Chapter 012 Concepts of Muscular Analysis and Clinical Flexibility of The

Chapter 012 Concepts of Muscular Analysis and Clinical Flexibility of the...

True / False Questions

1. The stance phase allows the athlete to assume a comfortable and appropriately balanced body position from which to initiate the sport skill. True False

2. Proper breathing has no benefits, and it is not important for exercise and health. True False

3. Adequate muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility of the entire body should be developed through the correct use of the appropriate exercise principles. True False

4. The specific adaptations to imposed demands (SAID) principle should be considered in all aspects of physiologic conditioning and training. True False

5. The overload principle states that, within appropriate parameters, a muscle or muscle group increases in strength in direct proportion to the overload placed on it. True False

6. This intentional variance in a training program at regular intervals is known as periodization. True False

7. Specificity is a general approach in a specific area of focus. True False

12-1 Chapter 012 Concepts of Muscular Analysis and Clinical Flexibility of the...

8. If the distal end of the extremity is fixed, as in a push-up, dip, squat, or dead lift, the extremity represents a closed kinetic chain. True False

9. The recovery phase is used after follow-through to regain balance and positioning so that the muscles can be ready for the next sport demand. True False

10. Flexibility and strength in the upper extremity are not essential for improved appearance and posture. True False

Multiple Choice Questions

11. Weakness in the upper extremity can impair A. unilateral balance. B. skill development and performance. C. injury healing. D. speed and balance.

12. If the chain is securely attached or closed, substantial movement of any one link cannot occur without substantial and subsequent movement of the other links describes what? A. Kinetic chain B. Modular chain C. Isolated chain D. Open kinetic chain

13. Thumbs up flexion of the arm strengthens what muscles? A. Pectoralis minor and serratus anterior B. Upper and middle trapezius and levator scapulae C. Anterior deltoid, clavicular head of the pectoralis major D. Lower trapezius and pectoralis minor

14. This movement phase, often referred to as the cocking or wind-up phase, is used to lengthen the appropriate muscles so that they will be in position to generate more force and momentum as they concentrically contract in the next phase. A. Stance B. Preparatory C. Movement D. Contact

15. In the body, an extremity may be seen as representing a(n) ______kinetic chain if the distal end of the extremity is not fixed to any surface. A. internal B. distal C. closed D. open

16. A lunge with dumbbells is an example of A. joint isolation exercise. B. open chain exercise. C. closed chain exercise. D. loading exercise.

17. When designing exercise programs, it is necessary to analyze an individual's ______technique, as well as potential exercises, to design an appropriate program. A. strength and weakness only B. exercise and skill C. balance and posture D. tone and proprioception

18. The skill phase, sometimes known as the acceleration, action, motion, or contact phase, is the action part of the skill. A. Movement phase B. Stance phase C. Recovery phase D. Rest phase

19. In analyzing activities, it is important to understand that muscles are usually grouped according to their A. location. B. size. C. concentric function. D. bone function.

20. This phase begins immediately after the climax of the movement phase, in order to bring about negative acceleration of the involved limb or body segment. A. Follow-through phase B. Stance phase C. Movement phase D. Preparatory phase

21. When throwing a ball, at ball release, the follow-through phase begins as the arm continues moving in the same direction established by the A. wind up phase. B. stance phase. C. movement phase. D. release phase.

22. Performing this exercise will help kyphotic postures. A. Scapular abduction B. Scapular adduction C. Bicep curl D. Anterior deltoid lift

23. Lateral cervical flexion stretches mainly what muscle? A. Posterior scalene B. Anterior scalene C. Longissimus D. Upper trapezius

24. Specificity of exercise strongly relates to the A. type of exercise. B. SAID principle. C. muscle condition. D. outcome of exercise.

25. Every clinician should reinforce the importance of ______during exercise. A. proper breathing B. holding breath C. warming up D. proper footwear

26. Clinical flexibility and therapeutic exercise consists of exercises that can be used in ______. A. the hospital B. any clinical setting C. home D. in public

27. There is a deficit of knowledge among the general public regarding maintenance for A. injuries. B. herniated disks. C. daily movements. D. carpal tunnel.

