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That You Owe, Don't Pay the Taxes You Don't Owe. > Chapter One Disclaimer The Declaration of Independence The author and the writers of all the articles in this book are our The Bill of Rights-the First Ten Amendments opinions, not to be construed as legal or accounting advise. to the Constitution This book was written to alert and inform the readers of, we The Constitution of the United States of America believe, the great dangers to our country and to the world that exist Supreme court declares the United states a Christian nation today, and what we can do about correcting the situation while there is still time. Chapter One We are "WE THE PEOPLE" who love our God, our families and The Price They Paid this wonderful country that God has given us, and that so very ...... many brave American had given their lives, including my brother, 1 to preserve the freedom we enjoy today. Our goal is to preserve, restore, and protect it from the evil forces that are trying to destroy The Declaration of Independence it. With God's help and your help, we will succeed...... 1 How to Answer Christians

The Signers of the Declaration of Independence How do we answer Christians when they tell us that the Bible ...... says, "give to Caesar what is Caesar's? The money that we work 4 for does not, and never did belong to Caesar. Caesar (The Federal Articles of the Constitution of the United States 5 Reserve) stole that money from us ever since 1913 when the income tax law was passed illegally and surreptitiously, and was The Bill of Rights and the Amendments to the Constitution.12 never ratified by the separate States. According to the Constitution an illegal law is not law. In 1913, we did not need an income tax, The Father of our Country...... this country had a surplus in it's treasury. We don't need an income Supreme Court Consulted Bible in all Decisions 18 tax now. On page 82 and 83 of this book, you will find the reason why. This country can prosper again without the heavy burden of Supreme Court Violates First Amendment Rights 19 an income tax.

The Dumbing Down of America 20 The graduated income tax collected by the IRS, (an arm of the Federal Reserve Board), is grand theft from the American people. Home Schooling 21 Exodus 20:15 says Thou Shall Not Steal. Our Constitution A Nation Must Answer to God for its Behavior 22 prohibits a direct tax on an individual and his property. The Supreme Court ruled that wages and salaries are not taxable, even We Are Not Tax Protestors, We Are Rights Asserters the IRS admits that income tax is voluntary. We Do Not Advocate Tax Evasion. We Say, "Pay The Taxes Peter and the apostles said, "Better for us to obey God than Our government has produced several generations of people living men." The laborer is worthy of his hire. on welfare, with no incentive to seek meaningful employment. When the government administers any program, that cost is Does God expect us to sit back and do nothing while Satan and always double than if it was administered by the private sector, his cohorts steal from us and violate the rights that God has given because of the wasteful attitude of our government officials. us, and let it continue day after day? I think not. Again, we say, "Pay the taxes you owe, not the taxes you don't owe. Our schools were safe, no drug or alcohol abuse, seldom a teenage pregnancy, we took pride in our academic achievements. Dedication One thing I remember very distinctly. When we assembled in the This book is dedicated to our new three month old grand auditorium our superintendent would always open the meeting with daughter, HOPE, whom I haven't seen as yet. This beautiful reading the Twenty-Third Psalm, and no one was offended, in fact innocent child of God is unaware of the hardships she may have to we welcomed it. today the Supreme Court has outlawed reading face during her lifetime. I am dedicating the rest of my life to fight the Bible in public schools, a blatant violation of our first the evils of this world to restore this wonderful country to the amendment rights condition it was when I was young, for her and all my wonderful How is it Different children and grandchildren, wife, families and friends. My HOPE is Why is it Different in the Public Schools Today? that we will be successful. Why have our public schools declined to the point to where we Introduction are at the bottom of the list when we compare our

ABOUT THE AUTHOR S A T. score with the students of other Western countries? Why I m not a young man anymore. I know my time on this earth is have our public schools steadily declined when we have steadily very limited. As I reminisce, reflecting back fifty or sixty years. I try increased the funding by billions of dollars year after year? Why ? to compare the conditions today of this wonderful country, the best has our standard of living declined steadily in the world, that God has given us. to what it was like when I was In the ensuing chapters of this book, I will try to give you my young and in school. opinion of why this is happening and what we can do about it.

I lived through the "Great Depression. We didn't have much I'm not too concerned about my future, but I am very concerned money; there were no welfare programs or Social Security at that about the future of our children and our grandchildren, and the time. People helped each other, neighbors helped neighbors, future of this country and you should also be concerned if you love church people helped each other. That was before the your families and your country. governments give-away program went into effect. Today, instead of people helping each other, everyone expects the government's In 1939 I was a senior in high school, the year that "Gone With welfare programs to take care of them. More than fifty percent of the Wind" was released to the theaters. I remember skipping the American public are receiving some kind of benefit from the school to see that movie. Up until that time there was no profanity, government. Is it any wonder why the national debt is so large? no off color language, no sex scenes permitted in the movies. A The government needs to help some people that cannot support scene of a married couple could not be shown in bed together themselves, but in my opinion the government has gone too far. even if they were fully clothed. There were no X or R rated movies, in fact there were not ratings at all since all the movies at that time was a certain amount of corruption going on, but not knowing what were decent. could be done about it. Which reminds me of the scripture, GOD SAID, "MY PEOPLE PERISH FOR LACK OF KNOWLEDGE When Clark Gable, who played Rhett Butler, angrily said to his HOSEA 4,6. We are unaware that we are unaware of the great wife Scarlet, "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn" That shocked dangers that confront us today. the world. There had never been any language like that used in a movie before. That started the decline of the motion picture First. I got a copy of the Constitution, read and studied it, I was industry in this country and around the world. surprised how little I remembered. I, like so many Americans have riot read it since we were in school. That is we don't know our The Moral Decline of Our Public Schools and Country Today rights. Please read and study the Constitution and the Bill of When I was in school the most serious sin that was committed, Rights. You will learn how to better defend your rights. We are in was throwing spitballs, running in the halls, an occasional fist fight danger of losing them. You will find a complete copy of the on the playground, or someone caught smoking a tobacco Constitution and the Bill of Rights in this book. cigarette behind the school building, no marijuana in those days. Our Constitution and the Bill of Rights is a unique form of The quality of education in our public schools has declined from government. unlike any other government in the world Our one of the highest in the world to the bottom, when compared to founding fathers took great pains in formulating a document that the other industrial nations of the world. would protect us from all the evils of the government that plagued the European people, especially England's form of government. ii Our politicians and bureaucrats have been gradually chipping Not only has our family values declines to dangerous levels, the away at our Constitution, ignoring our rights to tine point that our financial and economic condition of this country, that one time was freedom is in great danger. the most prosperous in the world, is devastated. At one time we were the leader in industry, commerce and new technology, now The ultimate goal of our elected leaders is designed to transform we are the leading debtor nation in the world. I asked myself, why? America into a socialist form of government under The New World What did we do wrong? What can I do about it? I did riot know six Order. which will control every country in the world, making months ago, so I decided to try to find the answer. I decided to do everyone in the world equal. we'll all be slaves, controlled by the some investigating and research. I was invited to attend a meeting, cooperation of all the global organizations, starting with the which I accepted, of a group of concerned American people To my centuries old Illuminati. The Illuminati formed by the Freemasons, surprise I learned that there are many groups of Americans who the Rothchilds, the Bilderbergers, the American based Trilateral are aware of the many abuses by our government, of our rights Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations, financed by the and the dangers that are facing the very existence of our Rockefellers and Rothchilds. Constitution and our country, abuses that I was not aware of. The Clinton, Bush. and Carter Administrations were, and are. What I learned that night was riot only surprising but actually completely controlled by these socialist globalist groups and the shocking. I was like so many Americans today. too Nixon. Ford and Reagan Administrations were partially owned by the same group. busy. trusting our government officials, even knowing that there They are also planning a one world police force, a one world army, and a one world religion. not a Christian religion all under the During my research of just several months, I found an control of the United Nations, arid a one world currency until they abundance of vital information that surprised me, and I'm sure can move to a cashless society which will result in a war against would surprise or even shock most Americans. The sources of our cash and our privacy. much of this Information was written by very concerned, patriotic and dedicated citizens. This book is a compilation of much of that Another violation of our Constitutional rights is by our information written by citizens that are much more intelligent and government when they passed the Money Laundering law. This informed than I am. law gives the police the right to break in unannounced at a private citizen's home, anytime day or night, guns drawn without a search Listed in the last pages of this book are the publications, of warrant, ransack the house, confiscate anything including money, books, newspapers, newsletter, periodicals, and magazines, their under the guise of 'probable cause which means if you look authors and writers. There is much more information and many suspicious you are guilty of something. They take the word of a more sources of excellent information available today, but space "snitch," an informer. usually a convicted felon, that the innocent does not permit the listing of more. There is so much happening victim may be dealing in drugs, no prior investigation, just break in. everyday around the world so rapidly that perhaps there will be smashing the door down, when they discover that a mistake was another book forthcoming soon. made they keep anything that they had confiscated from the innocent victim, may never return it, especially money. That's our I began gathering this information just before the 1993 police that are supposed to be protecting us. What about the police presidential election. You may find some of this information and the government officials that have given the police this obsolete, but I believe it may be important to some people. "gestapo power." didn't they all take the oath? I WILL HONOR, My goal is to publish this book and make it available to everyone UPHOLD, PROTECT, AND DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF as quickly as possible. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SO HELP ME GOD. Should we be concerned about the future of our God given rights? WHERE DO I BEGIN? I decided to begin with the founding fathers singing of the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. There is Much More An Introduction Congress passed more than 200 laws in 1992 and most congressmen did not take the time to read them before they voted to the on them. They took the word of their friend, who introduced the Return to Constitutional legislation, yes, they are usually all friends even if they are from opposite parties, or they will have one of their aids read the bill and Government take their suggestion on how to vote. They are all friends, because they may need the help of their friend when they need a favor to Learn, Revive, and Preserve our constitution get a pork bill passed that will benefit them or their constituents, The Price They Paid even if it is not in the best interest of our country. The men who signed the Declaration of Independence were not There are many more government abuses that violate the very popular even with their own people. The signers and all the Constitutional rights of our citizens. That list would fill a 200 page other people knew that if they declared their independence from book. England that there would be a war, and more than half of the headquarters. Then Nelson quietly urged General George people were against the Declaration of Independence. The signers Washington to open fire on his home. The home was destroyed, opted to declare their independence rather than be slaves of and Nelson died bankrupt. England. That is when Patrick Henry made his famous speech. 1 know not what course others may take_ But as for me give me Francis Lewis's home and properties were destroyed. The enemy liberty or give me death." jailed his wife, and she died within a few months.

