the lab.

7. Repeat the dropping and timing of command capsule, thumbtacks, through tube one of liquid for a total of five times. Record this data to the nearest tenth of a second in Chart 2 of the conclusion section of the lab.

8. Calculate the average speed that the command capsule, thumbtack, took to travel through the liquid in the one-meter (100 cm) tube #1. Remember that the average is found by adding the three remaining times together and divide by 3.

9. Repeat steps 1-8 using all five liquids and recording the data in chart #1 in the conclusion section of the lab.

10. Once you have calculate the average time it takes for the command capsule, thumbtack to reach the bottom of each of the tubes, calculate the speed in meters per second. Example: The average time that it took a thumbtack, command capsule; to reach the bottom of tube #1 was 10 seconds. Tube one is one meter in length, therefore, the command capsule in liquid #1 travels at 10 cm per second.

11. Graph the speed per meter of each of the liquids as compared to its density. Graph this information in graph #1 in the conclusion section of this lab.

4 CONCLUSIONs: Chart #1 Liquid Calculate the density of each liquid below White D= m/v Mineral oil Empty Graduated cylinder 7.34g full 15.96g volume= 10 ml Yellow D= m/v Corn Oil Empty graduated cylinder 7.26g full 16.82g volume= 10 ml Blue D= m/v Water Empty Graduated cylinder 7.34g full 17.40g volume= 10 ml Green D= m/v Antifreeze Empty Graduated cylinder 7.40g full 17.96g volume= 10 ml Red D= m/v Corn Syrup Empty Graduated cylinder 7.35g full 21.73g volume= 10 ml Chart #2 Liquid Time in seconds Time in seconds Time in seconds Average speed in cm/sec 100 cm White 100 cm Yellow 100cm Blue 100 cm Green 100 cm Red

Chart #3 Five layers of Atmosphere in scale Time to travel scale distance Exosphere in scale= 35 cm White Thermosphere in scale=26 cm Yellow Mesosphere in scale- 24 cm Blue Stratosphere in scale =12 cm Green Troposphere in scale =6 cm Red Total time to transit the five layers

LAB TEST: Goal: Calculate within five seconds the time it will take the command capsule, AKA thumbtack, to travel through all five liquids in a row.

1. Use the data from your lab to predict how long to the nearest tenth of a second that it will take for the thumbtack, command capsule, to travel through all five layers of the atmosphere.

2. As a group calculate your time hypothesis. Feel free to use the space below to write your calculations.

3. Our groups’ time hypothesis is ____ seconds. Question 8. Enter it in Moodle NOW!

4. Our grade for the lab will be calculated as follows: Less than 10 seconds off...... A Less than 20 and a half seconds off...... B Less than 30 seconds off...... C Less than 40 seconds off...... D

Once each group has made their hypothesis to the nearest tenth of a second the instructor with place the thumbtack, command capsule, into the five layered tube, shield side down, pointy side up to space and time the complete mission.

5 Oh no! The Mars mission is returning from the mission to Mars and has damage. The asteroid it collided with has made the heat shield bigger. Your instructor will drop a model of the larger command capsule through two liquids of the classes choice five times. Your job is to determine what percent that throws your calculation of re-entry time off. You must be within 5+/- seconds off. In this scale model, a second represents a minute and the CM manufacture guarantees the damaged capsule will only float for 5 minutes after splashdown. You must scale the splashdown times through the five layers of the atmosphere. Complete the following sites in order. The first site will prepare you for the next lab. Open the following link and answer the questions that follow.http://www.physicsgames.net/game/Demolition_City_2.html http://www.globalspec.com/BrainStrainer/ http://www.physicsgames.net/game/Top_Figures.html http://www.learninggamesforkids.com/hand_eye_games/hand_eye_games_asteroids.html http://www.physicsgames.net/game/Laser_Cannon_2.html http://moonlander.eu/ http://science.nasa.gov/Realtime/ Interactive: See how the ISS orients itself (requires Flash Player). http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/tracking/index.html http://travel.howstuffworks.com/space-shuttle.htm http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/index.html This is not the first time things have not gone as planned.

