Physical Science Final Review 2016

Physical Science Final Review 2016 For all sections listed below please study all notes, session sheet or online DE assignments. Any in class notes or information from session sheets are fair game for the final. Multiple Choice Quiz Posted on DE Vocabulary: energy (physical), heat, magnet power, battery, circuit, current, electric, electron, energy transfer, filament, light energy, lightning, resistance, temperature (general), thermal energy, voltage air pressure atmosphere climate energy transfer global warming invention meteorology natural resources radiant energy radiation resource spectrum star wind earthquake, fission, geyser, pressure, steam, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnet, sound, sound wave,

Alternative Energy and Acids and Bases Test Information: Review the vocabulary, Essential Questions and fill in the blanks Fill in the Blank from above tests: 1. Energy from sunlight and wind is renewable and a clean way to provide electricity. This sentence describes two types of energy. What are they: ______2. The movement of water in rivers and streams provides energy, and in some places so does Earth’s natural heat, located deep beneath the surface. This sentence describes two types of energy. What are they: ______3. Dams prevent the migration of ______,and also prevent the natural flows of ______4. ______: Power is generated by harnessing the energy of falling water.

5. ______: Hydrogen has the potential to be the

largest energy source of all.

6. ______Power: generation of electricity using wind to turn turbines. 7. How can sunlight be converted to other forms of energy? 8. How can wind be harnessed to produce electricity? 9. Where can geothermal energy sources be found? 10. List 5 renewable energy sources: ______, ______, ______, ______, ______11. ______have special skills. They design things that help solve problems. 12. ______a natural resource that can be replaced 13. Direct hydro-power: using moving water to turn ______

14. ______of the energy used today is in the form of fossil fuels.

15. Forms of energy OTHER than fossil fuels are termed “______” energy sources

Essential Questions: What are some of the pros and cons of solar and wind energy? How can the energy of moving water be transformed into electricity? How do hydroelectric power plants affect the environment? What is geothermal energy and how can it be used to produce electricity? Passive vs Active solar energy collection most often involves a few things as well as differences. Please provide me details of both.. pros and cons, etc. How does geothermal energy help meet our energy needs?

What do you infer from the above Pie chart. Please provide me at least a paragraph worth of your thoughts. Think of comparing common home items, your opinions, overall US usage, etc.

Geothermal Energy: Where does it come from? What are some pros and cons with it?

Fill in the Blank Questions: What do series and parallel circuits have in common: ______: the current has only one loop to flow through ______: contains two or more branches for current to move through In a series circuit if the circuit is ______the entire flow of current stops. In which circuit is the current the same at each point in the circuit: ______In which circuit does the current split up to flow through the different branches:______Decreased current means ______lights In a parallel circuit all branches connect the same two points of the circuit- the ______difference is the same in each branch. Please draw me a parallel circuit:

Please draw me a series circuit: Ohms Law= ______I=______R=______V=______

Calculate the following Ohms Law Problems: 1. Find the current through a 12-ohm resistive circuit when 24 volts is applied.

2. Find the resistance of a circuit that draws 0.06 amperes with 12 volts applied.

3. Find the applied voltage of a circuit that draws 0.2 amperes through a 4800-ohm resistance.

Short Answer Questions: Explain to me the safety precautions that are in place for each home. Why are they important? Give me details and terms and an example of the importance? How can sunlight be converted to other forms of energy? How can wind be harnessed to produce electricity? What are some of the pros and cons of solar and wind energy What other forms of energy can electricity be converted to?

Stoichiometry: Be able to: Draw the spider out and solve problems like the ones below: 1. If you have 4.3 grams of potassium (K), how many moles of potassium do you have? 4.3 g K X 1 mol K = 0.11 mol K or 1.1 X 10-1mol K 39.0983 g K 2. If you have 2.8 moles of K, how many grams of K do you have? 2.8 mol K X 39.0983 g K = 110 g K or 1.1 X 102 g K 1 mol K 3. If you have 6.1 X 1025 atoms of K, how many moles of K do you have? 6.1 X 10 25 atoms K X 1 mol K = 1.0 X 102 mol K 6.022 X 1023 atoms K 4. If you have 5.5 moles of K, how many atoms of K do you have?3.3 X 1024 atoms K 5. If you have 3.2 grams of K, how many atoms of K do you have? 3.2 g K X 1 mol K X 6.022 X 10 23 atoms K = 4.9 X 1022 atoms K 39.0983 g K 1 mol K 6. If you have 7.2 X 1021 atoms of K, how many grams of K do you have? 7.2 X 1021 atoms K X 1 mol K X 39.0983 g K = 0.47 g K or 4.7 X 10-1 g K 6.022 X 1023 atoms K 1 mol K 7. If you have 5.9 grams of sodium( Na), how many moles of sodium do you have?0.26 mol Na or 2.6 X10-1 mol Na 8. If you have 1.3 grams of sodium, how many atoms of sodium do you have?3.4 X 1022 atoms of Na What is the molar mass of the following compounds?

