Chapter 6 Section 1: Greek Art of the Golden Age

Global I: Chapter 6 Notes Mizgalski/Hollis

Chapter 6 Section 1: Greek Art Of The Golden Age

Golden Age of Greece •Golden Age: 400’s B.C. –Great Cultural Progress •Athens: symbol of golden age –Center of Learning –Artistic Achievement

Architecture •Symbolized pride of Athens •Decorated with sculptures and art •Acropolis: Site of architectural feats •Bronze statue of Athena

Parthenon •Marble temple on Acropolis •Honor Athena: Not place of worship •Balanced proportions

Painting •Important form of expression •Original artwork lost •Best remaining paintings on Greek vases

Sculpture •Original works rare. •Stiff and unnatural – Lifelike •Myron – Discuss Thrower

Phidias: Sculpted Athena and Zeus

Praxitels: •More lifelike: beauty of human body

4 Characteristics – Greek Art

1.Glorified Human Beings •Beauty and Strength 2.Pride In City-States •Public enjoyment/Honor gods 3. Expressed Greek Beliefs : belief in harmony, balance, order, moderation and simplicity 4. Combination of beauty and usefulness – ex: beautiful used in everyday life. Chapter 6 Section 2: Philosophers and Writers of the Golden Age

Philosophy  The study of basic questions of reality & human existence  Great Greek achievement  “Lover of Wisdom”  Natural laws & truths could be discovered through reason

Socrates  Athenian - Education – key to personal growth  Students should learn to think for themselves.  Socratic Method – questions to teach  Critic of democracy – unskilled rule  Falsely accused of denying the existence of the gods and corrupting the youth  At trial refused to deny his teachings – Found guilty and executed: Drank hemlock

Plato  Socrates’ greatest student  Recorded Socrates’ ideas  Taught Socrates’ teachings  The Academy – school in Athens  Dialogues or Discussions  Dealt w/ Government, religion, justice, and education

Plato -“Theory of Forms”  Material things an imperfect expression of perfect ideas or forms  Perfection could never be reached in physical world  Humans consisted of two parts: body and soul

Plato - The Republic  Written dialogue of Plato’s view of a perfect society and government  Aristocracy – governed by upper class based on wisdom not wealth/birth - ideal

Aristotle  Student of Plato at the Academy – opened school  All subjects should be studied logically  Classified things (science)  Facts organized into systems

Aristotle  Ethics – What makes people happy?  Poetics – What makes a good or bad play  Studied politics – all forms could be corrupt  Wanted limited democracy

Science . No practical scientific knowledge developed . Foundations of anatomy, botany, and zoology laid by Aristotle . Greeks believed the world could be explained through natural laws. . Reason v. Superstition

Math . Pythagoras – believed everything could be explained by math . Developed Pythagorean theorem (a2+b2=c2)

Medicine . Hippocrates – founder of medical science . Disease from natural sources not a punishments from the gods . “Hippocratic Oath” – doctors still take this pledge today . Code of ethics.

History . Greeks: 1st to take writing history down seriously . Herodotus – “father of history”

. Traveled around world

. Great storyteller . Thucydides – understand Human nature through history

. History of the Peloponnesian War

. Made history accurate and fair. . Studying the past= understanding human nature.

Drama . Plays containing action, dialogue, conflict, emotion . Plays in poetic form . 2-3 actors speak lines and chorus describe the action . All men, no women . Plays performed in outdoor theaters carved into the hillside Tragedies . Main character struggles against fate or events . Usually defeated in the end. . Punished for hubris (pride) . Sophocles and Euripides – famous tragic writers

Comedies . Made fun of ideas and people . Tragic and humorous figures . Aristophanes – most famous writer of Greek comedy

Chapter 6 Section 3: Alexander the Great

Macedon  Rising kingdom north of Greece  Warlike people who lived in villages ruled by nobles  King had to have support of nobles

Philip II of Macedon  359 B.C. – Philip II becomes king of Macedon  Hostage in Thebes, Greece as a youth  Admired the Greek Army

Philip II  Recruited own army  Organized army into Phalanxes:  Row of soldiers shoulder to shoulder carrying 18 foot spears.  Restored order to Macedon  Controlled northern Athenian colonies

Greece under Philip II  Greek opinion of Phillip: Unify vs. freedom  Demosthenes – Athenian orator (public speaker)  disliked Phillip.  338 B.C. – Philip wins Battle of Chaeronea, defeats Athens.  Greece united under Philip II  Wanted to conquer Persia  336 B.C. – assassinated

Alexander the Great  Military education: Macedonian Army  Classical Education: Aristotle  Well prepared for leadership Alexander the Great  Skilled and respected military commander  Leads troops from the front  Brave: risked his life like he was a common soldier  331 B.C. – conquered Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia

Alexander the Great Goals  Conquer the known world  Spread Greek culture  Rule an empire

Alexander the Great  Gets as far as India  Indus River  326 B.C. – Troops refuse to continue  return to Greece  Split army at Indian Ocean  ½ by sea – ½ through desert

Alexander the Great  Desert: Many die from starvation/ exposure  Discontent spreads through empire  Alexander: dies of mysterious illness in Babylon  Almost 33 yrs. old

Spread of Greek Culture  Alexander’s armies: Spread Greek culture  Various groups helped to rule empire  Greeks and Persians  Fuse cultures:  Marrying of Persian women by Alexander, Generals, Troops

Hellenistic Culture  = Greek-like culture established by Alexander the Great  Combined Asian and Mediterranean ideas  The Hellenistic Age  Existed from Alexander’s death through Rome’s conquest of Greece

Breakup of the Empire  301 B.C. – 3 generals divided the kingdom into 3 after his death  Macedon, Egypt, Syria  Constant fighting between kingdoms  Roman Empire conquered all three kingdoms around 200 B.C. Chapter 6 Section 4: The Spread of Hellenistic Culture

Hellenistic Society  Wealthy (Small)  Middle Class (Growing and gaining $$$)  Poor (Large – much larger than today)

Hellenistic Culture  What is a Greek?  Answer evolved over time  Hellenized Egyptians & Syrians: Are they Greek?  Bias against non-Greeks – less people considered non-Greeks  Loyalty to the Polis declining

Learning and Commerce  Trade Routes est. during Alexander’s conquests  Spread goods/culture  Alexandria, Egypt: biggest Hellenistic city  Education = important

Religion  Religion: Focal point in life.  People want to belong.  Ruler-worship  Worship the king.  Cults  Mystery religions  Secrets of life after death.

Philosophy  4 schools of thought: Cynicism Skepticism Stoicism Epicureanism

Cynicism  Live simply & naturally  No regard for: pleasure, wealth, social status

Skepticism  Universe is always changing  All knowledge in uncertain  Accepting this: achieve peace of mind

Stoicism  Divine reason directs the world  Accept your fate  No complaint  Influenced Roman and Christians

Epicureanism  Aim of life:  Seek pleasure & avoid pain  Limit desires  Avoid suffering

Math and Physics  Euclid – geometry  Geometric statements follow logical pattern  Archimedes – calculated value of pi (circumference of circle)

Medicine  Alexandria: center of medical science  Learned Egyptian embalming  Cataloged body parts: anatomy  Experiments on criminal bodies  Brain: center of nervous system  Perform surgeries for first time

Astronomy and Geography

 Aristarchus: believed Earth moved around sun  Hipparchus:: calculated length of year and predicted eclipses  Eratosthenes: greatest scientist of his time o calculated distance around Earth