1. What Were the 3 Forces That Would Propel the Invention of the Still Camera?

Name: ______Per.: ______Date: ______

Modern Marvels Captured Light: The Invention of Still Photography

Introduction

1. What were the 3 forces that would propel the invention of the still camera? a. ______, b. ______, c. and the hope of ______.

The First Camera

2. True or False: The camera is a very complicated invention.

3. “Strangely enough, a basic camera was used almost ______years ago.”

4. The first type of camera, which was a darkened room with a small hole in one wall, was called a ______, which literally translated means “room dark.”

5. “Simply stated, photography could never be possible without some understanding of chemical reaction to ______.”

The Inventor from Chalon-Sur-Suone

6. “In the 17-Hundreds, Johann Heinrich Schultz, was working with silver chloride when he realized that the silver particles ______after exposure to sunlight.”

7. What many consider the world’s first photograph was an _____-hour exposure out of the attic window of Joseph Nicéphore Niépce’s country house.

8. “The two men who raced toward the discovery of photography were a study in ______. Joseph Niépce was modest, polite, and trusting. Louis Daguerre was a showman and something of a ______.”

Partnership

9. Niépce died in 1833 and his great contribution to photography remained ______.

10. Daguerre made a revolutionary discovery using a chemically treated silver plate heated over mercury vapors that “would change the course of photography” and using Niépce’s scientific notebooks was able to make a photograph as we know it today, but what was the major problem with his process? ______The Gentleman Across the Channel

11. What was the name of the Englishman that was working on the very same idea as Daguerre? ______

12. Talbot “soaked paper in a salt solution, then silver nitrate, and exposed the paper with an object laid on it to the sun. Talbot was immediately able to produce an image on paper, which he called a ______.”

13. Talbot was able to make the world’s first “positive” or ______of a latticework window in his country home.

One Step Closer

14. “Daguerre was determined to fix the image in the camera, so it would not ______.”

15. “In 1837, Daguerre announced he had found the solution…After obtaining an image on the plate, Daguerre bathed the plate in a ______, which stopped the chemical reaction on the picture.”

16. “The magnificent invention would be named after Daguerre alone. He called his pictures ______.”

17. The French Academy of Science “announced Daguerre’s discovery, though not in detail, to the world, in January of ______.”

The Race for Fame

18. “Talbot’s contributions in developing a ______process were critical to photography as it is used today.”

19. “For eight months, France waited impatiently to hear the details of Daguerre’s invention. In ______of 1839, the long anticipated day came.”

20. True or False: The Daguerréotype never became very popular.

21. “Daguerre is the ancestor of one line of photography, which is ______photography.”

22. What were the three main problems with the Daguerréotype process: a. Exposure times were unacceptably ______. b. The equipment was ______and ______. c. And the chemicals were ______.

Capturing the World

23. How did photographers using the Daguerréotype process make sure their portrait subject kept still during the long exposure times? ______24. What was the improvement that William Talbot made to his earlier process that made the process faster and the images far sharper? ______

25. According to Geoffrey Batchen, who is “definitely the founding figure for kind of photography we use today?” ______

Portraits

26. “Though it may seem strange today, requests for portraits of family members who had ______were not uncommon.”

27. “In 1864, Abraham Lincoln posed for the American portraitist Matthew Brady.” The same image of Lincoln appears on the ______.

Better Methods

28. “Frederick Scott Archer, an English Sculptor, made an improvement in photography so significant that most photographers abandoned both the ______and the ______in its favor. Archer called his process Collodion.”

A Better Mousetrap

29. In the next 20 years, improvements to cameras continued. “Stereoscopic cameras became very popular. Paired images viewed through a Stereoscope became fused into one image in the mind and gave a startling illusion of ______.”

Chronicle of War

30. “Matthew Brady and other camera men would wield heavy wagons of photographic equipment close behind the ______.”

The Twenty Thousand Dollar Bet

31. What was the $20,000 bet? ______

32. What was the name of the photographer that Leland Stanford hired to settle the $20,000 bet? ______

33. What was the invention that this particular photographer came up with allowed him to capture motion accurately and satisfy his fascination with motion photography? ______

The Tinkerer

34. “The first product Eastman introduced under the name ______would change the course of photography.” This name was meant to sound like the click of a camera shutter. 35. Eastman marketed his process under the slogan, “You press the button, ______.’”

36. “The most unskilled amateur could now take photographs. The Kodak camera went on the market in July of ______.”

37. Eastman’s “work in film was, in no small measure, responsible for an invention on another frontier, the ______.”

Photography as Art

38. “People readily accepted photography’s usefulness, but few accepted it as ______.”

39. “A few visionaries, like Julia Margaret Cameron, took photography to a higher level. In the ______, Cameron set out to create portraits that were art.”

40. True or False: Cameron never made a profit and her work lay in obscurity for many years after her death.

41. “Stieglitz believed profoundly that a ______could be as important a work of art as any painting or any sculpture that he had ever seen.”

42. “The notion of photography as art came slowly, but by the 1880s, the camera had become a powerful ______and ______tool in the hands of some documentarians.”

In Color

43. “The flash bulb would not come into common use until the ______.”

44. “The concept that all colors could be made from three primary colors had been demonstrated by James Clark Maxwell in ______.”

Polarized Light

45. In 1948, the first Land (or Polaroid) camera was sold for $89.50. “Over ____ million were purchased in the first year.”

46. “Oddly enough, Polaroid pictures, which are direct ______, are the modern equivalent of the Daguerréotype.”