Electronic Appendix. Inclusive list of all birds observed in cacao farms and forest fragments of Bocas del Toro, Panama during point counts and extra observations.

Scientific Name Common Name No. obs. No. obs. Status3 Guild4 Cacao1 Forest2 Tinamus major Great Tinamou 3 R Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou 1 1* R Ortalis cinereiceps Gray-headed Chachalaca 1 5 R C/F Odontophorus melanotis Black-eared Wood-Quail 1* R Tigrisoma lineatum Rufescent Tiger-Heron 1* R Ardea alba Great Egret 1* R Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron 1* R Bulbulcus ibis Cattle Egret 1* R Butorides striata Green-backed Heron 1* R Nyctanassa violacea Yellow-crowned Night-Heron 1* R Coragyps atratus Black Vulture 2 1 R Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture 1* R, M Sarcoramphus papa King Vulture 1* 1* R Leptodon cayanensis Gray-headed Kite 2 R Chondrohierax uncinatus Hook-billed Kite 1* R Elanus leucurus White-tailed Kite 1* R Harpagus bidentatus Double-toothed Kite 2 1 R Ictinia plumbea Plumbeous Kite 1* R Leucopternis semiplumbeus Semiplumbeous Hawk 1* R Leucopternis albicollis White Hawk 1* R Buteogallus anthracinus Common Black-Hawk 1* R Buteo magnirostris Roadside Hawk 3 R U/I Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk 1* M Spizaetus tyrannus Black Hawk-Eagle 1* R Micrastur semitorquatus Collared Forest-Falcon 1* 1* R Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon 1* 1 R Falco rufigularis Bat Falcon 1* R Laterallus albiguralis White-throated Crake 2 R C/FI Aramides cajanea Gray-necked Wood-Rail 1* R Porphyrio martinica Purple Gallinule 1* R Jacana spinosa Northern Jacana 1* R Actitis macularus Spotted Sandpiper 1* M Pataegioenas cayennensis Pale-vented Pigeon 8 1* R C/F Pataegioenas speciosa Scaled Pigeon 3 1* R C/F Patagioenas flavirostris Red-billed Pigeon 1* 1 R C/F Patagioenas nigrirostris Short-billed Pigeon 4 10 R C/FI Columbina passerina Common Ground-Dove 1* R Columbina talpacoti Ruddy Ground-Dove 1* R

1 Claravis pretiosa Blue Ground-Dove 2 R U/F Leptotila cassini Gray-chested Dove 2 3 R U/F Geotrygon veraguensis Olive-backed Quail-Dove 1* R Aratinga finschi Crimson-fronted Parakeet 14 8 R C/F Aratinga nana Olive-throated Parakeet 1* 2 R C/F Pionopsitta haematotis Brown-hooded Parrot 1* 1* R Pionus menstruus Blue-headed Parrot 19 10 R C/F Pionus senilis White-crowned Parrot 26 18 R C/F Amazona autumnalis Red-lored Parrot 4 R C/F Amazona farinosa Mealy Parrot 1* 8 R C/F Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo 1* M Piaya cayana Squirrel Cuckoo 1 1 R C/I Tapera naevia Striped Cuckoo 1* R Crotophagus sulcirostris Groove-billed Ani 1* R Ciccaba nigrolineata Black-and-white Owl 2 R Nyctidromus albicollis Common Pauraque 1* R Nyctibius grandis Great Potoo 1* R Streptoprocne zonaris White-collared Swift 1* R Chaetura cinereiventris Gray-rumped Swift 1 R Glaucis aeneus Bronzy Hermit 9 3 R U/IN Threnetes ruckeri Band-tailed Barbthroat 2 2 R U/IN Phaethornis guy Green Hermit 2 R U/IN Phaethornis superciliosus Long-tailed Hermit 13 54 R U/IN Phaethornis longuemareus Little Hermit 19 39 R U/IN Florisuga mellivora White-necked Jacobin 9 2 R C/IN Anthracothorax prevostii Green-breasted Mango 1 R Lophornis helenae Black-crested Coquette 3 R C/IN Thalurania colombica Violet-crowned Woodnymph 3 R U/IN Amazilia amabilis Blue-chested Hummingbird 23 4 R U/IN Amazilia tzacatl Rufous-tailed Hummingbird 94 R U/IN Chalybura urochrysia Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer 3 10 R U/IN Lampornis calolaemus Purple-throated Mountain-gem 1 R C/IN Heliothryx barroti Purple-crowned Fairy 2 R C/IN Heliomaster longirostris Long-billed Starthroat 1* R Trogon violaceus Violaceous Trogon 5 3 R C/FI Trogon rufus Black-throated Trogon 4 R U/FI Trogon massena Slaty-tailed Trogon 1* 8 R C/FI Baryphthengus martii Rufous Motmot 3 R U/O Electron platyrhynchum Broad-billed Motmot 1 R U/O Chloroceryle amazona Amazon Kingfisher 1* R Chloroceryle aenea American Pygmy Kingfisher 1* R Notharchus macrorhynchos White-necked Puffbird 2 2 R C/I Notharchus tectus Pied Puffbird 2 1* R C/I Malacoptila panamensis White-whiskered Puffbird 1* R Aulacorhynchus prasinus Emerald Toucanet 1* R Pteroglossus torquatus Collared Aracari 15 18 R C/O Ramphastos sulfuratus Keel-billed Toucan 17 56 R C/O

