APES Midterm Study Guide

APES Midterm Study Guide How to Prepare: Attached are the review sheets for each unit. Go over all terms and concepts. Be sure that not only can you explain the meaning of a vocabulary term, but also be able to explain how it relates to other terms. Be sure that you understand the concepts (big ideas) behind each vocabulary term. Be sure that you can perform what each objective statement states. Review old homework sheets, tests, and laboratory handouts. Review your notebook!! Review the study guides from previous units. Think of the questions that I have asked in the past semester on tests. The midterm will be 100 multiple choice questions.

Chapter 1 – Studying the State of Our Earth & Intro Powerpoints Page # Terms Concepts 4-5 Ecosystem services, environmental indicators, Be able to explain why and how environmental scientists investigate earth’s sustainability degradation by human changes. 12-13 Sustainable development, natural capital, natural Be able to identify and analyze the effect of a particular practice on the resources natural resources and natural services of a particular system -- economic growth, gross domestic product (GDP), Be able to calculate facts and figures, per capita (i.e. dividing a given per capita, developed country, developing country, numerical value by the population to which it pertains). doubling time, rule of 70 Be able to compare and contrast developed and developing countries using the I-PAT equation or other factors discussed in the course. Calculate a population’s doubling time using the rule of 70. -- resource, perpetual resource, renewable resource, Explain the tragedy of the commons and be able to identify such situations. non-renewable resource, environmental Compare and contrast renewable, non-renewable, and perpetual resources. degradation, free-access resources, tragedy of the commons 13-14 Ecological footprint Be able to identify the difference in ecological footprints between developed and developing countries.

Chapter 2 – Environmental Systems Page # Terms Concepts 28-35 Matter, mass, atom, element, compound, molecule, Familiarize yourself with the general biology, chemistry and physics terms in isotope, radioactivity, half-life, covalent bond, ionic this section. bond, hydrogen bond, surface tension, capillary action, acid, base, pH, organic compound, inorganic compound, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids 34 Law of conservation of matter Understand the implications of the law of conservation of matter on environmental systems. 36-41 Energy, power, joule, potential energy, kinetic Define energy and know the different forms of energy on the planet. energy, first/second laws of thermodynamics, Understand the implications of the first and second laws of energy efficiency, energy quality thermodynamics on environmental systems. Be able to identify different examples of potential and kinetic energy. Be able to perform energy calculations between units. Be able to perform energy calculations to determine output. Be able to perform energy calculations using efficiency/total efficiency. 43-47 Open system, closed system, input, output, positive Explain how systems analysis shows us how matter and energy flow and feedback loop, negative feedback loop cycle in the environment. Be able to identify different examples of positive and negative feedback loops Fig 2.21

Chapter 3 – Ecosystem Ecology Page # Terms Concepts 65-73 Nutrient, biogeochemical cycle, nutrient cycle, Explain how carbon, nitrogen, water, phosphorus, and sulfur cycle through hydrologic cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, Understand the role of the various processes involved in biogeochemical ammonification, acid deposition, phosphorus cycles. cycle, sulfur cycle, hydrologic cycle 58-60 Ecosystem, abiotic factors, biotic factors Understand how living and non-living things fit into the organizational hierarchy of life (ecologically-speaking) Know the difference between a biotic and abiotic factor. 60-61 Photosynthesis, cellular respiration Understand the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in cycling matter and energy through living systems. 61-65 Producer, autotroph, consumer, heterotroph, Identify the trophic levels in a food chain/food web. primary consumer, herbivore, secondary Determine how an organism obtains its energy given its position in a food consumer, carnivore, omnivore, decomposer, chain/food web detritivore, scavenger, food chain, food web, Explain how matter and energy are transferred through ecosystems. trophic level, biomass, ecological efficiency, Characterize ecosystems by the amount of matter and energy flows through pyramid of energy, pyramid of biomass, pyramid them or by how many organisms exist within them at any given time. of numbers, rule of 10 63 gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary Explain the difference between GPP and NPP and the factors that influence productivity (NPP) each. Determine the GPP, NPP, or respiration of a system given two of the three. Figure 3-7

Chapter 4 – Global Climates & Biomes Page # Terms Concepts 88 weather, climate, latitude, elevation Explain the difference between weather and climate. Understand the how latitude and elevation influence climate and weather patterns. Identify the major determinants of climate. 88 atmosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, Know how the Earth is structured thermosphere 89-90 Understand what happens to solar radiation when it reaches the Earth and how energy (radiation) can move through space to reach Earth. Fig 4.3, 4.4 89-94 Coriolis effect, convection, Hadley cell Understand the four major factors that determine global air circulation patterns. Describe how a convection cell functions and their role in distributing heat and moisture in the atmosphere. Compare the Hadley, Ferrell, and Polar convection cells in terms of altitude, intensity, and direction of circulation. Explain how the Coriolis effect influences global wind belts. Fig 4.6, 4.8 99-109 biome, desert, grassland (prairie), savanna, Know the major characteristics of each terrestrial biome and where they steppe, tundra, shrubland, chapparal, forest, occur on the Earth. tropical rainforest, deciduous, coniferous, taiga Be able to interpret a climate diagram. Identify a biome by examining its climate diagram. Understand how latitude and altitude influence climate.