28. ______are important in the adult years for daily living, as well as for job- related requirements and recreational activities. A. Adequate muscular strength and endurance B. Good posture and diet C. Ability to lift weight and run D. Oxygen uptake and diet

29. A common bad habit for many athletes or weight lifters is bearing down by holding the breath, also called the A. limiting oxygen. B. triangle maneuver. C. valsalva maneuver. D. diaphragm maneuver.

30. One of the benefits of full range of motion in stretching and strengthening is A. muscle atrophy. B. increased circulation and oxygen. C. more exhausting. D. increased lymph flow.

31. Hyperextension of the humerus stretches A. posterior deltoid, latissimus, and trapezius. B. middle deltoid, subscapularis, and infraspinatus. C. inferior groove in the mid-portion of the clavicle. D. anterior deltoid, anterior serratus, and lower pectoralis.

32. Another common failure in the structure of the neck is its gradual weakness A. as we age. B. in gravity. C. against gravity. D. with osteoarthritis.

33. Loss of natural range of motion in the neck is common with A. osteoarthritis only. B. auto accidents only. C. injuries. D. tendonitis.

34. The antigravity muscles of the upper back and the prevertebral muscles of the spine must be strengthened to help support A. all body movement. B. the hips. C. head and neck movement. D. proper gait.

35. The triceps brachii and anconeus both work together as an aggregate muscle group to cause A. elbow flexion. B. elbow extension. C. humeral extension. D. radial/ulnar rotation.

36. Horizontal flexion is also known as A. horizontal adduction. B. horizontal abduction. C. shoulder elevation. D. shoulder depression.

37. The proximal portion of what muscle on the anterior shoulder is frequently weak and undertrained? A. Anterior deltoid B. Brachialis C. Long head of the biceps D. Pectoralis major

38. To improve the strength and functioning of major muscles, this principle should be applied to every large muscle group in the body. A. Intensity principle B. Overload principle C. Frequency principle D. Duration principle

39. One of the agonist muscles in horizontal flexion is A. latissimus dorsi. B. posterior deltoid. C. triceps brachii. D. pectoralis major.

40. Specific, active stretching with a full range of shoulder joint movement is a powerful way to help A. blood flow only. B. lymph flow only. C. bursitis. D. improve shoulder function.

41. One example of an aggregate muscle group performing a given joint action is seen when all the elbow flexors work together to A. perform sit ups. B. curl a dumbbell. C. throwing a ball. D. extend a dumbbell.

42. During the return phase of a dumbbell curl, the muscle contraction is A. isometric. B. concentric. C. eccentric. D. isotonic.

43. Clinical flexibility is best defined as A. stretching in a home gym. B. stretching performed by a physician. C. flexibility therapy after surgery. D. flexibility in a clinical setting and when injuries might exist.

44. Active Isolated Stretching (AIS) is best suited for a clinic because A. its number of safe components. B. athletes recommend it. C. it does not work in a home setting. D. a nurse should always be present.

45. Generally, the greater the acceleration in the movement phase, the greater the length and the importance of the _____ phase. A. stance B. follow-through C. movement D. preparatory

46. To stretch the rhomboids, the scapula must be A. retracted. B. protracted. C. in downward rotation. D. neutral.

47. An example in the upper extremity of a single-joint exercise is A. lunge. B. dip. C. deltoid raise. D. pushups.

48. One way to strengthen the lateral cervical flexors is A. lateral head lifts. B. shrugs. C. front dumbbell raises. D. lat pull downs.

49. What is a good exercise to help adhesive capsulitis and bicipital tendonitis? A. Horizontal flexion B. Shoulder adduction C. Shoulder hyperextension D. Diagonal adduction

50. To isolate rhomboids more specifically for strengthening in a prone position, the head should be A. rotated. B. extended. C. at an oblique angle. D. completely relaxed in a flexed position.