2 Ramphastos swainsonii Chestnut-mandibled Toucan 9 R C/O Melanerpes pucherani Black-cheeked Woodpecker 15 2 R T/FI Piculus simplex Rufous-winged Woodpecker 1 R T/I Celeus loricatus Cinnamon Woodpecker 3 3 R T/I Celeus castaneus Chesnut-colored Woodpecker 1 R T/I Dryocopus lineatus Lineated Woodpecker 1* 1 R T/I Campephilus guatemalensis Pale-billed Woodpecker 3 7 R T/I Synallaxis brachyura Slaty Spinetail 2 R C/I Automolus ochrolaemus Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner 1* 4 R U/I Xenops minutus Plain Xenops 3 8 R U/I Dendrocincla fuliginosa Plain-brown Woodcreeper 1 2 R T/I Dendrocincla homochroa Ruddy Woodcreeper 1 R T/I Glyphorhynchus spirurus Wedge-billed Woodcreeper 7 27 R T/I Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae Northern-Barred Woodcreeper 1* 3 R T/I Xiphorhynchus susurrans Cocoa Woodcreeper 8 4 R T/I Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus Black-striped Woodcreeper 4 R T/I Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Streak-headed Woodcreeper 21 5 R T/I Cymbilaimus lineatus Fasciated Antshrike 1 R Taraba major Great Antshrike 1* R Thamnophilus atrinucha Western Slaty Antshrike 68 R U/I Dysithamnus mentalis Plain Antvireo 1* R Dysithamnus puncticeps Spot-crowned Antvireo 11 R U/I Myrmotherula fulviventris Checker-throated Antwren 10 R U/I Myrmotherula axillaris White-flanked Antwren 9 R U/I Microrhopias quixensis Dot-winged Antwren 62 R U/I Cercomacra tyrannina Dusky Antbird 1 4 R U/I Myrmeciza exsul Chestnut-backed Antbird 2 68 R U/I Myrmeciza laemosticta Dull-mantled Antbird 1* R Gymnopithys leucaspis Bicolored Antbird 1 R U/I Formicarius analis Black-faced Antthrush 7 R U/I Formicarius nigricapillus Black-headed Antthrush 4 R U/I Hylopezus perspicillatus Streak-chested Antpitta 1 R Hylopezus dives Thicket Antpitta 1* R Ornithion semiflavum Yellow-bellied Tyrannulet 1 R C/FI Ornithion brunneicapillus Brown-capped Tyrannulet 1* 1* R Capsiempis flaveola Yellow Tyrannulet 1 R C/I Myiopagis gaimardii Forest Elaenia 1* R Elaenia flavogaster Yellow-bellied Elaenia 1 R C/FI Mionectes oleagineus Ochre-bellied Flycatcher 10 23 R U/FI Leptopogon superciliaris Slaty-capped Flycatcher 1 R C/FI Zimmerius vilissimus Paltry Tyrannulet 49 9 R C/FI Myiornis atricapillus Black-capped Pygmy-Tyrant 16 22 R C/I Oncostoma cinereigulare Northern Bentbill 4 5 R U/I Todirostrum cinereum Common Tody-Flycatcher 26 1 R U/I Todirostrum nigriceps Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher 36 4 R C/I Tolmomyias sulphurescens Yellow-olive Flycatcher 6 R C/FI Tolmomyias assimilis Yellow-margined Flycatcher 2 1 R C/FI