Notable atmospheric entry mishaps Successful atmospheric entry is difficult to achieve. Fortunately we learn from our mistakes: *Vostok 1 - The service module failed to detach for 10 minutes, but fortunately, Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin survived. *Mercury 6 - Instrument readings show that the heat shield and landing bag were not locked. The decision was made to leave the retrorocket pack in position during reentry. Astronaut John Glenn survived. The instrument readings were later found to be erroneous. *Voskhod 2 - The service module failed to detach for some time, but the crew survived. *Soyuz 1 - Different accounts exist. Either the attitude control system failed while still in orbit and/or parachutes got entangled during the landing sequence (EDL failure). Cosmonaut Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov died. *Soyuz 5 - The service module failed to detach, but crew survived. *Soyuz 11 - The crew perished due to early depressurization. *Space Shuttle Columbia - The failure of an RCC tile on a wing leading edge led to breakup of the orbit vehicle at hypersonic speed resulting in the loss of all seven crew members. *Mars Polar Lander (MPL) - Failed during EDL. The failure was believed to be the consequence of a software error. The precise cause is unknown due to lack of real time telemetry. *Genesis - The parachute failed to deploy due to a G-switch being installed backwards (a similar error delayed parachute deployment for the Galileo Probe). Consequently, the Genesis entry vehicle augered into the desert floor. The payload was damaged but it was later claimed that some science data was recoverable.

6 History's most difficult atmospheric entry The highest speed controlled entry so far achieved was by the Galileo Probe. The Galileo Probe was a 45Â° sphere-cone that entered Jupiter's atmosphere at 47.4 km/s (atmosphere relative speed at 450 km above the 1 bar reference altitude). The peak deceleration experienced was 230 Gs. The peak shock layer temperature was approximately 16000 K (the solar photosphere is merely 5800 K). Total blocked heat flux peaked at approximately 15000 W/cmÂ². By way of comparison, the peak total heat flux experienced by the Mars Pathfinder aero shell was 106 W/cmÂ². The Apollo-4 (AS-501) command module which reentered the Earth's atmosphere at a velocity of 10.77 km/s

After successfully completing its mission, the Galileo Probe continued descending into Jupiter's atmosphere where the ambient temperature grew with greater depth due to isentropic compression. In the unfathomable depths of Jupiter's atmosphere, the surrounding temperature became so hot that the entire probe including its jettisoned heat shield vaporized into monatomic gas.

Time line of science and significant events Birth of Key People Significant Events 15,000 - 10,000 BC - The world warms out of the latest Ice Age. 8,000 BC - Pottery invented. 3,500 BC - Invention of the wheel. 3,000 BC - Pyramid of Giza and Stonehenge built. 1,800 BC - Babylonian multiplication tables. 1,200 BC - Iron working developed. 625 BC - Thales of Miletus, Greek philosopher who proposed that the Earth is a disc which floats on water. 605 to 562 BC - Nebuchadnezzar creates the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

580 BC - Pythagoras, in addition to discovering the famous property of right triangles, he proposed that the Earth is a sphere and that planets move in circles. 460 BC - Democritus of Abdera, suggested that the world is made up of only vacuum and atoms - an infinite number of tiny, hard, indestructible particles which combine in different ways to produce the variety of everything in the world, both living and non-living. 7 427 BC - Plato, Greek philosopher who proposed that all objects in the Universe moved in perfect circles around the Earth. 388 BC - Heraklides of Pontus, Greek philosopher and astronomer who taught that the Earth turns on its axis once every 24 hours. 384 BC - Aristotle, Greek philosopher who taught that everything in the material world is composed of four elements - fire, earth, air, and water. 312 BC - First aqueduct built to bring water to Rome. 306 BC - Euclid, established Euclidean geometry. 265 BC - Archimedes discovers the law of specific gravity. 260 BC to 100 BC - Construction of the Great Wall of China. 79 AD - Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius. 100 AD - Ptolemy, Greek astronomer who taught that the stars were attached to a single crystal sphere surrounding the Earth. 400 AD - The term "chemistry" first used by scholars in Alexandria. 500 AD - Invention of the abacus and quill pen. 525 AD - Introduction of the Christian calendar. 600 AD - Chinese invent the block printing press. 1100 - Chinese use magnetic compass.