Have you ever wondered what happened to the 56 men who John Hart was driven from his wife's bedside as she was dying. signed the declaration of independence? Five signers were Their thirteen children fled for their lives. His fields and his grist captured by the British as traitors, and were tortured before they mills were laid waste. For more than a year he lived in the forest died. and in caves, returning home he

Twelve had their homes ransacked and burned. Two lost sons in found his wife had died and his children had vanished. A few the Revolutionary Army, another had two sons captured. Nine of weeks later he died from exhaustion and a broken heart. the 56 fought and died from wounds or the hardships of the Norris and Livingstone suffered similar fates. Revolutionary War. Such were the stories and sacrifices of the men who fought in the They signed, and they pledged their lives, fortunes and their American Revolution. These were not wild-eyed, rabble-rousing sacred honor. ruffians. They were soft spoken men of means and education. What kind of men were they? Twenty-four were lawyers and They had security, but they valued liberty more. Standing tall, jurists. Eleven were merchants, nine were farmers and large straight, and unwavering, they pledged: "For the support of this plantation owners, men of means, well educated. But they signed declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of the Divine the Declaration of Independence knowing full well that the penalty Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our would be death, if they were captured. fortunes, and our sacred honor.

Carter Braxton of Virginia, a wealthy planter and trader, saw his This country owes its existence to these brave men. ships swept from the seas by the British navy. He sold his home The Declaration of Independence and properties to pay his debt, and died in rags. In CONGRESS, July 4, 1776 Thomas McKean was so hounded by the British that he was The Unanimous Declaration forced to move his family almost constantly. He served in of the Thirteen United States of America Congress without pay, and his family was kept in hiding. His When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for possessions were taken from him, and poverty was his reward. one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected Vandals or soldiers or both, looted the properties of Ellery, them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, Clymer, Hall, Walton, Gwinett, Heyward, Ruttledge, and Middleton. the separate and equal station to which

At the battle of Yorktown, Thomas Nelson Jr., noted that the 1 British General Cornwallis, had taken over the Nelson home for his the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entities them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the declare the causes which Impel them to the separation. right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance are Instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the with his measures. consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying Its opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the foundation on such principles and organizing Its powers in such people. form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of established should not be changed for light and transient causes; Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more the state remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right invasion from without, and convulsions within. themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States, for invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has erected a multitude of New, Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat cut their He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and substance. necessary for the public good. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and without the Consent of our legislature. He has affected to render pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws giving He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. 2 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these merciless Indian Savages, who known rule of warfare, is an States: undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: In every stage of these Suppressions We have Petitioned for For imposing Taxes on us without our consent: Redress in the most humble terms. Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character For depriving us in many cases of the benefits of Trial by Jury: is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offenses: Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over enlarging it Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native Colonies: justice and magnanimity and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would For taking away our Charters abolishing our most valuable Laws, inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Government: have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the our people. Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and Colonies are and of Right ought to be free and independent states; tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and perfidy that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally that all political connection between them and the State of Great unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as free and independent states, they have full Power to levy War, conclude He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Peace, contract Alliance, establish Commerce, and to do all other Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for Wm. Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other of Carrolton our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor. Virginia

3 George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Ben Signers of the Declaration of Independence Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr. Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton

According to the Authenticated Listed Printed by North Carolina Order of Congress of January 18, 17T7 Wm. Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn

John Hancock South Carolina

New Hampshire Joseph Bartlett Wm Whipple Mathew Thornton Edward Ruthledge Thomas Heywood Thomas Lynch Jr. Arthur Massachusetts Bay Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Middleton Paine Elbridge Gerry Georgia

Rhode Island & Providence Step Hopkins Wm Elroy George Clymer Button Gwinett Layman Hall George Walton

Connecticut

Roger Sherman Samuel Hunington Wm. Williams Oliver Wolcott The Constitution of the United States

New York We, the People of the United States, in Order to form a more Wm. Floyd Phillip Livingston Frans. Lewis Lewis Morris perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, New Jersey and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of Richard Stockton J. Witherspoon Frans. Hopkinson John Hart America. Abraham Clark Article I Pennsylvania Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton In a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross and House of Representatives.

Delaware Section 2 The House of Representatives shall be composed of Caesar Rodney George Reed Thomas McKeen Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications Maryland requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that taxed, three-fifth of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall State for which he shall be chosen. be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Years, In such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode- Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and When the President of the United States Is tried, the Chief Justice Georgia three. shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill Judgement In Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further such Vacancies. then to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections two Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each for six Years, and each Senator shall have one vote. State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into choosing Senators. three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the they shall be Law appoint a different Day. House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a Law, be presented to adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in Penalties as each House may provide. which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other two thirds, expel a Member. House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Judgement require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Nays, and the Names of Persons voting for and against the Bill Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Neither House during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he signed it, unless the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. shall not to be a Law.

Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law and Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed not be questioned in any other Place. in the Case of a Bill.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he Section 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide the United States which shall have been created, or the for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States; Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be United States. a Member of either House during his Continuance of Office. To borrow Money on the credit of the United States. To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the several States, and with the Indian Tribes. Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other To coin Money, reguiate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, needful Buildings; - And and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers and current Coin of the United States; vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Office thereof. To establish Post Offices and post Roads; Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any .. To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be To define and punish piracies and Felonies committed on the suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the high Seas, and Offenses against the Laws of Nations; To declare public Safety may require it. War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To raise and support No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term then two Years; To provide and maintain a Navy; No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration hereinbefore directed to To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land be taken. and naval Forces; No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce of Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, pay Duties in another. and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make Prince, or foreign State. a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the Confederation; grant Letters or Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person Law Impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Nobility. Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws; and the net shall immediately choose by Ballot one of them for President; and Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the. List Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; the said House shall in like Manner choose the President. But in and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of choosing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the the Congress. Representatives from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty on of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such be the Vice President. But if there shall remain two or more who imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. have equal Votes, the Senate shall choose from them by Ballot the Vice President. Article II The Congress may determine the Time of choosing the Electors, Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the be the same throughout the United States. Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected as follows: No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or United States. Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. In Case of the Removals of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, which shall expire at the End of their next Session. or a President shall be elected. Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress The President, shall at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between United States, or any of them. them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive 8 Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the Officers of the United States. following Oath or Affirmation: -- "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and the United States, shall be removed from Office on impeachment defend the Constitution of the United States." for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the Article III several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the their Continuance in Office. Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not Authority; -- to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Ministers and Consuls; -- to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Law; but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such Jurisdiction -- to Controversies to which the United States shall be inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the a Party; -- to Controversies between two or more States; -- between a State and Citizens of another State; -- between Citizens of different States; -- between Citizens of the same State claiming Crime, who shall flee from Justide, and be found in another State, Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom regulations as the Congress shall make. such Service of Labour may be due.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this by Jury; and such Trial shall beheld in the State where the said Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Crime shall have been committed; but when not committed within Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Congress may by Law have directed. Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason needed Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this or on Confession in open Court. Constitution shall be construed as to prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 9 Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be Article IV convened) against domestic Violence.

Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to Article V the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it States. And the Congress may by general law prescribe the necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several proved, and the Effect thereof. States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior and Deputy from Virginia, to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of In CONVENTION, the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be Monday, September 17th, 1787. deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. PRESENT

Article VI The States of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton from New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina and Georgia: Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United Resolved, States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. That the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall in Congress assembled, and that it is the opinion of this be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall the Recommendation of its Legislature, for their Assent and be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any Ratification; and that each Convention assenting to, and ratifying State to the Contrary notwithstanding. the Same, should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution, the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. shall have ratified the same, and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the Time and Place 10 for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after Article VII such Publication the Electors should be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected: That the Electors should The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President, and should sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the transmit their Votes certified, signed, sealed and directed, as the States so ratifying the Same. Constitution requires, to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Representatives Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States should convene at the Time and Place assigned; that the Senators present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord should appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole Purpose of one thousand seven hundred and Eight seven and of the receiving, opening and counting the Votes for President; and, that Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. IN after he shall be chosen, the Congress, together with the WITNESS whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, President, should, without Delay, proceed to execute this GEORGE WASHINGTON, President Constitution. By unanimous Order of the Convention, Amendment I.*

George Washington, President Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of William Jackson, Secretary religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people "No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore the invisible peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a hand which conducts the affairs of men more than the people of redress of grievances. the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems to have been Amendment II. distinguished by some token of providential agency". A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free We ought to be less persuaded that the propitious smiles of State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the infringed. eternal rules of order and right, which heaven itself has ordained". Amendment Ill. Eight years later, in his farewell address, in even stronger words, he warns; No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a Reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national manner to be prescribed by law. morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principles." From George Washington's Inaugural Address April 30, 1789 Amendment IV.

