Moneran Diversity

A) Shapes

3 Basic shapes - i. Rod-shaped à Bacillus ex. E.Coli ii. Spherical à Coccus ex. Streptococcus iii. Spiral à Spirillum ex. Syphilis

B) Distribution – Found everywhere -some live alone -some live in pairs -some live in colonies – clumps or chains

C) Motility – “Movement” - Many are immobile, they rely on contact, air or water movement. – If they move: a. use Flagella b. or vibrate D) Bacterial Roles in the Environment: - Decomposers, Producers and Consumers/Parasites - Play crucial role in decomposition and recycling of nutrients from organic waste and death. - Photosynthetic cyanobacteria act as producers to support aquatic food chains.

- Nitrogen fixers –Takes nitrogen from the air and puts it into the soil in a form that plants can use. This nitrogen acts as fertilizer.

E) Nutrition: -Some are autotrophic, while most are heterotrophic (decomposers or parasites)

- Saprophytic (work on dead stuff) bacteria are able to feed on more food sources than parasitic bacteria because they have a greater variety of enzymes used to digest different foods. F) Diseases: (too numerous to list) -Tuberculosis -Diphtheria -Typhoid fever -Tetanus -Syphilis -Flesh-Eating Disease - Chlamydia -Hamburger Disease (E. Coli) Cause disease in two ways 1) Use an organism for food. 2) They produce poisonous substances which affect the host. Ex. Botulism nerve toxin.

G) Modes of Energy

1) Photoautotrophs – (photosynthesize) Use light energy to produce sugar and oxygen molecules from Carbon Dioxide and Water. Photosynthetic equation : light 6CO2 + 6H2O energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Glucose) CYANOBACTERIA

2. Chemoautotrophs – (chemosynthesize) Use the energy stored in the bonds of other inorganic chemicals to make carbohydrates with high-energy bonds. Form base of food chains in ocean trenches that are void of light. 3. Cellular Respiration – The reaction of Sugar molecules with Oxygen to produce low energy molecules of Carbon Dioxide and Water. Energy is released into cell to provide energy for other reactions. Cellular respiration equation: 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (Glucose)

4. Fermentation - Breakdown of sugar molecules anaerobically (without the use of Oxygen) to release energy. - Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide produced in plants - Lactic acid produced in animals. - 19 times less efficient than cellular respiration

H) Oxygen Requirements Monerans can also be classified by their requirements for Oxygen.

1) Obligate aerobes – Require oxygen to survive (use cellular respiration)

2) Obligate Anaerobes – Cannot survive in Oxygen. Use fermentation for energy.

3) Facultative Anaerobes – Use oxygen, but can survive if it is not present. - Use cellular respiration but can use fermentation if oxygen is not present.

I) Reproduction

1. Binary Fission: - A form of asexual reproduction in which cells split into two identical parts. - Our body cells divide in a similar manner - This is the most common way that Monerans reproduce.

2. Conjugation: - A primitive form of sexual reproduction. - Two cells join (no such thing as male/female) - One partner contributes its plasmid DNA to the other.

BINARY FISSION CONJUGATION

Bacteria Dividing Binary Fission: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KskuslqGtY8

Conjugation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwzNOdF7L2c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-EdX4MaMFE

Moneran Diversity : NOTES