1285 - William of Ockham, the developer of "Ockham's razor". This idea states that if there are two possible explanations for something, and one explanation is simpler than the other, then the simpler explanation should be preferred. 1310 - First mechanical clocks in Europe. 1350 - Jean Buridan develops the idea of "impetus", a forerunner of the modern concept of inertia. 1365 - First use of cannon in warfare, in China. 1440 - Gutenberg develops the moveable type printing press. 1452 - Leonardo da Vinci 1473 - Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer who proposed the idea that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Solar System. 1492 - Columbus discovers the islands off the east coast of Central America. A geographer named Martin Behaim makes the first globe. 1498 - Vasco de Gama voyages to India around the Cape of Good Hope. 1519 - Ferdinand Magellan completes the first circumnavigation of the globe. 1550 - Leonard Digges develops the first reflecting telescope using a curved mirror. 1564 - Galileo Galilei, could be considered the first scientist because of his realization of the importance of actually carrying out experiments to test theories.

Birth of Key People Significant Events 1571 - Johannes Kepler, discovered the three laws of planetary motion. 8 1592 - Pierre Gassendi, proved that motion is relative by dropping a ball from the top of the mast of a moving ship and showing that it landed at the foot of the mast. 1596 - Tycho Brahe, made accurate measurements of the positions of stars and the movements of planets. 1605 - Sir Francis Bacon writes Advancement of Learning, in which he encourages the scientific investigation of the world. 1610 - Galileo's book The Starry Messenger is published, recording his observations of thousands of stars he observed with a refracting telescope. 1627 - Robert Boyle, English pioneer of chemistry, best remembered for "Boyle's Law". 1633 - Galileo tried for heresy because of his teaching that the Earth moved around the Sun. 1642 - Sir Isaac Newton, invented calculus, discovered the three laws of motion, and spelled out the scientific method if formulating hypotheses and testing them with experiments. 1675 - Ole Romer measured the speed of light using observations of eclipses of the moons of Jupiter to reveal how long it takes light to cross the orbit of Earth. 1706 - Benjamin Franklin 1714 - Gabriel Fahrenheit, devises a mercury thermometer and uses the temperature scale that will later be named after him. 1729 - James Bradley uses the aberration of stars to determine a more accurate speed of light. 1736 - Charles Augustin Coulomb, French physicist who proposed the relationship between charges now known as Coulomb's Law. 1738 - Daniel Bernoulli describes the behavior of a gas in terms of the motion of tiny particles. 1742 - Anders Celsius invents the temperature scale which now bears his name. 1743 - Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, often called the father of modern chemistry. Proved that burning involves combining oxygen (which he named) from air with the substance being burned. 1756 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1758 - The "Imperial" system of weights and measures formally established in Britain. 1766 - John Dalton, English chemist who pioneered the use of the atomic theory to explain chemical reactions. 1769 - The automobile, powered by steam, was invented by Nicholas Cugnot. 1770 - Ludwig van Beethoven 1776 - Amedeo Avogadro, showed that the chemical formula for water is H2O, not HO. 1777 - Hans Christian Oersted, German mathematician who pioneered the development of non-Euclidean geometry.

1787 - Joseph von Fraunhofer, discovered that there are many dark lines in the spectrum of white light from the Sun. 1788 - Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, made an important contribution to the understanding of gas behavior. 1791 - Michael Faraday, English chemist responsible for introducing the concepts of magnetic fields. 1796 - Edward Jenner develops a vaccination for smallpox. 1798 - Henry Cavendish determines the mass of the Earth, establishing that it had an average density 5.5 times that of water. 1801 - Jean Lamarck publishes his ideas on evolution. 1803 - Christian Johann Doppler, predicted what is now known 1803 - Successful trials of Robert Fulton's steamboat. as the Doppler effect. 1807 - Thomas Young, English physicist introduces the concept, and word, "energy". 1809 - Charles Darwin 1814 - Leon Foucault, inventor of the gyroscope. 1820 - John Tyndall - Popularized science and discovered the Tyndall effect, which helps explain why the sky is blue. 1821 - Catholic Church lifts its ban on teaching the Copernican theory. 1823 - Alfred Russel Wallace - English naturalist, evolutionist, and anthropologist who developed a theory of natural selection prior to Charles Darwin. 1824 - William Thomson (Baron Kelvin of Largs) - devised the temperature scale now named after him. 1830 - Julius Lothar Meyer, discovered the periodic pattern of 1830 - English-speaking Americans begin to spread West. the chemical elements, independently of Mendeleyev. 1831 - Darwin begins his voyage on the HMS Beagle. 1834 - Dmitri Mendeleyev, developer of a periodic table that 1834 - Louis Braille perfects a system of reading for the blind. correctly predicted the existence of unknown elements. 1837 - Samuel Morse patents his electric telegraph.

