The Reproductive Systems

CHAPTER 28

OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES

Introduction 1. Define reproduction in terms of continuity of the population and cell division, and then generally classify the organs of reproduction by function.

The Cell Cycle in the Gonads 2. Define meiosis.

Chromosomes in Gametes 3. Describe the different types and numbers of chromosomes that exist in somatic and sex cells (gametes) and the changes that occur as one evolves into other during meiosis.

Meiosis 4. Describe the result of meiosis

Meiosis I 5. Describe and explain the events of meiosis I.

Meiosis II 6. Describe and explain the events of meiosis II.

Male Reproductive System 7. List the major components of the male reproductive system and their general functions.

Scrotum 8. Explain the structure, histology, and functions of the scrotum in its role of protection and temperature regulator.

Testes 9. Explain the structure, histology, and functions of the tunicas, seminiferous, tubules, spermatogonia and sustentacular cells of the testes. 10. Explain the blood-testis barrier 11. Discuss cryptorchidism.

Spermatogenesis 12. Discuss the key points relating to spermatogenesis. 13. Describe and explain the events of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.

Sperm 14. Examine the functional structures of the spermatozoa.

Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis 15. Discus the negative feedback system of the brain-testicular axis that controls the production of sperm, with emphasis on the actions of each type of hormone with the different types of cells in the testes. Ducts 16. Explain the structure, histology, and functions of the ducts of the testis, epididymis, and ducts (vas) deferens. 17. Describe the course, treatment, and consequences of inguinal hernias. 18. Explain the structure, histology, and function of the ejaculatory ducts and urethra.

Accessory Sex Glands Seminal Vesicles 19. Explain the structure, histology, and function of the seminal vesicles.

Prostate Gland 20. Explain the structure, histology, and function of the prostate gland.

Bulbourethral Glands 21. Explain the structure, histology, and function of the bulbourethral gland.

Seman 22. Describe the origins as well as cellular and chemical characteristics of semen.

Penis 23. Explain the structure, histology, and functions of the penis. 24. Describe the surgical procedure called circumcision and discuss its possible benefits.

Female Reproductive System 25. Describe the general location and functions of the ovaries, uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands.

Ovaries 26. Describe the external accessory structures related to the ovaries.

Histology of the Ovary 27. Discuss the histology of the ovaries.

Oogenesis 28. Follow the steps of oogenic meiosis that show the process of genetic division is the same as in spermatogenesis, but then emphasize that the timing, distribution of cytoplasmic materials, and number of viable gametes at the end is very different.

Uterine Tubes 29. Describe the uterine tubes' general and epithelial structure, in addition to their operation in transport of the secondary oocyte after ovulation.

Uterus 30. List the functions of the uterus. 31. Identify the anatomical subdivisions of the uterus. 32. Point out the dimensions and major features of the uterus, and then show how the surrounding ligaments and membranes support the uterus. 33. Provide a detailed histological examination of the endometrium. 34. Discuss the blood supply to the uterus. 35. Discuss the indications for a hysterectomy. Vagina 36. Name the anatomic structures of the vagina.

Vulva 37. Differentiate the functions of the distinct external structure of the vulva.

Perineum 38. Indicate the supporting muscles of the perineum with orientation to the urogenital and anal triangles.

Mammary Glands 39. Describe the location, anatomy, histology, and function of the mammary glands. 40. Describe fibrocystic disease of the breast in terms of cause and symptoms.

Female Reproductive Cycle 41. State the general purpose of the uterine and ovarian cycles.

Hormonal Regulation 42. Discuss the factors that stimulate and inhibit secretion of the hypothalamic, pituitary, and ovarian hormones, and then show the response of tissues that prepare the woman's system for reproduction.

Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle 43. Note the normal span of the sum of the three phases of the female reproductive cycle.

Menstrual Phase 44. Portray the events occurring with the follicles in the ovaries and the tissue changes in the endometrium during the menstrual phase, and explain how these are part of reproductive preparation.

Preovulatory Phase 45. Discuss the changes in hormone levels during the preovulatory phase that can be shown to promote the development of the follicle and oocyte in the ovaries and cellular modifications of the endometrium.

Ovulation 46. Discuss the changes in hormonal feedback to the hypothalamus that instigates expulsion of the secondary oocyte during ovulation.

Postovulatory Phase 47. Express the consistency of the preovulatory interval and course of development of the corpus luteum and endometrium depending on whether fertilization does or does not occur. 48. Discuss various menstrual abnormalities.

The Human Sexual Response 49. Define the general purpose of sexual intercourse.

Stages of the Human Sexual Response 50. Describe the characteristic physical and physiological events of the four stages of sexual response. Changes in the Male 51. State the neural actions that promote erection and transport of semen during the four stages on the male sexual response.

Changes in the Female 52. Describe the physiological basis of transudation and responses of the female system in the four phases of the sexual response. 53. Discuss the causes, signs, and treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Birth Control Methods 54. Contrast the various types of birth control and their effectiveness: Surgical Sterilization Hormonal Methods Intrauterine Devices Spermacides Barrier Methods Periodic Abstinence Coitus Interruptus Induced Abortion

Developmental Anatomy of the Reproductive System 55. Describe the development of the reproductive systems. 56. Discuss the effect of deficiency of 5-alpha-reductase.

Aging and the Reproductive System 57. Describe the general effects of aging on the reproductive systems during development to maturity.

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalance 58. Explain the symptoms and causes of sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and genital herpes. 59. Describe the symptoms and causes of male disorders (testicular cancer and prostate disorders) and female disorders (premenstrual syndrome, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and vulvovaginal candidiasis).

Medical Terminology 60. Define medical terminology associated with the reproductive systems.