Chapter 6 – Population and Community Ecology Page # Terms Concepts 150-153 Population distribution, random, clumping, Identify population distribution patterns and analyze their underlying causes. uniform, immigration, emigration, birth, death, Calculate a population size based upon the variables of change given (i.e. population density, density-dependent factors, apply P = (B+I)-(D+E)) density-independent factors, carrying capacity Identify density dependent and density independent population control factors. Describe the concept of carrying capacity, identify it on a graph of population versus time, and explain its plasticity 154-158 growth rate, exponential growth, logistic growth, Compare S- and J-shaped growth curves. overshoot, die-off, boom-and-bust cycles, limiting Explain how predators and prey interact in boom-and-bust cycles. factor Fig 6.10 and “Oh Deer” Activity 159-160 asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, r- Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of both types of selected species, K-selected species, opportunist, reproduction. competitor, survivorship curve, life table, early Identify characteristics of r- and K-selected species. loss, constant loss, late loss Predict the survivorship curves for various species based on their reproductive strategies. 161-166 Predation, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, Characterize the various interspecific interactions and symbioses competition keystone species Chapter 7 – The Human Population Page # Terms Concepts 179-182 --- Identify the major factors that have contributed to the exponential growth of the human population. 180-185 birth rate, death rate, fertility, replacement-level Explain the factors that have contributed to the fluctuations of the U.S. fertility, total fertility (TFR), baby boom, life population over the last 100 years. expectancy, infant mortality rate, migration, Compare replacement-level fertility and total fertility. antinatalist and pronatalist factors Identify factors that affect fertility. Understand the importance of infant mortality rate as a predictor of societal well-being. 185-186 population age structure diagram Use population age structure diagrams to predict the demographic changes that will occur in a population and the differences between developed and developing countries in this regard. Identify the various age structures and describe their relative size on the effect of the total population (i.e. growing, stable, and declining). Figure 7.8 188-190 demographic transition, preindustrial stage, Explain the stages of the demographic transition and their characteristic birth transitional stage, industrial stage, post-industrial and death rates. stage Explain the effects (pros and cons) of population control policies like the ones in China and India on population growth. 192 Environmental impact theory Be able to use the I-PAT equation to discuss the relative impacts (I) that various societies make on the Earth given their relative population (P), affluence (A), and technology (T).

Chapter 8 – Earth’s Systems Page # Terms Concepts 208-210 Inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper Know the layers of the Earth and their solid/molten characteristics. mantle (asthenosphere), crust (lithosphere), Understand the theory of plate tectonics and how the lithosphere is moved theory of plate tectonics, convection cell 213-216 convergent/divergent/transform fault plate Identify and give general characteristics of the three different types of plate boundary, seafloor spreading, subduction, boundaries. volcano, earthquake, tsunami, epicenter/focus, Be able to identify areas of each type of boundary on a map. Be able to relate topographical/geological features to the different types of plate boundaries. Know how the different natural hazards arise from plate tectonic activity. Figs 8.4, 8.11 217-219 sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous rock Understand the rock cycle and how each rock type are formed and can be converted into each other type. Figure 8.15 226 Mineral, ore, metal Understand the difference between the three 227-230 Surface mining, subsurface mining, strip Describe the various types of mining mining, open pit mining, placer mining, Compare human impacts and environmental impacts from each mining type. mountaintop removal, acid mine drainage, Understand the negative impacts of acid mine drainage reclamation, overburden, leaching Describe reclamation and explain why it is necessary Be familiar with the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and the General Mining Act of 1872 and their provisions and implications. 219-224 Weathering (biological, physical, chemical), Compare and contrast the different types of weathering and explain each’s role in erosion, deposition, soil horizon, sand, silt, creating soil. clay, texture, porosity, humus, permeability, Know the characteristics of the various horizons/soil layers in a soil profile. infiltration, eluviation Explain the differences among soil’s characteristics like texture, surface area, porosity & permeability. Fig 8.22 225-226, soil erosion, desertification, salinization, Identify the factors that lead to degradation, erosion & desertification. 295-297 conservation-tillage farming, terracing, contour Describe the causes of soil erosion and evaluate methods to reverse it. farming, strip cropping, shelterbelts, organic Understand the causes and consequences of desertification. fertilizer, commercial inorganic fertilizer, Describe how soil salinization occurs, how it can be prevented, and how it might animal manure, green manure, compost, crop be remediated. rotation Explain various soil conservation methods. Know the provisions of the Soil Conservation Act of 1935 and the role of the Natural Resources Conservation Service in the protection of soil, water, and pollution control. Compare and contrast the use of inorganic and organic fertilizers. Chapter 10 – Land, Public and Private