3 Contopus virens Eastern Wood-Pewee 1* M Contopus cinereus Tropical Pewee 5 1* R C/I Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-bellied Flycatcher 3 3 M U/I Colonia colonus Long-tailed Tyrant 2 R C/I Attila spadiceus Bright-rumped Attila 5 1 R U/O Rhytipterna holerythra Rufous Mourner 6 R C/FI Myiarchus tuberculifer Dusky-capped Flycatcher 20 1* R C/FI Myiarchus crinitus Great-crested Flycatcher 1* M Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee 14 1 R C/FI Megarhynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher 36 19 R C/FI Myiozetetes similis Social Flycatcher 20 1* R C/FI Myiozetetes granadensis Gray-capped Flycatcher 15 R C/FI Legatus leucophaius Piratic Flycatcher 1 M C/FI Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird 10 R C/FI Lipaugus unirufus Rufous Piha 6 R C/FI Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Cinnamon Becard 12 R U/FI Pachyramphus polychopterus White-winged Becard 16 R C/FI Tityra semifasciata Masked Tityra 20 6 R C/FI Tityra inquisitor Black-crowned Tityra 1 1* R C/FI Carpodectes nitidus Snowy Cotinga 1* 1* R Querula purpurata Purple-throated Fruitcrow 1 24 R C/FI Manacus candei White-collared Manakin 10 4 R U/F Manacus vitellinus Golden-collared Manakin 1* 1 R U/FI Corapipo altera White-ruffed Manakin 2 R Pipra coronata Blue-crowned Manakin 3 R U/FI Pipra mentalis Red-capped Manakin 31 R U/F Vireo flavifrons Yellow-throated Vireo 3 M C/I Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo 1* M Hylophilus ochraceiceps Tawny-crowned Greenlet 5 R U/I Hylophilus decurtatus Lesser Greenlet 65 40 R C/FI Vireolanius pulchellus Green Shrike-Vireo 3 R C/FI Cyanocorax affinis Black-chested Jay 3 3 R U/O Cyanocorax morio Brown Jay 1 1* R Campylorhynchus zonatus Band-backed Wren 15 10 R C/I Thryothorus nigricapillus Bay Wren 2 4 R U/I Thryothorus modestus Plain Wren 4 R C/I Troglodytes aedon House Wren 3 R C/I Henicorhina leucosticta White-breasted Wood-Wren 1* 17 R U/I Microcerculus marginatus Scaly-breasted Wren 1* R luscinia Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Song Wren 1* R Ramphocaenus melanurus Long-billed Gnatwren 3 12 R U/I Polioptila plumbea Tropical Gnatcatcher 37 17 R C/I Catharus mexicanus Black-headed Nightingale Thrush 1* R Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush 1 M U/FI Turdus grayi Clay-colored Robin 13 1* R U/FI Vermivora pinus Blue-winged Warbler 1* M

