Engineering Building Room 1333 Mail Code Phone: 818.677.6448 s2

College of Engineering and Computer Science Mechanical Engineering Department Mechanical Engineering 370 Thermodynamics Spring 2003 Ticket: 57010 Instructor: Larry Caretto

Course Outline

Catalog Description

Prerequisite: Mathematics 250. Fundamental theories and engineering applications of thermodynamics with emphasis on first and second laws of thermodynamics. The thermodynamic properties of solids, liquids, gases, and mixtures. Work-producing and work- absorbing systems. Applications to design.

Instruction information Name Larry Caretto Email address [email protected] Office EA 1333 Phone 818.677.6448 Fax 818.677.7062 Office hours Tuesday and Thursday 2:30 to 3:30 pm, also by email, drop-in, or appointment Course Information Ticket number 57010 Class hours Tuesday-Thursday 3:30 to 4:45 pm Class location EN 2152 Web site http://www.ecs.csun.edu/~lcaretto/me370

Expanded Description

Thermodynamics is the science of energy and energy transformations. It provides the most general analyses of engineering systems which use the concept of energy. There are two basic laws. The first law of thermodynamics deals with conservation of energy and introduces the concepts of internal energy and heat. These energy concepts augment the ideas of kinetic and potential energy encountered in mechanics. The second law shows that there is a fundamental limitation on the efficiency with which heat can be converted to work. This allows the computation of the maximum efficiency for a process. Before covering these two laws, the topic of two-phase fluid properties will be covered. This will allow the use of "real" fluid properties in all discussions of the first and second law.

Yunus A. Çengel and Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics, an Engineering Approach, (fourth edition) McGraw-Hill, 2002.

Course Conduct

Course Objectives – As a result of taking this course, students should be able to

Engineering Building Room 1333 Mail Code Phone: 818.677.6448 E-mail: [email protected] 8348 Fax: 818.677.7062  Understand and be able to formulate and solve problems using the following thermodynamic properties: pressure, temperature, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and quality  determine thermodynamic properties of real substances using tables, equations, and computer programs, using any valid set of input property data, including trial-and-error solutions  calculate thermodynamic properties of ideal gases using appropriate equations and tables  understand the meaning of heat and work and the notion that these energy terms are not properties  formulate and solve energy balance problems in a variety of engineering systems, including those with fixed mass and those with steady-state flows, using the appropriate form of the first law of thermodynamics  understand the engineering significance of the second law of thermodynamics as providing a value for the maximum work that can be obtained in any process and the maximum efficiency for the conversion of heat to work  understand and apply the concept of entropy to evaluate maximum work  evaluate the performance of real systems using the concept of isentropic efficiency for both work input and work output devices  formulate and solve problems that require the use of the energy balance from the first law and the principle of maximum work from the second law  apply the first and second law to the analysis of engine and refrigeration cycles, using common idealizations for such cycles  use computer applications to obtain a set of results that can be plotted to evaluate system performance over a range of conditions

Class participation – Learning engineering subjects is a difficult task that can only be done by working problems on your own. Your learning in this course will be a combination of textbook material, lecture material and in-class discussion. Your active participation in class exercises and discussion is essential to your learning of the subject matter. Your own work in problem solving is a key to your mastery of the subject matter.

Class courtesy – To keep a good learning environment your fellow students you should come to class on time and not leave before class is over. Do not wear perfumes, colognes, after-shave lotions, and the like that upset others in the class, especially individuals with allergies. Turn off your cell phone or pager while you are in class. Do not disturb others by talking during lecture. If you do not understand some point of the lecture, ask the instructor for clarification.

Homework – Weekly homework assignments will be given, but not graded. Students should do their homework in a notebook that is submitted with the final exam. In cases where students are on the borderline between two different grades, a good performance on the assigned homework will result in the higher grade. Solutions to the homework will be posted on the course web site.

Assignments – There are two required assignments – a writing assignment and a final design project. The writing assignment will be due during the first half of the semester and the design problem will be due near the end of the semester. The assignments must be submitted by the date due; late assignments will be assessed a penalty of ten percent of the maximum grade for each week or part of a week that they are late.

Engineering Building Room 1333 Mail Code Phone: 818.677.6448 E-mail: [email protected] 8348 Fax: 818.677.7062 Class sessions – The course will be generally organized so that there is a quiz (almost) every Tuesday, followed by an introductory lecture on new subject matter. The weekly quizzes will be based on the assigned but uncollected homework problems. On Thursdays, students will be assigned one or more problems to work on in small groups of three to five students. Each student should contribute to the group work to provide a mutual learning environment for the group. At the end of the group sessions, each group will present its work to the entire class. Students are expected to spend a significant amount of time outside of class, doing the homework problems to prepare for quizzes.

Grading – Your grade in this course will be based on one writing assignment, one final design problem, weekly quizzes, a midterm exam, and a final exam. The assignments must be submitted in accordance with the guidelines provided with each assignment. The assignments and exams will be weighted as follows in computing the final grade: Writing Assignment 10% Design project 10% Weekly quizzes 30% Midterm Examination 20% Final 30%

The translation of a final numerical score into a letter grade rests solely on the judgement of the instructor. The following criteria will be used for letter grades: A: Student knows almost all of the course material and is able to apply it to new problems. B: Student satisfies one, but not both, of the conditions for an A grade. C: Student knows fundamentals of the course and is able to apply this knowledge to routine problems. D: Student has learned some course material but is not able to apply all the fundamental points of the course. F: Student has failed to demonstrate knowledge of the course material beyond a minimal level.

Plus/minus grading will be used in this course. A plus grade indicates that the criterion for a given grade has been clearly met, but the student performance does not begin to approach the requirements for the next highest grade. A minus grade is given when the student performance does not quite meet the requirements for the grade, but the criterion for the next lower grade has been substantially exceeded.