Birth of Key People Significant Events 1839 - Charles Goodyear develops a technique for "vulcanizing" rubber. 9 1844 - Coast to coast telegraph in USA. 1845 - Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, discoverer of X-rays. 1846 - Foundation of the Smithsonian Institution. 1849 - California gold rush. Lord Kelvin coins the term "thermodynamics". 1851 - Leon Foucault makes use of a long pendulum to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth. 1852 - Antoine Henri Becquerel, discoverer of radioactivity. 1852 - William Ramsay, discoverer of the inert gases. The only person to discover an entire group of elements in the periodic table in 1904. 1856 - J. J. Thomson, discovered the electron in 1906.

1858 - Max Ernst Karl Ludwig Planck, proposed the foundations of the quantum theory in 1900. 1859 - Svante August Arrhenius, explained that when a 1859 - Publication of the Origin of species. First internal combustion chemical compound dissolves in water, it dissociates into engine developed by Jean Lenoir. First oil well drilled in Titusville, PA. electrically charged ions. 1862 - Richard Gatling invents the machine gun. 1867 - Marie Curie, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911 for her discovery of radium and polonium. 1868 - Robert Andrews Millikan, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1923 for measuring the charge on the electron. 1869 - First periodic table published by Dmitri Mendeleyev. 1871 - Ernest Rutherford, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908 for describing the atomic nucleus. 1875 - Gilbert Newton Lewis, invented the idea of the covalent bond. 1878 - Telephone invented. 1879 - Albert Einstein 1879 - Thomas Edison invents the electric light bulb. 1884 - The meridian through the Royal Greenwhich Observatory established as the "prime meridian" from which longitude is to be measured. 1885 - Niels Hendrik David Bohr, received the Nobel Prize in 1885 - Automobile invented. Sir Sanford Fleming, chief engineer Physics in 1922 for his theoretical model of atomic structure. of the Canadian Pacific Railway, devised time zones. 1887 - Henry Gwyn Mosley, defined the atomic number of an 1887 - Alternating current electric motor invented by Nikola Tesla. element as a measure of the charge on the nucleus of an atom of the element. 1889 - Edwin Powell Hubble, proved that many objects classified 1889 - Eiffel Tower completed. Oklahoma Land Run. as nebulae are other galaxies. 1891 - James Chadwick, discoverer of the neutron. 1895 - Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio. 1898 - Leo Szilard, played a major part in the development of the atomic bomb. 1899 - Aspirin marketed. 1900 - Wolfgang Pauli, made many contributions to the development of the quantum theory. 1901 - Enrico Fermi, coined the name "neutrino". 1901 - First electric typewriter. 1903 - Wright brothers' first powered flight. 1904 - Robert Oppenheimer, first director of the Los Alamos 1904 - Construction of the Panama Canal begins; completed in 1914. Scientific Laboratories, where the atomic bomb was developed. 1905 - Einstein's special theory of relativity unites space and time in one mathematical description. 1906 - Great San Francisco Earthquake. 1908 - First Model T Ford. 1910 - Einstein proves that the sky is blue because light is scattered by the molecules in the atmosphere. 1911 - First escalators introduced, at Earl's Court Station in London. 1912 - The Titanic sinks. 1913 - Henry Ford uses an assembly line to speed up production of his cars. 1915 - Einstein's general theory of relativity describes what happens when the combination of space and time is distorted by the presence of matter. 1917 - John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States. 1917 - Clarence Birdseye invents frozen foods. 1918 - Richard Phillips Feynman, Nobel Prize winning physicist that reformulated quantum mechanics to put it on a logical foundation with classical mechanics. 1920 - First commercial radio broadcast. 1922 - Tomb of Tutankhamun discovered. 1924 - First use of insecticides. 1926 - Robert Goddard launches a liquid-fuelled rocket to a height of 56 meters. 1927 - Theodore Harold Maiman, developed the laser in 1960. 1927 - Charles Lindbergh flies across the Atlantic. 1928 - Penicillin discovered. 1929 - Murray Gell-Mann, received the Nobel Prize for Physics 1929 - First FM radio broadcasts. in 1969 for introducing quarks. Meredith Gourdine-Electrogasdynamics 1935 - Charles Francis Richter invents his earthquake scale. 1939 - First flight of a jet airplane, the He -178, in Germany. First cyclotron built in California. Start of WWII.

