1. All Organisms Are Made up of One Or More Cells

Review – Cells 1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2. Cells come in many sizes and shapes, they often specialize toward specific functions

3. Cells come from pre-existing cells. Each cell can make new cells by separating itself into two new cells; we say that cells divide. Through this process they help humans grow, heal and 4. ..

Hierarchy of organization Organization increases as cell group together and form more complex systems Atoms molecules cells  tissue organs  organ systems an organism (you and me) Particles or materials smaller than a cell are not alive, but as molecules form new structures complexity increases. Cell – are the smallest units in the human body and cannot be seen without a microscope. Cells that perform the same job gather themselves into shapes that make “tissue” like the skin, muscles, bones and organs such as the liver, lungs and kidneys.

Tissue – are groups of like cells that perform the same function, for example, muscle tissue or bone tissue. Organ- are tissues that group to perform a speciﬁc function, like the heart or the liver. Organs are made up of different types of tissues working together to perform specialized tasks, for example the heart consists of nerve tissue, vascular (blood) tissue and cardiac muscle tissues. i.e. the heart – pump blood, the lungs – exchange gasses, the eyes – sight, etc

-- Internal organs are those that are inside the body and cannot be seen. We have to use instruments and equipment like X-rays to see the internal organs inside the body.

Organ system- Organism-

Types of Tissue Vascular tissue – Skeletal muscle tissue – Cardiac muscle tissue –

Digestive System – system *** main function is to break up food into pieces (molecules) small enough to be absorbed by the circulatory system (blood stream) so that it may be carried to every cell in the body, no matter how small or far from the stomach. Example: brain, skin, eyes, every cell!

Food is anything that provides the body with both energy and building blocks. Food is categorized into 4 groups – Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats and Nucleic Acids Digestion is responsible for breaking these four types of molecules, especially proteins and complex carbohydrates that can be very large molecules small enough that they can be absorbed the very small capillaries that surround and penetrate the walls of the small intestine.

Energy is released by breaking bonds in the molecules of food; this chemical energy is transformed into ATP the universal energy currency. **remember making bonds requires energy input (sun in photosynthesis) and breaking bonds releases stored chemical energy (cell respiration)

-There are two types of digestion: 1. Mechanical Digestion – involves the mechanics of tearing or grinding the food into small pieces by teeth or muscles of digestive system. 2. Chemical Digestion – involves the use of enzymes, acids and other chemicals that take the small pieces of food and break the chemical bonds, breaking the pieces of food into smaller molecules that can easily be absorbed by the circulatory system (blood stream).

Organs and Function of Digestive System External Organs --External organs are those that are on the outside and can be easily seen and described. (external organs often include internal structures that can be seen easily) 1) Mouth - first site of mechanical digestion. Teeth cut, grind and chew larger pieces of food into smaller pieces - also first site of chemical digestion, as amylase attacks the starches in food and starts breaking them down into sugars. 2)

Molecules from food are absorbed into microscopically small blood vessels (capillaries) located in the walls of the digestive tract. They then pass into larger blood vessels that carry the molecules to other parts of the body.

Internal Organs of Digestive System 1) gall bladder 2) spleen 3) stomach 4) liver 5) small intestine 6) large intestine 7) esophagus mouth not shown Circulatory System – transport system for the body, pumps blood throughout the body. The blood carries oxygen, nutrients, digested food molecules to every cell in the body, and then carries waste from the cells to the kidneys and liver for purification and excretion or removal.

*** main function is to transport nutrients (food), oxygen and chemical messengers throughout the body to every cell in the body, no matter how small or far away from the heart. Example: brain, skin, eyes, every cell! Heart – consists of cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue and vascular tissues which carry the blood to the muscles of the heart.

Flow Pattern

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Veins carry blood returning to the heart .

We describe the hearts rate in beats per minute.

Aorta – oxygen rich blood leaves the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body Skeletal System - supports the body, protects delicate organs, and helps move the body (Also makes blood cells and stores fat and minerals)

***Has three main functions 1) support the body, 2) protection of internal organs (esp brain/spinal column, heart and lungs) and 3) muscle attachment.

Bones: 206 in adult body; bone cells surrounded by non-living materials (calcium, protein); marrow makes blood cells. Cartilage: tissue that is more flexible than bone; keeps bones from grinding together in joints and gives shape to nose and ears. Cartilage can become bone as babies grow into adults. Joints: where bones meet Joints are classified by how they move Ex. Ball-and-Socket (shoulder), Hinge (elbow, knee), Gliding (wrist), Pivot (1st vertebra) Ligaments: tissue that connects bones to other bones. Tendons: tissue that connects bones to muscles.