11 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, THE BILL OF RIGHTS shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon AS PROVIDED IN THE FIRST TEN probably cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly America Articles in Addition to and Amendment of the describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to Constitution of the United States of America, be seized. Proposed by Congress. and Ratified by Several States, Pursuant to the Fifth Article of Amendment V. the Original Constitution No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise Preamble infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or In the The conventions of a number of the States having at the time of Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be best insure the beneficent ends of its institution. taken for public use without just compensation. Amendment VI. The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. wherein the crime shall have been committed; which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the Amendment XII.** nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall his defense. not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in d Amendment VII. then be counted; - The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the common law. President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken *The first ten Amendments (Bill of Rights) were ratified effective by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a December 15, 1791. quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall 12 be necessary to a choice. [And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall Amendment VIII. devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. death or other constitutional disability of the President-]*** The Person having the greatest n having one vote; a quorum for this Amendment IX. purpose shall consist of a member or m and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. [And if the House of The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March Amendment X. next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the The powers not delegated to the United States by the President-]*** The Person having the greatest number of votes as Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the Vice President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a States respectively, or to the people. majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no Amendment XI.* person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers' to a choice. But no person constitutionally Ineligible to the office of of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to the President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years United States. of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other Amendment XIII.**** crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject State. to their jurisdiction. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by Congress, or. elector of President and Vice President, or hold any appropriate legislation. office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, *The Eleventh Amendment was ratified February, 7, 1795. who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an office of the United States, or as a member of any State **The Twelfth Amendment as ratified June 15, 1804. legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged ***Superseded by section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment. in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or ****The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified December 6, 1865. comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may be a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 13 Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, Amendment XIV.* authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or Section 1. All persons born or naturalized In the United States rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by laws. appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the Amendment XV.** several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have by appropriate legislation. concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XVI.*** Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the among the several States, and without regard to any census or States by the Congress.] enumeration. Amendment XIX.** Amendment XVII.**** The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each by appropriate legislation. State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. When vacancies Amendment XX.*** happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may end at noon on thee 20th day of January, and the terms of empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of January, until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article direct. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the had not been ratified, and the terms of their successors shall then election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as begin. part of the Constitution. Section 2. The Congress shall, assemble at least once in every *The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified July 9, 1868. **The year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of Fifteenth Amendment was ratified February 3, 1870. ***The January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Sixteenth Amendment was ratified February 3, 1913. ****The Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the Seventeenth Amendment was ratified April 8, 1913. President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice-President 14 elect shall become President. If a President shall to have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the Amendment XVIII.* President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; [Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, the Importation thereof Into, or the exportation thereof from the declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the Congress. death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of Amendment XXII.* choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the Section 1. No persons shall be elected to the office of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a President more than twice, and no person who has held the office Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a upon them. term to which some other person was elected President shall be Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of elected to the office of the President more than once. But this October following the ratification of this article. Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the acting as President, during the term within which this Article legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as years from the date of its submission. President during the remainder of such term.

Amendment XXI.**** Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. years from the date of its submission to the States by the Section 2. The transportation of importation into any State, Congress. Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use Amendment XXIII.** therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, If hereby prohibited. Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may *The Eighteenth Amendment was ratified January 16, 1919. It direct. was repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment, December A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to 5, 1933. the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to **The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified August 19, 1920 which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous ***The Twentieth Amendment was ratified January 23, 1933. State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, ****The Twenty-First Amendment was ratified December 5, 1993. but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; Section 3. This article shall be Inoperative unless it shall have and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions provided by the twelfth article of amendment. in the several States, as provided In the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 1964. ****The Twentieth-Fifth Amendment was ratified February 10, 1967 Amendment XIV.*** 16 Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for Speaker of the House of Representatives their written electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. or other tax. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of by appropriate legislation. Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice Amendment XV"" President and a majority of either the principal officers of the Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or executive department or of such other body as Congress may by of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore President. of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that take office upon confirmation by a majority note of both Houses of purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days Congress. after receipt of the latter written declaration, or,

Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President if Congress Is not In session, within twenty-one days after pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Congress Is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President powers, and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as shall resume the powers and duties of his office. Acting President. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment was ratified July 1, 1971. Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either Amendment XXVI.* the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are pro tempore of the Senate and the eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. *The Twenty-Second Amendment was ratified February 27, 1951. **The Twenty-Third Amendment was ratified March 29, Section 2 The Congress shall have power to enforce this article 1961. ***The Twenty-Fourth Amendment was ratified January 23, by appropriate legislation. The Father of Our Country George Washington, the father of our country, the first President came from the Bible, and today the Bible is outlawed In our public and Commander and Chief. He spent forty-five years in the service schools. of our country. Two terms in the office as president. He was the President of the Constitutional Congress that gave us our first ten I17 amendments of the Constitution which are called The Bill of Rights. The Holy Bible Consulted in all Decision Making When his term of office was finished, he gave one of the most significant speeches ever given in our country, his "Farewell Blackstone's commentary on the law was used exclusively by the Address." The last part of his address he said, "Of all habits and founding father and the Supreme Court, which was introduced In dispositions which leak to political prosperity, religion and morality 1758 and used for 160 years. The Bible was used in all law are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the schools in America at that time. Blackstone got his ideas from the tribute of patriotism who should labor to subvert these great pillars.' Bible. He even gave the verse that each of the laws was based on.