No make-up exams – There are no make-up exams or quizzes. Students who miss a quiz or the midterm exam will receive a grade for the missed exam or quiz, based on their performance on all the other exams and quizzes that they took. Students who do not take the final examination will receive a grade of incomplete in the course.

Plagiarism vs. Collaboration – Students often work together on assignments. This collaboration is helpful and encouraged. By working together, each of you can improve your learning of the subject. However, there is a difference between working together to learn the material and copying another student’s work and passing it off as your own. Submitting another person’s work as your own is a violation of academic standards and University regulations. It is unethical behavior for people working in engineering and science or studying to work in these fields. Each student must submit his or her own work to pass the course.

Written assignments, design projects, or exam solutions that are identical and, in the instructor’s judgment, indicating copying, will result in an F grade in the course for both students involved.

Engineering Building Room 1333 Mail Code Phone: 818.677.6448 E-mail: [email protected] 8348 Fax: 818.677.7062 The instructor will notify the Associate Dean of the College of Engineering and Computer Science and the Dean of Students of any cheating incidents in this class.

Add-drop policy – Students are expected to be familiar with the University regulations for adding and dropping classes. Students who find that they do not have enough time to prepare for this class or whose performance on the initial quizzes is poor should consider dropping the class within the appropriate deadline. Students who do not complete the course work and do not withdraw from the class will receive a grade of U, denoting an unsatisfactory incomplete. Such grades count the same as an F grade in the computation of students’ grade point averages.

Changes – Students are responsible for all changes to this outline announced in class.

Schedule of lecture topics, exams and quizzes

The reading column below gives the pages to be read from the text by Çengel and Boles, unless otherwise stated. Readings should be completed prior to the lecture. Optional reading assignments are indicated with an asterisk.* See the handouts on the goals for each unit that are posted on the course web page.

Date Lecture Topic Reading Quiz January 28 Introduction, course conduct, dimensions and units 1–8, 25–37 Scope of thermodynamics; problem solving in 8–18, 18– January 30 thermodynamics 24*, 43–50* February 4 Unit 1: Properties of pure substances 63–97 February 6 Self learning exercise on unit 1 February 11 Unit 2: Work and paths 126–141 Unit 1 February 13 Self learning on unit 2 123–126, Unit 3: Heat, internal energy, and the first law for 166–180, Unit 2 February 18 closed systems 150–155* February 20 Self learning on unit 3 Unit 4: Specific heats, enthalpy, ideal gas 98–111, Unit 3 February 25 properties, use of tables and equations 175–179 February 27 Self learning on unit 4 141–150, Unit 5: First law for open systems Unit 4 March 4 181–196 March 6 Self learning on unit 5 March 11 Unit 6: Complex first law problems 196–203 Unit 5 March 13 Self learning on unit 6 Unit 7: Introduction to the second law. Engine cycle Notes, 246– March 18 efficiencies and coefficient of performance for 252, 257– Unit 6 refrigeration cycles 261 March 20 Self learning on unit 7 Unit 8: Calculations with entropy, a thermodynamic Notes, 309– Unit 7 March 25 property 324 March 27 Self learning on unit 8 April 1 Unit 9: Entropy changes in ideal gases 324–331 Unit 8 April 3 Self learning on unit 8 April 8 Review for midterm Unit 9 April 10 Midterm Exam

Engineering Building Room 1333 Mail Code Phone: 818.677.6448 E-mail: [email protected] 8348 Fax: 818.677.7062 Date Lecture Topic Reading Quiz April 15 Spring Vacation April 17 Unit 10: Second law for open systems. Isentropic 332–358 April 22 efficiencies April 24 Self learning on unit 10 April 29 Unit 11: The Rankine Cycle 514–536 Unit 10 May 1 Self learning on unit 11 564–573, May 6 Unit 12: Refrigeration cycles and air-standard cycles 452–466, Unit 11 470–479 May 8 Self learning on unit 12 May 13 Review for final exam Unit 12 May 15 Group work to prepare for final exam May 20 Final Exam, Tuesday, 3:00 to 5:00 pm

Homework Assignments

The homework assignments should be completed (in your notebook) by the date shown below. For most units this date is the date of the quiz on the unit.

Date Homework problems assigned February 4 1-4C, 1-7, 1-8, 1-10E, 1-37E, 1-41 February 11 2-26, 2-33E, 2-57, 2-70, 2-73E, 2-79 February 18 3-15, 3-18, 3-24, 3-28E, 3-29 February 25 4-7, 4-12, 4-13E, 4-20, 4-22, 4-24 March 4 4-33, 4-36, 4-40, 4-41E, 4-44 March 11 4-79, 4-84, 4-86, 4-96, 4-110, 4-113E March 18 4-147, 4-148, 4-150, 4-161E March 25 5-17, 5-21, 5-24, 5-30, 5-50, 5-62, 5-84E April 1 6-31, 6-34, 6-37E, 6-39, 6-46, 6-49, April 8 6-61, 6-62, 6-64, 6-66E, 6-70, 6-72(1) April 22 No assignment; do problems not yet completed. April 29 6-42E, 6-68, 6-76, 6-95, 6-100 May 6 9-16, 9-21, 9-22, 9-38, 9-39, 9-43 May 13 10-11, 10-13, 10-16,(2) 8-33, 8-34, 8-75 Notes: (1)Do the second part regarding steady flow work for April 29. (2)Ignore the part of this question concerning exergy.

Engineering Building Room 1333 Mail Code Phone: 818.677.6448 E-mail: [email protected] 8348 Fax: 818.677.7062