1) NaOH 2) H3PO4 3) H2O 4) Mn2Se7 5) MgCl2 6) (NH4)2SO4 Solve the following: 1) How many moles are in 15 grams of lithium? 2) How many grams are in 2.4 moles of sulfur? 3) How many moles are in 22 grams of argon? 4) How many grams are in 88.1 moles of magnesium? 5) How many moles are in 2.3 grams of phosphorus? 6) How many grams are in 11.9 moles of chromium? 7) How many moles are in 9.8 grams of calcium? 8) How many grams are in 238 moles of arsenic? 9) How many grams are in 4.5 moles of sodium fluoride, NaF?

10) How many moles are in 98.3 grams of aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3?

11) How many grams are in 0.02 moles of beryllium iodide, BeI2?

12) How many moles are in 68 grams of copper (II) hydroxide, Cu(OH)2?

13) How many grams are in 3.3 moles of potassium sulfide, K2S? 3 14) How many moles are in 1.2 x 10 grams of ammonia, NH3? -4 15) How many grams are in 2.3 x 10 moles of calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO3)2? -7 16) How many moles are in 3.4 x 10 grams of silicon dioxide, SiO2? Directions: You must solve each of the following problems using dimensional analysis. EVERY number in your work should be followed by a unit and a formula. 1. For this reaction: Fe3O4 + 4 CO a 3 Fe + 4 CO2 a. How many grams of iron are produced from 23.2 grams of carbon monoxide? b. How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced to react with 0.945 grams of Fe3O4? 2. For this reaction: 6 PbO + O2 a 2 Pb3O4 a. How many grams of Pb3O4 are produced from 7.85 grams of lead(II) oxide? b. How many grams of lead(II) oxide must react with 1.75 grams of oxygen? 3. For this reaction: 4 Al + 3 O2 a 2 Al2O3 a. How many grams of aluminum oxide will be formed from 17 grams of aluminum reacting? b. How many grams of oxygen are needed to react with 12.8 grams of aluminum? 4. For this reaction: 4 NH3 + 5 O2 a 4 NO + 6 H2O a. How many grams of oxygen are needed to react with 1.24 grams of NH3? b. How many grams of water are produced from 7.65 grams of oxygen? 1a) 34.7 g iron 1b) 0.718 g carbon dioxide 2a) 8.04 g Pb3O4 2b) 73.2 g lead(II) oxide 3a) 32 g aluminum oxide 3b) 11.4 g oxygen 4a) 2.91 g oxygen 4b) 5.17 g water Flower and Frog:(Be able to label all the parts of both) pH Calculations: The letters “pH” represent the French words “pouvoir hydrogene” which means “hydrogen power”. The definition of pH is pH is equal to the negative log (logarithm) of the ______ion concentration of a solution. The logarithm of a number is the power to which 10 must be raised to equal that number. A pH value of less than 7 indicates a(n) ______solution. A pH value of _____ indicates a neutral solution. A pH value of more than 7 indicates a(n) ______solution.

pH and pOH Equations

pH Scale

pH + pOH = 14.00 Equations used for pH: +  pH = -log[H ]

+ -pH  [H ] = 10 Equations used for pOH: -  pOH = -log[OH ]

- -pOH  [OH ] = 10

Examples: Calculate the pH from [H+]. 1) For a given solution, [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M. What is the pH of this solution? Is this solution an acid or a base? pH = -log[H+] Substitute 1.0 x 10-7 for [H+] in the equation. pH = -log(1.0 x 10-7) plug into calculator pH = 7 The solution is neither an acid or a base. It is neutral.

2) A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of 1.0 x 10-2 M. What is the pH of this solution? Is it an acid or a base? pH = -log[H+] Substitute 1.0 x 10-2 for [H+] in the equation. pH = -log(1.0 x 10-2) plug into calculator pH = 2 The solution is an acid.

Example: Calculate [H+] from pH 3) A solution has a pH of 9.4. What is the hydrogen ion concentration in this solution? Is this solution an acid or a base? [H+] = 10-pH Substitute 9.4 for pH [H+] = 10-(9.4)  plug into calculator [H+] = 3.98 x 10-10 This solution is a base.