Muscular System - moves bones and internal organs Voluntary: you can consciously control these muscles.

Involuntary: you can not consciously control these muscles.

Type 1: Skeletal Muscle Moves bones; they are attached to bones by tendons. Voluntary. **Usually come in pairs. Muscles can only pull; they never push.

Type 2: Smooth Muscle Lines internal organs such as esophagus, stomach, arteries; Keep your internal organs working. Involuntary.

Type 3: Cardiac Muscle Found only in heart; looks like skeletal muscle but acts like smooth muscle.

Elbow joint structure. 1.Humerus forms the shoulder joint also the origin for each of the two biceps tendons 2. Biceps (flexor) muscle provides force for an arm flexion (bending). As the main muscle it is known as the agonist. 3. Biceps insertion on the radius of the forearm 4. Elbow joint which is the fulcrum or pivot for arm movement 5. Ulna one of two levers of the forearm Technically in a flexion like this the Biceps performs a concentric contraction. 6. Triceps muscle is the extensor whose contraction straightens the arm. 7. Elbow joint which is also the pivot (fulcrum) for this movement.

HOW THE NERVOUS, SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER

Bones: Provide a hard framework for stability and act as levers (3rd class) to facilitate movement Ligaments: Hold bones together Muscles: Provide the force required for movement by moving one bone in relation to another Tendons: Connect muscles to bones Nerves: Motor neurons provides the stimulus for muscle movement and co-ordinates sets of antagonistic muscles

Structure of the Human Elbow Joint Muscles can only pull and relax, muscles do not push in order to move bones. Muscles move our body. They are joined onto the bones by tendons. Most muscles work together in pairs. One muscle pulls while the other muscle relaxes. When you bend your arm the biceps muscle pulls and the triceps muscle relaxes. When you make your arm straight, the biceps muscle relaxes and the triceps muscle pulls.

Knee Joint:

. The knee joint is an example of a hinge joint. . The pivot is the knee joint. . The lever is the tibia and fibula of the lower leg. . A knee extension is powered by the quadriceps muscles. . A knee flexion is powered by the hamstring muscles. . Movement is one plane only.

The Hip Joint:

Rotation is in all planes and axis of movement. The lever is the femur and the fulcrum is the hip joint. The effort is provided by the muscles of quadriceps, hamstring and gluteus.

The Shoulder Joint The shoulder is a ball and socket joint. . The humerus is the lever. . The shoulder (scapula and clavicle) form the pivot joint. . Force is provided by the deltoids, trapezius and pectorals. . Movement is in all planes.

NERVOUS SYSTEM A. Function-controlling and coordinating the body B. Parts of the system: a. Central nervous system-made up of the brain and spinal cord  The brain is made up of the ______(where thinking takes place and the largest part of brain), the ______(which coordinates your muscles and balance and located at back lower part of brain), and the brain ______(that connects the brain to the spinal cord. The medulla is part of the stem and controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.)

 Spinal cord-carries ______from body to brain and brain to body b. Peripheral nervous system-connects the ______and spinal cord to body What is the nervous system? Your nervous system is the control and communication system of the body. Its job is to send and receive messages. Your nervous system controls all your thoughts and movements. Parts of the nervous system - The organs of the human nervous system are the brain, nerves, and spinal cord

Neurons The cells that make up the nervous system are called neurons. Long, stringy neurons are perfect for carrying the electrical messages that are the "language" of the nervous system. Brain The brain is the command center of your entire body. The brain is the body's main information center. It is made of billions of neurons. The brain helps the body respond to the information it receives from the senses. The brain also processes thoughts. When you think, neurons in your brain are working. The brain has three main parts. The largest is the cerebrum, which controls vision, touch, and other senses. It also handles movements you have control over. Thinking takes place in the cerebrum. The cerebellum is another section of the brain. The cerebellum helps control balance and coordination. Another part of the brain is called the brain stem. The brain stem is the link to the spinal cord and it also controls digestion, breathing, and heartbeat.

Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a tube of neurons that runs up the spine and attaches to the brain stem. Information from nerves that branch out to the rest of the body goes to the spinal cord. Some messages are processed by the spinal cord but most information is sent on to the brain.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM