Vocabulary List for AP Human Geography Created by M. Sharma (Retired Teacher)

NOTE for STUDENTS: Keep this list with you at all times in this class. You may work on this cooperatively. We will be dealing with these as we go thru the course. Explain terms. . Use examples whenever possible. EX’s help you remember!!

THESE CAN’T BE FOUND IN A SINGLE TEXTBOOK. Some will be on my geography reference shelf. However: MANY are included in my PPT Notes!

Unit I. Geography: Nature & Perspectives— Basic Vocab. & Concepts Mainly Ch 1

Note: The following concepts transcend all units in AP Human Geography; they are central to all geographic thinking and analysis and could even be considered central to any definition of geography.

Basic Concepts Changing attributes of place (built landscape, sequent occupancy -- 1st, 2nd, etc) Cultural attributes (cultural landscape): Uniform? Distinctive/Diverse? Density: Arithmetic Physiological Agricultural Diffusion: Hearth Relocation Diffusion Expansion Diffusion Hierarchical Contagious Stimulus Direction (absolute [use some # system]; relative [use related to some other place] ) Distribution: Dispersion/concentration/patterns: dispersed/scattered concentrated/clustered/agglomerated Distance: Absolute Relative Environmental determinism vs. Possibilism Life course Location (absolute, relative, site, situation, place name) Pattern (linear, centralized, random) Physical attributes (natural landscape) Region (formal/uniform, functional/nodal, perceptual/vernacular) Scale (implied degree of generalization) Size Spatial (of or pertaining to space on or near Earth’s surface) Spatial interaction: Accessibility Connectivity Now known more often as globalization Network distance decay friction of distance time-space compression

1 ------Geographic Tools Distortion Geographic Information System (GIS) *remote sensing *satellite imagery Global Positioning System (GPS) Grids: . North & South Poles . Latitude . Parallels . Equator . Longitude . Meridian . prime meridian . international date line Maps: the tool most uniquely ID’ed w/ geography; the ability to use and interpret maps is an essential geographic skill Map scale (distance on a map relative to distance on Earth) Map types: . Thematic . Statistical . Cartogram . Dot . Choropleth . Isoline . Mental map Model (a simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify causal relationships): --Know major geographers’ models geographers use to explain patterns, make informed decisions, & predict future behaviors. Demographic Transition Epidemiological Transition Von Thünen Terms below in later chapters: Weber Stages of Urban Growth [Rostow] Concentric Circle [Burgess] Sector [Hoyt], Multiple Nuclei Central Place [Christaller] Projection Remote sensing Time zones

2 Unit II. Population — Basic Vocab. & Concepts Ch. 2 (Population/Demography) + Ch. 3 (Migration)

Population/Demography: Ch 2 Age distribution Carrying capacity Cohort Demographic equation Demographic momentum Demographic regions Demographic Transition model Dependency ratio Diffusion of fertility control Disease diffusion Doubling time Ecumene Epidemiological Transition model Gendered space Infant mortality rate J-curve Maladaptation Malthus, Thomas Malthusians: Mortality Natality Neo-Malthusian Overpopulation Population densities Population distributions Population explosion Population projection Population pyramid Rate of natural increase S-curve Sex ratio Standard of living Sustainability Underpopulation Zero population growth Migration (Ch 3)

*international migration and refugees *socioeconomic consequences of migration Chain migration

3 Cyclic movement Distance decay Forced Gravity model Internal migration Intervening opportunity Migration patterns • Intercontinental • Interregional • Rural urban Migratory movement Periodic movement Personal space Place utility Push-pull factors Refugee Space-time prism Step migration Transhumance Transmigration Voluntary

Unit III. Cultural Patterns & Processes, Part 1—Basic Vocab. & Concepts (Ch.’s 4 + 5 + de Blij book)

Concepts of Culture (Mainly in de Blij book & Human Mosaic Acculturation Assimilation Cultural adaptation Cultural core/periphery pattern Cultural ecology Cultural identity Cultural landscape Cultural realm Culture Culture region • Formal—core, periphery • Functional—node • Vernacular (perceptual)—regional self-awareness Diffusion types • Expansion—hierarchical, contagious, stimulus • Relocation Innovation adoption Maladaptive diffusion Sequent occupance (aka occupancy)

4 Folk and Popular Culture Ch 4: Adaptive strategies Anglo-American landscape characteristics Architectural form Built environment Folk culture vs. Popular culture Folk food; Folk housing; Folk songs ; Folklore Traditional architecture Material culture vs. Nonmaterial culture Survey systems Language Ch. 5 Creole Dialect Indo-European languages Isogloss Language Language family Language group Language subfamily (aka lang. branch) Lingua franca Linguistic diversity Monolingual/multilingual Official language Pidgin Spanglish Franglish Toponymy Trade language

Unit III. Cultural Patterns & Processes, Part 2—Basic Vocab. & Concepts (Ch’s 6 & 7) ------Religion Ch. 6 Animism Buddhism Cargo cult pilgrimage Christianity Confucianism Ethnic religion Exclave/enclave Fundamentalism Geomancy (feng shui) Hadj Hinduism Interfaith boundaries Islam Jainism Judaism Landscapes of the dead Monotheism/polytheism Mormonism

5 Muslim pilgrimage Muslim population Proselytic religion Reincarnation Religion (groups, places) Religious architectural styles Religious conflict Religious culture hearth Religious toponym Sacred space Secularism Shamanism Sharia law Shintoism Sikhism Sunni/Shia Taoism Theocracy Universalizing Zoroastrianism ------Ethnicity Ch 7 Acculturation Adaptive strategy Assimilation Barrio Chain migration Cultural adaptation Cultural shatterbelt Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic enclave Ethnic group Ethnic homeland Ethnic landscape Ethnic neighborhood Ethnicity Ethnocentrism Ghetto Plural society Race Segregation Social distance Terrorism ------Gender (actually in Ch.’s 2, 7, 8 & 9)

6 Dowry death Enfranchisement Gender Gender gap Infanticide Longevity gap Maternal mortality rate Women in development

Unit IV. Political Organization of Space—Basic Vocab. & Concepts Ch’s 8 + 9 + de Blij/Human Mosaic Annexation Antarctica Apartheid Balkanization Border landscape

Boundary, disputes (definitional, locational, operational, allocational) Boundary, origin (antecedent, subsequent, superimposed, relic) Boundary, process (definition, delimitation, demarcation) Boundary, type (natural/physical, ethnographic/cultural, geometric) Buffer state Capital Centrifugal Centripetal City-state Colonialism Confederation Conference of Berlin (1884) Core/periphery Decolonization Devolution Domino theory EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) Electoral regions Enclave/exclave Ethnic conflict European Union Federal Forward capital Frontier Geopolitics Gerrymander Global commons

7 Heartland/rimland Immigrant states International organization Iron Curtain Irredentism Israel/Palestine Landlocked Law of the Sea Lebanon Mackinder, Halford J. Manifest destiny Median-line principle Microstate Ministate NAFTA Nation National iconography Nation-state Nunavut Raison d’être Reapportionment Regionalism Religious conflict Reunification Satellite state Self-determination Shatterbelt Sovereignty State Stateless ethnic groups Stateless nation Suffrage Supranationalism Territorial disputes Territorial morphology (compact, fragmented, elongated, prorupt, perforated) Territoriality Terrorism Theocracy Treaty ports UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) Unitary USSR collapse Women’s enfranchisement ------Unit V. Agricultural & Rural Land Use—Basic Vocab. & Concepts Ch. 10 + Ch 9 Adaptive strategies Agrarian

8 Agribusiness Agricultural industrialization Agricultural landscape Agricultural location model Agriculture & Agricultural origins Animal domestication Aquaculture Biorevolution Biotechnology Collective farm Commercial agriculture (intensive, extensive) Core/periphery Crop rotation Cultivation regions Dairying Debt-for-nature swap Diffusion Double cropping Economic activity: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Quinary Environmental modification: Pesticides Soil erosion Desertification Genetically modified plants and animals Organic farming and local food production Natural resources and environmental concerns Irigation Conservation Sustainable development Extensive subsistence agriculture: Shifting cultivation [slash-and- burn, milpa, swidden] Nomadic herding/pastoralism Extractive industry Farm crisis Farming Feedlot First agricultural revolution Fishing Food chain Forestry Globalized agriculture

9 Green revolution Growing season Hunting and gathering Intensive subsistence agriculture Intertillage Livestock ranching Market gardening Mediterranean agriculture Mineral fuels Mining Planned economy Plant domestication Plantation agriculture Renewable/nonrenewable Rural settlement (dispersed, nucleated, building material, village form) Sauer, Carl O. Second agricultural revolution Specialization Staple grains Suitcase farm Survey patterns (long lots, metes & bounds, township-and-range) Sustainable yield Third agricultural revolution (mechanization, chemical farming, food manufacturing) “Tragedy of the commons” Transhumance Truck farm Von Thünen, Johann Heinrich