Birth of Key People Significant Events 10 1940 - First use of freeze drying to preserve foods. 1941 - John Schwartz, developer of the "string" theory. 1942- Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 1942 - First controlled nuclear chain reaction in a uranium "pile" at the University of Chicago. 1943 - First electronic computer. First practical nuclear reactor becomes operational at Oak Ridge, TN. 1945 - Atomic bomb. 1947 - Gerd Karl Binnig, developer of the scanning tunneling microscope. 1947 - First supersonic flight. First practical linear accelerator. 1951 - Fusion bomb developed. 1953 - Structure of DNA deciphered by Francis Crick and James Watson. 1954 - CERN, the European particle physics research center which will become home to the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP), is founded. 1956 - Video tape recorder developed.

1957 - First artificial Earth satellite, Sputnick 1. 1958 - NASA is created. 1961 - First manned spaceflight, by Yuri Gagarin. 1962 - Cuban missile crisis, man's closest brush with nuclear war. 1969 - First manned Moon landing. 1970 - First Boeing 747 introduced. First use of e-mail. 1971 - First pocket electronic calculator put on sale by Texas Instruments. 1973 - First Skylab missions. 1975 - The quark theory first becomes known as the "standard model". Altair 8800 personal computer sold in kit form. 1977 - Two space probes known as Voyager launched by NASA. 1979 - America's worst nuclear accident occurred at Three Mile Island, PA. 1980 - Development of optical fiber communications. 1981 - Introduction of the IBM PC. First AIDS patients in United States. First flight of the Space Shuttle. 1986 - Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Space Shuttle Challenger accident. 1987 - First direct evidence of planet-sized objects orbiting other stars. 1991 - Collapse of the Soviet Union. 1992 - The satellite COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) finds ripples in the background radiation that are exactly the right size to conform with the standard Big Bang model. 1996 - First mammal cloned from mature cell. 2000 - Working draft of the Human Genome completed. 2001 - World Trade Center Towers fall. 2003 - Space Shuttle Columbia accident. 2004- Steven Hawking- Brief History of Time goes mainstream 2005-Evolution and DNA linked to life forms more closely than ever 2006-AL Gore’s Global warming earns Nobel Prize nomination, concern 2007-Top quark confirmed after a decade. Sea to Land Fossil 2008- Fuel from water 2009- Element 114 Confirmed 2010-Quake shortens day 2011-Water on moon 2012-Higgs Boson Discovered 2013-Humans go interstellar 2014-??????????

More cool links- http://www.chemsoc.org/exemplarchem/entries/2004/dublin_fowler/timeline.html

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/index.cfm?MMCategory=Interactive www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/ lightning_map.htm http://amasci.com/emotor/vdgbug.html#commr- how to fix your Vandegraff generator

Make your own Van deGraaff machine at home! http://www.howstuffworks.com/vdg.htm http://www.mos.org/sln/toe/history.html http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/asimplevandegraf.htm

Early Earth and the Origin of Life http://cmex-www.arc.nasa.gov/VikingCD/Puzzle/EvoLife.htm

http://www.ioncmaste.ca/homepage/resources/web_resources/CSA_Astro9/files/html/module7/lessons/lesson1/astronomyTimeline.html