Page # Terms Concepts 268-271 rangeland, pasture, overgrazing, undergrazing, Explain the major factors threatening grasslands worldwide. rotational grazing, old-growth forest, second- Review management strategies for grasslands. growth forest, tree plantation, clear-cutting, Explain the differences between different types of forests. selective cutting, strip-cutting, slash-and-burn Describe the ecological and economic services provided by method, seed-tree harvesting forests. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of various types of tree harvesting methods. Describe the concepts of the tragedy of the commons and maximum sustainable yield and explain how they pertain to land issues. Figure 10.8 271-272 surface fire, ground fire, crown fire, prescribed Compare and contrast various types of forest fires. burn Explain the advantages to ecosystems, wildlife, and humans from prescribed burning. Understand federal legislation designed to promote healthier sustainable forests.

273-277 Urban sprawl, urban blight, highway trust fund, Understand the causes and consequences of urban sprawl. zoning, multi-use zoning, smartgrowth Explain the positive feedback loop(s) of urban blight. Describe the smart growth method and policies that promote sustainable use of land. Figure 10.13, 10.14, 10.15

Chapter 11 – Feeding the World

Page # Terms Concepts 284-286 Food security, undernutrition, malnutrition, Understand the differences among the terms at left and overnutrition, famine explain their root causes. Identify predominant micronutrient deficiencies and the reasons they are of concern to world health. Identify threats to food security. 287-292, Green revolution, Industrialized agriculture, Compare and contrast the sustainability of industrialized and 295-298 agribusiness, energy subsidy, waterlogging, traditional agricultural practices. salinization, fertilizer, conservation-tillage farming, Distinguish between various interplanting methods. terracing, contour farming, strip cropping, Describe the causes of salinization and evaluate methods to windbreaks, organic fertilizer, commercial reverse it. inorganic fertilizer, animal manure, green manure, Explain various soil conservation methods. compost, crop rotation, monocropping Compare and contrast the use of various fertilizers. Describe the causes and consequences of the Green Revolution. Figure 11.6 292-293, pest, pesticide, herbicide, rodenticide, fungicide, Distinguish between the various types of pesticides. 299-300 insecticide, first-generation pesticide, second- Describe the characteristics of the ideal pest-killing chemical. generation pesticide, broad-spectrum agent, Explain the pros and cons of using modern pesticides. narrow-spectrum agent, persistence, integrated Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using integrated pest management (IPM) pest management techniques. Figure 11.9 300-301 Feedlot, CAFO Explain the environmental and economic impacts of producing meat. 293-294 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Understand the role of genetic modification in industrialized agriculture as well as its pros and cons. Chapter 12 – Nonrenewable Energy Resources

Page # Terms Concepts 316-322 Nonrenewable, fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, Describe how energy use and energy resources have varied commercial energy sources, EROEI over time, both in the US and worldwide Describe how to evaluate energy efficiency and how it differs from energy quality. Figure 12.1, 12.4 322-324, Energy carrier, electricity, turbine, capacity, Describe the basic process of how fuel energy is converted 338 cogeneration into electricity. Describe cogeneration. Explain the various means of generating electricity. Figure 12.7, 12.8 325-332 Coal, Petroleum, crude oil, ANWR, natural gas, oil Describe how coal is formed. sands, bitumen, Hubbert curve, Determine the advantages and disadvantages of using coal as a fuel source. Determine the advantages and disadvantages of petroleum as a fuel source. Determine the advantages and disadvantages of natural gas. Compare the energy efficiencies of the extraction and conversion of different fuels. Discuss the uses and consequences of coal, oil, natural gas. Describe the Hubbert curve and its significance. Describe projections of future supplies of our conventional energy resources. Figure 12.9, Table 12.2 332-337 Fission, Fusion, radioactivity, half-life, fuel rods, Explain the environmental and economic impacts of producing nuclear power. Describe how a nuclear reactor works. Describe the promising aspects of and problems with nuclear fusion. Figure 12.18