12-10 Chapter 012 Concepts of Muscular Analysis and Clinical Flexibility of the... Key

True / False Questions

1. The stance phase allows the athlete to assume a comfortable and appropriately balanced body position from which to initiate the sport skill. TRUE

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 12-1

2. Proper breathing has no benefits, and it is not important for exercise and health. FALSE

Every clinician should reinforce the importance of proper breathing during exercise.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-6

3. Adequate muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility of the entire body should be developed through the correct use of the appropriate exercise principles. TRUE

4. The specific adaptations to imposed demands (SAID) principle should be considered in all aspects of physiologic conditioning and training. TRUE

Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-2 Learning Outcome: 12-7

5. The overload principle states that, within appropriate parameters, a muscle or muscle group increases in strength in direct proportion to the overload placed on it. FALSE

The overload principle states that, within appropriate parameters, a muscle or muscle group increases in strength in direct proportion to the overload placed on it.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-2 Learning Outcome: 12-7

6. This intentional variance in a training program at regular intervals is known as periodization. TRUE

Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-2

7. Specificity is a general approach in a specific area of focus. FALSE

Specificity is a concentrated approach in a specific area of focus.

Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-2

8. If the distal end of the extremity is fixed, as in a push-up, dip, squat, or dead lift, the extremity represents a closed kinetic chain. TRUE

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-2 Learning Outcome: 12-7

9. The recovery phase is used after follow-through to regain balance and positioning so that the muscles can be ready for the next sport demand. TRUE

10. Flexibility and strength in the upper extremity are not essential for improved appearance and posture. FALSE

Improving flexibility and strength helps movement and posture.

Multiple Choice Questions

11. Weakness in the upper extremity can impair A. unilateral balance. B. skill development and performance. C. injury healing. D. speed and balance.

For many weekend athletes, it is this overdevelopment in the large muscles and atrophy in the smaller intrinsic muscles that causes so many injuries.

12. If the chain is securely attached or closed, substantial movement of any one link cannot occur without substantial and subsequent movement of the other links describes what? A. Kinetic chain B. Modular chain C. Isolated chain D. Open kinetic chain

The extremities consist of several bony segments linked by a series of joints.

Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-4

13. Thumbs up flexion of the arm strengthens what muscles? A. Pectoralis minor and serratus anterior B. Upper and middle trapezius and levator scapulae C. Anterior deltoid, clavicular head of the pectoralis major D. Lower trapezius and pectoralis minor

This exercise helps strengthen the anterior capsule of the shoulder.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-6 Learning Outcome: 12-7

14. This movement phase, often referred to as the cocking or wind-up phase, is used to lengthen the appropriate muscles so that they will be in position to generate more force and momentum as they concentrically contract in the next phase. A. Stance B. Preparatory C. Movement D. Contact

It is the most critical phase in leading toward the desired result of the activity, and it becomes more dynamic as the need for explosiveness increases.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-7

15. In the body, an extremity may be seen as representing a(n) ______kinetic chain if the distal end of the extremity is not fixed to any surface. A. internal B. distal C. closed D. open

This arrangement allows any one joint in the extremity to move or function separately without necessitating movement of other joints in the extremity.

16. A lunge with dumbbells is an example of A. joint isolation exercise. B. open chain exercise. C. closed chain exercise. D. loading exercise.

In this closed system, movement of one joint cannot occur without causing predictable movements of the other joints in the extremity.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-4 Learning Outcome: 12-7

17. When designing exercise programs, it is necessary to analyze an individual's ______technique, as well as potential exercises, to design an appropriate program. A. strength and weakness only B. exercise and skill C. balance and posture D. tone and proprioception

The goals of the exercise program should be determined on the basis of specific areas of the body, preferred time to physically peak, and physical fitness needs, such as strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardio respiratory endurance, and body composition.

18. The skill phase, sometimes known as the acceleration, action, motion, or contact phase, is the action part of the skill. A. Movement phase B. Stance phase C. Recovery phase D. Rest phase

The phase in which the summation of force is generated directly to the ball, sport object, or opponent, and it is usually characterized by near-maximal concentric activity in the involved muscles.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-2

19. In analyzing activities, it is important to understand that muscles are usually grouped according to their A. location. B. size. C. concentric function. D. bone function.

One example of an aggregate muscle group performing a given joint action is seen when all the elbow flexors work together to curl a dumbbell.