Unit VI. Industrialization & Development--Basic Vocab. & Concepts Ch’s 11 + 9 Agricultural labor force Calorie consumption Core-periphery model Cultural convergence Dependency theory Development Energy consumption Foreign direct investment Gender Gross domestic product (GDP) & Gross national product (GNP) Human Captial Human Development Index Levels of development Millennium Development Goals Measures of development Neocolonialism Physical Quality of Life Index

10 Purchasing power parity Rostow, W. W. “Stages of Growth” model Technology gap Technology transfer Third World World Systems Theory Industrialization Ch 11 Acid rain Agglomeration Agglomeration economies Air pollution Aluminum industry (factors of production, location) Assembly line production/Fordism Bid rent theory Break-of-bulk point Canadian industrial heartland Carrier efficiency Commodity Chains Comparative advantage Cumulative causation Deglomeration Deindustrialization Economic sectors Economies of scale Ecotourism Energy resources Entrepôt Export processing zone Fixed costs Footloose industry Four Tigers Greenhouse effect Growth poles Heartland/rimland (Ch 8) Human capital Industrial location theory Industrial regions (place, fuel source, characteristics): Industrial Revolution Industry (receding vs. growing) Infrastructure International division of labor Labor-intensive Least-cost location Major manufacturing regions

11 Manufacturing exports Manufacturing/warehouse location (things to consider: industrial parks, agglomeration, shared services, zoning, transportation, taxes, environmental considerations) Maquiladora Market orientation Multiplier effect NAFTA Outsourcing Ozone depletion Plant location (supplies, “just in time” delivery) Postindustrial Refrigeration Resource crisis Resource orientation Special economic zones (China) Specialized economic zones Substitution principle Threshold/range Time-space compression Topocide Trade (complementarity) Transnational corporation Ubiquitous Variable costs Weber, Alfred Weight-gaining Weight-losing World cities ------

Unit VII. Cities & Urban Land Use— Basic Vocab & Concepts Ch’s 12 + 13

*rank-size rule *central place theory *gravity model *New Urbanism *actions that reduce energy use and protect the environment *concentric zone model *sector model *multiple-nuclei model housing Agglomeration Barriadas Bid-rent theory

12 Blockbusting CBD (central business district) Census tract Centrality Centralization Christaller, Walter: Central-place theory City Cityscapes Colonial city Commercialization Commuter zone Concentric zone model Counterurbanization Decentralization Deindustrialization Early cities Economic base (basic/nonbasic) Edge city Emerging cities Employment structure Entrepôt Ethnic neighborhood Female-headed household Festival landscape Gateway city Gender Gentrification Ghetto Globalization Great cities High-tech corridors Hinterland Hydraulic civilization Indigenous city In-filling Informal sector Infrastructure Inner city Invasion and succession Lateral commuting Medieval cities Megacities Megalopolis/conurbation Metropolitan area Multiple nuclei model Multiplier effect

13 Neighborhood Office park Peak land value intersection Planned communities Postindustrial city Postmodern urban landscape Primate city Racial steering Rank-size rule Redlining Restrictive covenants Sector model Segregation Settlement form: nucleated dispersed elongated Shopping mall Site/situation Slums ( & various terms: favelas, barrios, etc.) Social structure Specialization Squatter settlement Street pattern (grid, dendritic; access, control) Suburb Suburbanization Symbolic landscape Tenement Threshold/range Town Underclass Underemployment Urban growth rate Urban function Urban hearth area Urban heat island Urban hierarchy Urban hydrology & Urban morphology Urbanization Urbanized population World city Zone in transition Zoning ------

14 SUMMARY of REVISIONS for APHG 2010-2011

What's been added? What's been removed?

 remote sensing  short term and local movements  satellite imagery  activity space  human capital  impact of folk and popular culture on the  life course environment   international migration and refugees the environment in relation to social customs and cultural landscape  socioeconomic consequences of migration  Third Agricultural Revolution  assimilation  future food supplies  globalization  pollution, health, and quality of life  NAFTA  industrialization, environmental change, and  terrorism sustainability  irrigation  historical patterns of urbanization  conservation  genetically modified plants and animals  organic farming and local food production  natural resources and environmental concerns  sustainable development  women in development  Millennium Development Goals  commodity chains  rank-size rule  central place theory  gravity model  New Urbanism  actions that reduce energy use and protect the environment  concentric zone model  sector model  multiple-nuclei model

15  housing