Example: Calculate pOH from [OH-] 4) A solution has a hydroxide ion concentration of 1.3 x 10-4. What is the pOH of this solution? Is this solution an acid or a base? pOH = -log[OH-] Substitute 1.3 x 10-4 for [OH-] in the equation. pOH = -log(1.3 x 10-4) plug into calculator pOH = 3.9 The solution is an acid.

Example: Calculate pH from pOH. 5) A solution has a pOH of 12.3. What is the pH of this solution? Is this solution an acid or a base? Use this equation: pH + pOH = 14.00 Substitute 12.3 for pOH in the equation. pH + 12.3 = 14.00 pH = 14.00 – 12.3 pH = 1.7 The solution is an acid.

Example: Calculate pH from [OH-]. 6) Ammonia has a hydroxide ion concentration of 4.0 x 10-3 M. What is the pH of this solution? Is this solution an acid or a base? First, calculate pOH: pOH = -log[OH-] Substitute 4.0 x 10-3 for [OH-] in the equation. pOH = -log(4.0 x 10-3)  plug into calculator pOH = 2.40

Next, calculate pH using formula above. pH = 14.00 – pOH pH = 14.00 – 2.40 pH = 11.60 The solution is a base. Circuits: Ohms Law= ______I=______R=______V=______

Below is what I am offering for Extra Credit. I will ask questions based on the below article. The Bee, A Symbol of the Church Some time ago, I had the habit of attending the private Mass in a chapel where the gorgeous tabernacle and golden candlesticks were artistically designed with golden bees climbing up and down them. I ignorantly thought it odd to have insects depicted on blessed articles for use at Mass, so I questioned the priest about it and was told that bees are a symbol of the Church. In the columns of the Altar of the Confession in St. Peter's Basilica one finds bees among the leaves and flowers. Below, the general view of the altar and baldachin

I later found a text of St. John Chrysostom in which he in some way confirmed that explanation when he wrote: "The bee is more honored than other animals, not because it labors, but because it labors for others" (12th Homily). So, I realized that the bees, like the clergy and religious men and women in the Church, work unceasingly for the common good of the hive and obey without question their superiors, and above all their queen.

The bee is also a symbol of wisdom, for it collects nectar from many flowers and turns it into nourishing and pleasing honey, which is the 'gold' of bees. We should do the same, take whatever we can and transform it through our labor into a superior element useful for us and our neighbor.

The symbolism of bees also signifies the way the Church generates her spiritual fruits because bees are virginal, they don't have any sexual contact (1). As the Church gives grace through the purity of her divine Sacraments, so the bees give us honey and wax by the labor of their pure bodies. This is why their wax, considered the fruit of a virgin labor, is worthy to burn in the candles on the altar at the offering of the Holy Sacrifice.

The honey, so agreeable to the palate, is symbolic of spiritual sweetness and religious eloquence. For this reason, the beehive is emblematic of St. Ambrose and of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, two Doctors whom the Church calls mellifluus and mellificuus, that is, with an eloquence as suave and “sweet as honey.”

Like charitable Catholics, bees produce good works for their neighbor at all times by pollinating the plants for food, beauty and air quality, so necessary for the survival of others.

The symbolism goes on regarding the Church. Indeed, the bees work without rest and give their lives without hesitation for the good of the hive. They are instantly and vigorously militant against enemies of the hive. Not only the hive, but the honey, upon which their lives depend, is also vigorously protected. When endangered by heat, they cling to the outside of the hive and beat their wings relentlessly to cool the hive and keep the honey from melting. Many bees die when this happens.

This is a marvelous and unique natural phenomenon that signifies other marvelous and unique phenomena of the Catholic Church: her militant members, her apologists and her martyrs. They gave their lives for the good of the Church, and their blood became the seed for vibrant growth, as happened many times in History.

The bees’ survival depends upon a queen and their unquestioning obedience and loyalty to her, just as we are all absolutely dependent upon Our Lady, the Queen of Heaven, for our eternal salvation and our protection from the world, the flesh and the devil.

Bees instinctively observe such a tremendous reverence for their authority that none dare leave the hive to swarm in other pastures unless the queen has gone forth in front of them and claimed the first rank of flight for herself. The ever-vigilant bees guard their queen and hive - as we should guard Our Queen and our Church - to the ultimate price, and instinctively consider it a duty to die for them.

Finally, perhaps you noticed, the natural beehive is shaped similarly to a traditional Tabernacle!