20. This phase begins immediately after the climax of the movement phase, in order to bring about negative acceleration of the involved limb or body segment. A. Follow-through phase B. Stance phase C. Movement phase D. Preparatory phase

In this phase, often referred to as the deceleration phase, the velocity of the body segment progressively decreases, usually over a wide range of motion.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Comprehension Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-7

21. When throwing a ball, at ball release, the follow-through phase begins as the arm continues moving in the same direction established by the A. wind up phase. B. stance phase. C. movement phase. D. release phase.

Sometimes known as the acceleration, action, motion, or contact phase, is the action part of the skill.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1

22. Performing this exercise will help kyphotic postures. A. Scapular abduction B. Scapular adduction C. Bicep curl D. Anterior deltoid lift

This is an important exercise to help strengthen the antigravity muscles of the scapular region, as it isolates the rhomboid major and makes it work against gravity.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-3 Learning Outcome: 12-6

23. Lateral cervical flexion stretches mainly what muscle? A. Posterior scalene B. Anterior scalene C. Longissimus D. Upper trapezius

Stretching the neck specifically has many advantages, especially for those with chronic cervical conditions.

24. Specificity of exercise strongly relates to the A. type of exercise. B. SAID principle. C. muscle condition. D. outcome of exercise.

The specific adaptations to imposed demands (SAID) principle should be considered in all aspects of physiologic conditioning and training.

25. Every clinician should reinforce the importance of ______during exercise. A. proper breathing B. holding breath C. warming up D. proper footwear

Stroke patients, in particular, must be monitored during treatment, as holding the breath is extremely dangerous, especially during recovery following a stroke.

26. Clinical flexibility and therapeutic exercise consists of exercises that can be used in ______. A. the hospital B. any clinical setting C. home D. in public

A clinical setting is anywhere a professional might work.

27. There is a deficit of knowledge among the general public regarding maintenance for A. injuries. B. herniated disks. C. daily movements. D. carpal tunnel.

Simple activities such as getting out of a chair, lifting a child, or doing household chores all require the same muscle groups as those used in sports; however, because some individuals are not athletic, maintaining proper strength and flexibility rarely comes to mind.

28. ______are important in the adult years for daily living, as well as for job- related requirements and recreational activities. A. Adequate muscular strength and endurance B. Good posture and diet C. Ability to lift weight and run D. Oxygen uptake and diet

Many back problems and other physical ailments can be avoided completely through proper maintenance of the musculoskeletal system.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-2

29. A common bad habit for many athletes or weight lifters is bearing down by holding the breath, also called the A. limiting oxygen. B. triangle maneuver. C. valsalva maneuver. D. diaphragm maneuver.

This is accomplished by trying to exhale against a closed epiglottis (the flap of cartilage behind the tongue that shuts the air passage when swallowing) and is thought by many to enhance one's lifting ability.

30. One of the benefits of full range of motion in stretching and strengthening is A. muscle atrophy. B. increased circulation and oxygen. C. more exhausting. D. increased lymph flow.

A full range of motion has many benefits, including muscle strength.

31. Hyperextension of the humerus stretches A. posterior deltoid, latissimus, and trapezius. B. middle deltoid, subscapularis, and infraspinatus. C. inferior groove in the mid-portion of the clavicle. D. anterior deltoid, anterior serratus, and lower pectoralis.

This movement stretches the anterior capsule of the shoulder, especially the biceps brachii.

Bloom's: Application Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Hard Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-3

32. Another common failure in the structure of the neck is its gradual weakness A. as we age. B. in gravity. C. against gravity. D. with osteoarthritis.

Dysfunction can develop if the muscles that support the head against daily forces cannot work the way they were designed to.

33. Loss of natural range of motion in the neck is common with A. osteoarthritis only. B. auto accidents only. C. injuries. D. tendonitis.

Arthritis and poor postures cause muscle tightness because of pain and lack of movement.

34. The antigravity muscles of the upper back and the prevertebral muscles of the spine must be strengthened to help support A. all body movement. B. the hips. C. head and neck movement. D. proper gait.