Those principles stood for more than two hundred years, the Our founding fathers established a very unique form of same documents, the same writings, there were no changes. A government, unlike any other nation. What did they base their government such as ours was never heard of before in the history thinking on to put into our government, the three branches that the of the world. France in two hundred years went through seven Constitution guarantees to keep them completely separated? The completely different forms of government. Italy had more than Ideas for three branches of government came from Isaiah 33:22, forty-eight forms of government. "The Lord is our judge, the Lord is our lawgiver, the Lord is our king, he will save us. Where did the founding fathers of our country get their ideas that caused this country to last so long, when no other contemporary The Separation of powers came from Jeremiah, Chapter 17. It is nation has ever come close to the longevity of our nation? quite a lengthy chapter, it says a lot. If our politicians would follow the example of our founding fathers, we would not be in the trouble That question was asked by some political science students of that we are in today. the University of Houston. They wanted to see where our founding fathers got their Ideas. They felt if they could collect some of the Our Supreme Court and our Congress open every session with a writings of the founding fathers they would know where their Ideas prayer, but they never get on their knees to ask God for guidance originated. It took ten years to collect 1,500 thousand writings - when they have a difficult problem to solve like our founding from those they condensed them to 3,154 - the ones that made the fathers did. They open each session with a prayer, but they most significant impact on our founding fathers. outlawed prayer In the public schools, because it might offend someone. How did our public school system survive for 200 years There were three prominent statesmen that were Influential to before they removed prayer from public schools, if prayer is so the founding fathers' writings. They were Blackstone, Montequieu, offensive? and John Locke. The founding fathers' quotes were used 4 times more than Blackstone, 12 times more than Montequieu, and 16 We are the only nation that allows churches tax exemptions. times more than Locke. Thirty-four percent of all quotes that the Canada and Mexico do not. The exemptions came from the book founding fathers used came from the Bible. Another sixty percent of the Bible, Ezra 7:24, "Also we certify you, that touching any of came from men who used the Bible to write their conclusion. the priests of Levites, singers, porters, Nethinims, or ministers of Ninety-four percent of all quotes that the founding fathers used the house of God, it shall not be lawful to impose toll, tribute, or customs upon them." Another case in 1844 came from Philadelphia. A school in Philadelphia said, 'We are going to teach our students morality, but In early times Congressmen and Senators when writing new we don't need to teach them religion.' The case was such an laws, they would state, "If it is in the Bible it should be unorthodoxed case at the time in history that it went all the way to fore our people." The most favorite and most used book of the the Supreme Court. Case Vidal V. Girard, 1844. The Court said, Bible was Deuteronomy. Not an easy book to read and quite "Why not the Bible and especially the New Testament to be read lengthy, but they were all Bible students and knew the Bible well. and taught as a divine revelation in the school? Where can the The Supreme Court always used the Bible to help them make purest principles of morality be learned so clearly and so perfectly difficult decisions. as from the New Testament?' That was our Supreme Court in those days. Quite a change from their attitude today. They went on to say, "The universal sentiment was that Christianity should be encouraged, not any one denomination. In Another Supreme court ruling People v. Ruggles, 1844. this age there can be no substitute for Christianity." That was the "Whatever strikes at the root of Christianity tends manifestly to the religion of the founding of the Republic and they expected it to dissolution of civil government." remain the religion of their descendants. The great vital and Separation of Church and State does not appear in our conservative elements of our system is the belief of our people in Constitution. It is, however, in the Soviet Union's Constitution. pure doctrines and divine truth of the Gospel of Jesus Christ 18 In 1853, a small group petitioned Congress which said, "We want to separate Christianity from government. We want separation of A recent poll revealed that 67% of Americans thought that church and state." It was referred to the House and the Senate separation of Church and State is in our Constitution. Judiciary Committee and investigated for one year to see if it would be possible to separate Christian principles from government. At Another Supreme Court case, Rumpel v. Winemiller, 1796. The the end of that year they came back with a report. The House and Court said, "By our form of government the Christian religion is the Senate reports were very similar. The House Judiciary Committee established religion and all sects and denominations of Christians March 27. 1984, said, "Had the people during the Revolutionary and are placed upon the same equal footing.' They wanted God's War had any suspicion of any attempt to war against Christianity, principles, but did not want any one denomination ruling the others. the Revolution would have been strangled in its cradle." The first amendment was designed to protect the churches from the government, not vise versa. The Supreme Court case in 1892, Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States. Quoted, "Our laws and our institutions must Another challenge by another group to try to separate church necessarily be based upon and embody the Redeemer of from the state came in the 1870's and 1880's. The case, Reynolds Mankind. It is impossible that it should be otherwise in the sense of v. United States, after going through the court system it arrived at this extent, our civilization and institutions are emphatically the Supreme Court In 1878 challenging Christian principles in Christian. This case was only 16 pages long, but it quoted 87 government, saying there should be separation of church and historical precedents based on the Bible. When any court makes a state. The Supreme Court went back to Jefferson's letter and read decision, it usually bases its decision on precedents that it ruled on it in its entirety. Jefferson did say In his letter that there should be in previous cases. the separation of church and state, but he meant that the church should be protected from the government. He went on to say that Christian principles should never be separated from the In 1965 the courts said that it was unconstitutional for students to government. The Supreme Court used Jefferson's principles until pray aloud in public schools. 1947. In 1947 for the first time in the Court's history, the Supreme Court used only 8 words from Jefferson's speech. The case, In 1967 a simple nursery rhyme, the word God was not even Everson v. Board of Education. They misquoted Jefferson and mentioned, was not allowed because it might cause someone to said, "The first amendment has erected a wall between church and think of God, and that would be unconstitutional. state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable." They In 1980 in a Kentucky public school, a picture of the Ten reversed the meaning of Jefferson's speech. Their interpretation Commandments was hanging in the hallway, someone objected was the government must be protected from the church instead of and a suit was filed. The case of Stone v. Graham, the court said the church from the government. about the Ten Commandments, "If the posted copies of the Ten The Supreme Court Ignored all the Moral Principles that were Commandments are to have any effect at all, they will induce Cherished for 200 Years and Violated Our First Amendment the school children to read them, and if they read them they Rights. will meditate upon, perhaps venerate, and obey the Soon After that the Moral Decline Began in this County commandments, this is not a permissible objective.'