4 Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler 1* M Vermivora peregrina Tennessee Warbler 19 2 M C/O Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler 4 M C/I Dendroica pensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler 52 17 M C/FI Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler 1* M Dendroica castanea Bay-breasted Warbler 1 1 M C/FI Mniotilta varia Black-and-White Warbler 2 1* M T/I Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart 1* M Protonotaria citrea Prothonotary Warbler 1* M Seiurus noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush 2 M Oporornis formosus Kentucky Warbler 1* M Oporornis philadelphia Mourning Warbler 1* M C/I Geothlypis semiflava Olive-crowned Yellowthroat 1* R Phaeothlypis fulvicauda Buff-rumped Warbler 1* R Coereba flaveola Bananaquit 61 1 R C/IN Mitrospingus cassinii Dusky-faced Tanager 2 R U/FI Chlorothraupis carmioli Olive Tanager 1* R Tachyphonus luctuosus White-shouldered Tanager 2 2 R C/FI Tachyphonus rufus White-lined Tanager 8 R C/FI Habia fuscicauda Red-throated Ant-Tanager 4 15 R U/FI Piranga rubra Summer Tanager 6 1 M C/FI Ramphocelus sanguinolentus Crimson-collared Tanager 1 R C/FI Ramphocelus passerinii Passerini’s (Scarlet-rumped) 49 1* R C/FI Tanager Thraupis episcopus Blue-gray Tanager 42 1* R C/O Thraupis palmarum Palm Tanager 37 6 R C/FI Tangara inornata Plain-colored Tanager 57 16 R C/FI Tangara florida Emerald Tanager 1 R C/FI Tangara larvata Golden-hooded Tanager 63 33 R C/FI Dacnis venusta Scarlet-thighed Dacnis 1* 1* R Dacnis cayana Blue Dacnis 6 14 R C/O Cyanerpes lucidus Shining Honeycreeper 5 R C/O Cyanerpes cyaneus Red-legged Honeycreeper 3 R C/O Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit 1 R C/O Sporophila americana Variable Seedeater 17 R Sporophila torqueola White-collared Seedeater 1 R Oryzoborus funereus Thick-billed Seed-Finch 4 R C/O Arremon aurantiirostris Orange-billed Sparrow 1 7 R U/FI Arremonops conirostris Black-striped Sparrow 9 R C/FI Saltator maximus Buff-throated Saltator 36 1* R C/O Saltator atriceps Black-headed Saltator 7 R C/O Saltator grossus Slate-colored Grosbeak 1 6 R C/O Caryothraustes poliogaster Black-faced Grosbeak 2 13 R C/O Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak 2 M C/O Cyanocompsa cyanoides Blue-black Grosbeak 4 11 R U/O Molothrus oryzivorus Giant Cowbird 1* R Icterus prosthemelas Black-cowled Oriole 5 1* R C/O

5 Icterus mesomelas Yellow-tailed Oriole 1 R Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole 14 1* M C/O Amblycercus holosericeus Yellow-billed Cacique 1 R C/I Cacicus uropygialis Scarlet-rumped Cacique 1* 49 R C/O Psarocolius wagleri Chestnut-headed Oropendula 2 38 R C/O Psarocolius montezuma Montezuma Oropendula 55 108 R C/O Euphonia luteicapilla Yellow-crowned Euphonia 18 2 R C/FI Euphonia gouldi Olive-backed Euphonia 71 70 R C/F Euphonia minuta White-vented Euphonia 30 R C/FI Chlorophonia callophrys Golden-browed Chlorophonia 2 R C/FI

1. Indicates the number of times each species was observed. They symbol “1*” refers to birds that were observed at least once in the habitat but not during the point counts. 2. See note 1. 3. Status: R = resident species, M = latitudinal migratory species. 4. Feeding guild and stratum designations used in the analyses for Figure 3. See key of Figure 3A for abbreviations. Species without a guild designation were not included in the analysis.

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