Dysfunction can develop if the muscles that support the head against daily forces cannot work the way they were designed to.

35. The triceps brachii and anconeus both work together as an aggregate muscle group to cause A. elbow flexion. B. elbow extension. C. humeral extension. D. radial/ulnar rotation.

An often-confusing aspect of muscle contraction is that muscle groups can function to control the exact opposite actions by contracting eccentrically (lengthening of muscle fibers).

36. Horizontal flexion is also known as A. horizontal adduction. B. horizontal abduction. C. shoulder elevation. D. shoulder depression.

This movement is achieved when the arm is brought across the midline.

37. The proximal portion of what muscle on the anterior shoulder is frequently weak and undertrained? A. Anterior deltoid B. Brachialis C. Long head of the biceps D. Pectoralis major

Specific, active stretching of this area with a full range of shoulder joint movement is a powerful way to help improve shoulder function.

38. To improve the strength and functioning of major muscles, this principle should be applied to every large muscle group in the body. A. Intensity principle B. Overload principle C. Frequency principle D. Duration principle

In actual practice, the amount of overload applied varies significantly depending on several factors.

39. One of the agonist muscles in horizontal flexion is A. latissimus dorsi. B. posterior deltoid. C. triceps brachii. D. pectoralis major.

Other muscles contracting include anterior deltoid and coracobrachialis.

40. Specific, active stretching with a full range of shoulder joint movement is a powerful way to help A. blood flow only. B. lymph flow only. C. bursitis. D. improve shoulder function.

The upper extremity is capable of a wide range of dynamic movements.

41. One example of an aggregate muscle group performing a given joint action is seen when all the elbow flexors work together to A. perform sit ups. B. curl a dumbbell. C. throwing a ball. D. extend a dumbbell.

The elbow flexors (biceps, brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis) are concentrically contracting as an agonist group to achieve flexion.

42. During the return phase of a dumbbell curl, the muscle contraction is A. isometric. B. concentric. C. eccentric. D. isotonic.

The triceps begins the movement and then acts as a stabilizer as the elbow moves into extension.

43. Clinical flexibility is best defined as A. stretching in a home gym. B. stretching performed by a physician. C. flexibility therapy after surgery. D. flexibility in a clinical setting and when injuries might exist.

Clinical flexibility is usually performed as a set of exercises to one that has existing injuries.

Bloom's: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 12-1 Learning Outcome: 12-2

44. Active Isolated Stretching (AIS) is best suited for a clinic because A. its number of safe components. B. athletes recommend it. C. it does not work in a home setting. D. a nurse should always be present.

AIS used short holds, full range of motion, and is easy to teach patients.

45. Generally, the greater the acceleration in the movement phase, the greater the length and the importance of the _____ phase. A. stance B. follow-through C. movement D. preparatory

Occasionally, some athletes may begin the follow-through phase too soon, thereby cutting short the movement phase and having a less-than-desirable result in the activity.

46. To stretch the rhomboids, the scapula must be A. retracted. B. protracted. C. in downward rotation. D. neutral.

Protraction of the scapula causes tension on the medial attachments of the rhomboids.

47. An example in the upper extremity of a single-joint exercise is A. lunge. B. dip. C. deltoid raise. D. pushups.

Lower-extremity examples include seated hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion exercises.

48. One way to strengthen the lateral cervical flexors is A. lateral head lifts. B. shrugs. C. front dumbbell raises. D. lat pull downs.

Another common failure in the structure of the neck is its gradual weakness against gravity.

12-32 Chapter 012 Concepts of Muscular Analysis and Clinical Flexibility of the... Key 49. What is a good exercise to help adhesive capsulitis and bicipital tendonitis? A. Horizontal flexion B. Shoulder adduction C. Shoulder hyperextension D. Diagonal adduction

Specific, active stretching of this area with a full range of shoulder joint movement is a powerful way to help improve shoulder function.

50. To isolate rhomboids more specifically for strengthening in a prone position, the head should be A. rotated. B. extended. C. at an oblique angle. D. completely relaxed in a flexed position.

Keeping the head relaxed and down during this exercise keeps the upper trapezius from helping.