On June 25, 1962, the case, Engle v. Vitale, the Supreme Court Can you believe this? It's unconstitutional to honor your mother separated religious principles from education, it removed prayer and father, don't commit murder, don't steal, don't commit adultery from the public schools. It did not quote any precedent, used no or don't bear false witness, all these don'ts are unconstitutional? legal base. Most of the time any court will list the precedent of a James Madison, one of the chief architects of the Constitution previous case on which they based their decision, but not this time. said, "We stake the whole future of American civilization, not upon Supreme Court case, Abington v. Schempp, 1963. The removal the power of the government, far from it. We have staked the of the Bible and prayer from the public school. Their explanation of future of all of our political institutions upon the capacity of each why the Bible must be kept out of schools was, 'If portions of the and all of us to govern ourselves according to the Commandments New Testament were read without explanation, there could be, of God." and had been, psychologically harmful done to the child.' This There are many more abuses of our Constitutional rights. How decision was without any legal base or precedent. The following could a society once known for its wisdom and brilliance be prayer led to the removal of all prayers from public schools. This is conned, time after time, into accepting as truth all these political known as the Unconstitutional Prayer. "Almighty God we abominations? Where did we lose our awareness of truth and acknowledge our dependence common sense? How have we been lured into accepting a life of on thee and we beg thy blessing upon us, our parents, our illusion and deceit, and how have we been separated from our teachers, and our country." Isn't it amazing? sense of justice and honesty?

The Declaration of Independence Speaks of God Four Times 19

There was a poll taken at that time and 97% of the people polled If you think that's appalling, let's examine the present posture of believed in God. our public school system. From 1963 to 1983, ages from 10 to 19, the number of teenage What is the Situation Today? pregnancies Increased 553 percent. Sexually transmitted diseases, students ages 15 to 19, increased by 225 percent. The The TV and motion picture industry morals have declined to divorce rate is up 117 percent, it tripled every year since 1963. gutter levels. The continuous nudity scenes, unrestricted sex Unmarried couples living together, up 353 percent. The break up of scenes with the opposite sex and sometimes with the same sex. families, up 160 percent. S.A.T. scores since 1963 had an 18 The foul language laced with four letter words, pornography, the consecutive year decline. In 1974 the decline began to slow down violent crime and murder scenes, alcohol and drug abuse. This a little, because that's when Christian schools began to increase atmosphere has affected the behavior pattern of our youth in our very rapidly. In 1965 there were 1,000 Christian schools In public schools today worsening at an alarming rate. America. By 1984 there were 32,000 Christian schools, 8-1/2 Teenage pregnancy, violent crime, drug and alcohol abuse, guns million students were attending Christian and private schools at and even murder are everyday occurrences in our public schools. that time. S.A.T. scores for religious and private schools were 100 No real family values are taught in our public schools today. points higher than the public schools, that is where the S.A.T. scores were in 1963 before they took prayer out of the public The quality of education in our public schools has declined from schools. one of the highest in the world to the bottom, when compared to the other industrial nations of the world. At that time according to the Board of Education, there were 12% of our school children attending private schools and 88% attending Thirty percent of our graduating high school students can't read public schools. Also out of the academically elite, the cream of the their diploma or fill out a job application. I could go on and list crop of students, the 12% private schools' students produced 39% many more problems that exist today, but I'm sure that everyone of the top scholars and the 88% of the public schools produced who watches TV or reads the daily newspaper is aware of the only 61 % of the top scholars. What is that telling us? situation that exists today. It's quite disturbing to say the least.

At that time the cost of educating public school children was John Grandbouche, founder of the National Commodity and $3,752 compared to the cost of only $1,100 for the private and Barter Association and an outstanding leader of an outstanding religious schools. That translates Into one third of the cost for organization of honorable men performs an important function by private school that produced three times the scores academically. informing the American people of the many evils going on today by our governmental departments, institutions, and public education The cost of public school education has steadily increased systems. Included in the following paragraphs are excerpts of while the quality has steadily declined. NCBA newsletter.

Since prayer and religious principle were taken out of the public The Dumbing Down of America schools, violent crime has increased by 544%. The decline in academic and literacy standards has become so Thomas Jefferson had the answer, he said, 'he reason that scandalous that in April of 1983 the National Commission of Christianity is the best friend of government is because Christianity Excellence of Education wrote in its historic report, "If an unfriendly is the only religion that deals with the heart. foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre A country cannot be blessed by God unless God's people live by educational performance that exists today, we might well have God's principles. viewed it as an act of war. As it stands we have allowed this to happen to ourselves." capable of contending with human passions unbridled by morality and religion. Our Constitution was made only for a moral and 20 religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any Educational tyranny Is the natural and Inevitable result of other." government school system controlled by monopoly minded The founding fathers realized that the Constitution would work for bureaucrats and educrats. The people of this country must soon people who believed in God, who had internal control and decide what Is more Important to them: parents' rights or constraints who would use the word of God as their standards. We compulsory schooling; educational freedom or educational tyranny. moved far away from these standards, that is why we have so We must decide one way or the other, many problems in the world today.

soon, before it's too late. We have been a world leader in the industrial world for a long Home Schooling time in almost every category. We are still the world leader in a different list of categories. We are the world leader in violent crime, The spirit of liberty and true justice need the uncluttered minds of divorce, teenage pregnancies, volunteer abortion, illegal drugs, our young If we are to have any hope of at all of surviving as a free illiteracy, and we graduate 700,000 high school students every and productive nation. year who can't read their diploma. Jeremiah 6:16 says in essence, 'If you want peace go back to the old ways.' Good There are millions of home-educating parents all across America advice, we need to make our government go back to the old taking their children away from public educational systems. Many, ways. We must return to Constitutional government! If not most, of the greatest minds in American history came from home schooling programs, including Washington, Jefferson, and After the war and the Constitution was adopted, the individual Franklin. You will find an excellent Home Schooling program listed states proceeded to write their State Constitutions. Here are the in this book. qualifications for holding public office in state or federal governments. Everyone appointed or elected to public office must Paralleling the decline of our public educational system is the say, 'I do profess faith in God the father and in Lord Jesus decline of our family values to dangerous levels, along with the Christ, his only son and In the Holy Spirit, one God and decline of our financial and economic base, that one time was the blessed for evermore and I do acknowledge the Holy Scriptures most prosperous in the world, is now devastated. At one time we of the old and new Testament, to be given by divine were the leader In industry, commerce, and new technology, now inspiration. Another requirement was that they must acknowledge we are the leading debtor nation In the world. I asked myself Why? a belief in future reward and punishment. They understood that What did we do wrong? The question really is, what can we do they would be accountable to God for what they had done while in what is right to correct the problem? The government is not the office and after they left office. He must be accountable to God answer, they are the cause of our problems today. for all the time he was here on earth. Listen to what John Adams had to say. "There is no government What about our nation? Is a nation accountable to God? This in the world that is big enough to make us do what's right. If your subject was discussed during the Constitutional Convention. Their heart isn't right you can't do what is right. We stop crime by dealing conclusion was a nation is different than an individual. A nation has with the heart. There is no government armed with power which is no spirit, no soul, when a nation dies it is dead. It will never be resurrected, it does not exist anymore. But nations are responsible When Benjamin Franklin was Ambassador to France he said to for their actions. the French people, "He who shall introduce Into public affairs the principles of Christianity will change the face of the Earth." He told "Nations cannot be rewarded or punished in the next world, they the French people that if they want to be a world leader they must be In this world. By the inevitable chain of cause and effect, should adopt Christian principles. providence punishes national sins by natural calamities." George Mason. Charles Finney, one of the greatest evangelists in early times said, "The church must take right ground in regard to politics. Has Our Nation Sinned? You be the judge. What are some of Politics are a part of religion. In a country as this, we Christians most recent natural calamities? The devastating earthquake in must do their duty to their country as California. The forest fire in California that destroyed more than 100 homes. Hurricane Hugo that did more than one billion dollars part of their duty to God. God will bless or curse the nation worth of damage in South Carolina. Hurricane Andrew that according to the course that Christians take In politics." destroyed much of South Florida. According to recent statistics, natural calamities are occurring more frequently now than anytime A country cannot be, blessed unless God's people live by God's in history. And what about the over thirty million unborn babies that principles. We can't be isolationists. Too many people today are have been aborted in the past twenty years? What do YOU saying that we as Christians should not mix our Christianity with thinly? Has our nation sinned? politics. This Is just the reason why our country is in this horrible spiritual condition today. We let the atheists take our Constitutional 21 Christian rights away from us. The real reason that evil prospers in this country today is because too many good men, for too long, did Benjamin Franklin's speech at the Constitutional Convention nothing. on June 28,1787. "We need God to be our friend, not our enemy. We need Him to be our ally not our adversary. We need to be "To sin by silence when they should protest makes cowards sure that we keep God's concurring aid. If a sparrow can't fall to of men. Abraham Lincoln the ground without God knowing it, how do we possibly think a nation can rise without His aid. He called for regular daily prayer "It is not the function of our Government to keep the citizen to make sure that we keep God along side of what we are doing as from falling into error; it is the function of the citizen to keep a nation." All the founding fathers had the same commitment. the government from falling into error."

Thomas Jefferson made this statement. "Indeed, I tremble for [U.S. Supreme Court in American Communications Association my country when I reflect that God is just, that His justice can't v. Douds, 339 U.S. 382, 4421 sleep forever." 22 A Nation Does Have to Answer to God for What it Does

Abraham Lincoln was asked by a newspaper reporter, "Is God on our side, is God on our side in the Civil War?" Lincoln replied, "Sir, my concern Is not if God Is on our side. My great concern is are we on God's side?'

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