למ ס, שנתון סטטיסטי לישראל 2011 Cbs, Statistical Abstract of Israel 2011

למ''ס,שנתוןסטטיסטילישראלCBS, STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF ISRAEL 2011 2011

27 ENVIRONMENT

EXPENDITURE FOR PUBLIC 4. Protection of soil, ground water and surface water includes protection and ENVIRONMENTAL reclamation of land, and cleaning of water PROTECTION SERVICES sources. (Financial Data) 5. Protection of animals, plants and landscape which includes construction, (Tables 27.1-27.2) maintenance, and beautification of parks, DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS preservation of forests and afforestation, Environmental protection services were fire fighting, maintenance of beaches and generally defined according to the guidelines nature reserves. of the statistical offices of the UN and the 6. Research and development includes European Union (Eurostat) for classification surveys and research in the field of of activities aimed at protecting the environmental quality, as well as environment. Based on this classification, expenditures for activities such as expenditure for environmental protection development of alternative energy included the following items: sources. 1. Protection of air quality and climate. 7. Other services include general 2. Treatment of sewage. management as well as planning and 3. Treatment of waste. supervision related to environmental 4. Protection of soil, ground water and protection in government ministries, local surface water. authorities, and conurbations. This 5. Protection of animals, plants, and category also includes activities that do landscape. not fall within the categories of services 6. Research and development. specified above – e.g., activities of 7. Other services. environmental protection units in local authorities. CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURE Expenditure for public environmental Expenditure for public environmental protection services was classified in the protection services was classified according following categories: to the implementing sector - the government, 1. Current expenditure, which includes governmental enterprises, local authorities, labour expenses (i.e., imputed and non-profit institutions. government expenditures, which reflect There are seven types of public services for the government’s commitment to pay environmental protection: funded pensions to employees upon 1. Protection of air quality and climate, retirement), and current purchases of which mainly includes monitoring of air other goods and other services, as well quality. as a calculated estimate of expenditures 2. Treatment of sewage, which includes for depreciation of buildings and planning, maintenance, and development equipment. of sewage systems, construction and 2. Fixed capital formation, which includes operation of pumping and treatment expenses for constructing installations, plants, and treatment of rain water. buildings, other construction projects, and 3. Treatment of waste, which includes purchase of machinery and equipment for collection, disposal, and incineration of the purpose of environmental protection. domestic and industrial waste, treatment of solid waste and hazardous materials, street sweeping, and cleaning of market places.

סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (170 AIR CH4 (Methane): A greenhouse gas produced in landfills and sewage purification plants Air pollutants pose a potential danger to following the breakdown of organic waste in humans, plants, and the environment. Some anaerobic conditions (without oxygen), from air pollutants derive from natural sources, but animal digestion processes, mainly from most are anthropogenic (generated by human chewing cud, and from anaerobic activity), such as energy production, decomposition of animal secretions. Methane transportation, industrial activity and is also produced from natural sources such agriculture. as plant decomposition. Hydrocarbon fuels contain various N2O (Nitrous Oxide): A greenhouse gas supplements such as sulfur and lead produced from fuel combustion and microbic compounds. Fuel combustion usually does processes in soil and water, which are not take place under optimal conditions, so influenced by the use of fertilizers that that pollutants and greenhouse gases are contain nitrogen. emitted into the atmosphere in the NMVOCs (Non-methane volatile organic combustion process. compounds): Gases produced at the time of DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS hydrocarbon fuel combustion or at the time that liquid fuels, solvents, paint, and CO2 (Carbon Dioxide): A greenhouse gas originating from the complete combustion of intermediate products for production of fuel. chemicals are vaporized. These gases are CO (Carbon Monoxide): A gas produced by precursors of greenhouse gases. the incomplete combustion of fuel, deriving O3 (Ozone): A pollutant produced by mainly from emissions from motor vehicles. photochemical reactions between This gas is a precursor of greenhouse gases. hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Ozone is produced in the lower layers of the SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide): SO2 is a precursor of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and acts to atmosphere (the troposphere), and is cool the climate. Compounds derived from considered a greenhouse gas. However, the the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal Ozone in the upper layers of the atmosphere and kerosene. Most of these compounds are (the stratosphere) plays an important role in emitted by power plants, refineries, and protecting the biosphere, by preventing the industrial plants. penetration of harmful ultraviolet solar NOx (Nitrogen Oxides): Acidic gases radiation. emitted primarily by power stations, EMISSION OF POLLUTANTS manufacturing plants and motor vehicles (Tables 27.3-27.6) (mainly from diesel engines). These gases EMISSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS are precursors of greenhouse gases. FROM COMBUSTION OF FUEL HC (Hydrocarbons): Compounds of Hydrogen and Carbon emitted during the SOURCES OF DATA AND METHODS OF combustion and evaporation of fuel. These CALCULATION gases are mainly produced by emissions 1. Annual quantities of various types of fuel from vehicles and refineries. consumed by manufacturing and by SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter): Small motor vehicles are based on the annual particles found in the atmosphere, mainly energy balance. Data on percentages of carbon-based. sulfur in coal that is used to generate The most hazardous particles are those that electricity were obtained from the Israeli are less than 10 microns in size, particulate Coal Company. matter (PM10), which can penetrate the 2. Annual kilometers travelled, by type of respiratory system. They derive mainly from vehicle and by age of vehicle. Data on natural sources and include fractions of small kilometers travelled were obtained from particles that are smaller than 2.5 microns, the Survey of Kilometers Travelled, fine suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), conducted by the CBS. usually emitted by industries, transport, and 3. Emission coefficients of CO and NOx home heating. from stationary sources (manufacturing). Pb (lead): A heavy metal that was a As of 2000, data are based on IPCC necessary additive to petrol for years. coefficients (Intergovernmental Panel on

סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (171 Climate Change), according to fuel the basis of international emission consumption. The other coefficients of coefficients, taking into account the pollutants from stationary sources were existing reduction technology and the taken from the United States concentration of sulphur in the imported Environmental Protection Agency coal. (USEPA), and applied to the conditions in 9. Data processing and modeling were Israel for 1997. The emission coefficients conducted in cooperation with the were obtained from the Air Quality Ministry of Environmental Protection. Division (stationary sources) of the Emission coefficients from land Ministry of Environmental Protection. transportation are currently being audited 4. Emission coefficients of air pollutants and may change. from different types of mobile sources 10. In 2004, Israel began to use natural gas (vehicles) are based on studies for electricity generation. Calculation of conducted at the Technion on the SOx, NOx, and SPM emissions from “Evaluation of Pollutant Emission Factors natural gas for electricity generation are from Motor Vehicles in Israel” (L. based on measurements made by the Tartakovski et al., June 1997) and Israel Electric Corporation. “Evaluation of Pollutant Emission Factors 11. As of 2000, the emission coefficients of from Diesel Vehicles in Israel (stage 1 - the following pollutants – CO2, NOx, and busses)” (L. Tartakovski et al., May SPM – were updated as a result of new 2000). To date, these emission information received on the composition coefficients have been developed only for of fuels in Israel. private motor vehicles running on petrol 12. Electricity generation also includes private and for buses. Emission factors for other producers of electricity. types of vehicles and other fuel types 13. As of 2000, the coefficients of emissions were based on data from The of SPM from taxis, minibuses and trucks Netherlands, Britain, and the US (AP42), have been updated. obtained from the Air Quality Division of the Ministry of Environmental Protection. LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA 1. The data do not refer to all air pollutants 5. Changes in the calculation of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide): In the past, quantities emitted into the atmosphere. of emissions were calculated for Carbon 2. Some of the emission coefficients were (C) only. In order to convert the derived from Europe or the United States and are not completely adapted to the emissions into CO2, (as of 1998), all of the data from previous years were conditions in Israel. 3. Emissions from motor vehicles do not multiplied by 3.666 (the ratio of the CO2 molecular weight to that of C). As of include trains. 2000, emissions are calculated on the 4. Emissions of SOx and Pb are calculated basis of coefficients of the IPCC on the basis of the permissible levels of according to fuel consumption. their concentration according to law. 6. Emissions of CO, NOx, HC and SPM from motor vehicles are calculated EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES on the basis of km travelled. The mean DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS emission coefficients of pollutants on Greenhouse gases: Gases in the urban and interurban routes were used atmosphere that can be penetrated by according to the year of production of the ultraviolet solar radiation. These gases motor vehicle. absorb infra-red radiation emitted by the 7. Certain types of fuels came into use earth. The infra-red radiation that is absorbed in Israel during different periods. If a in greenhouse gases turns into heat, which particular cell in the table is empty, that causes global warming. type of fuel was not used during that Direct greenhouse gases: Gases that particular year. absorb the radiation emitted by the earth. 8. Emission of sulfur oxides, nitrogen Direct greenhouse emissions, in terms of oxides, and particles from electricity CO2: production from coal are calculated on

סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (172 In the calculation of total emissions of direct emitted mainly from the electronics industry greenhouse gases emissions of Methane and semi-conductors. (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and gases SF6 (Sulfurhexafluoride): A non-organic gas containing fluoride are converted into equal compound, emitted mainly by production value units of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), using processes and magnesium casting, as well an index of the global warming potential on as its use as an isolating medium in the radiation effects of greenhouse gases switchgear and circuit breaker systems. relating to Carbon Dioxide – GWP (Global Changes in emissions of greenhouse Warming Potential). gases: The amount of greenhouse gas Precursors of greenhouse gases: Gases emissions is affected, inter alia, by changes involved in the production of ozone (O3), in technology, changes in the fuel mix, and which is also a greenhouse gas. collection of methane in landfills, as well as Greenhouse gases are emitted from the changes in the use of certain industrial raw following sources: materials that are part of the world trade Fuel combustion: This occurs in energy system of greenhouse gas emissions. industries (electricity generation and oil refining), manufacturing and construction SOURCES OF DATA AND METHODS OF industries, transportation and various CALCULATION economic sectors, and constitutes the main The data for 1996 and 2000 were received source of greenhouse gas emissions. from the Ministry of Environmental Total direct greenhouse gases – in terms Protection, Industries Cluster, Air Quality Division. Data for 1996 were taken from the of CO2: In the calculation of total emissions publication “Inventory of Emissions and of direct greenhouse gases, Methane (CH4) Removals of Greenhouse Gases in Israel” and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions are converted into measures whose value is (Jean Koch, Uri Dayan, and Abraham Mey- Marom, August 2001). Data for 2000 were equivalent to that of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) on basis of the Global Warming Potential taken from the publication “Greenhouse (GWP), which is the index used to measure Gases in Israel, Inventory Update of the radiation effects of greenhouse gases in Emissions and Removals for 2000” (Jean Koch and Shlomo Shafat, December 2002). relation to Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Precursors of greenhouse gases: Gases As of 2003, data have been calculated by the CBS according to the guidelines of the IPCC involved in the production of ozone (O3), which is also a greenhouse gas. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Greenhouse gases are emitted from the Change). As of 2008 the inventory includes following sources: gases that contain fluorides. Combustion of fuels: This process takes LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA place in energy industries (electricity 1. The IPCC International coefficients were generation and oil refining), manufacturing used to calculate total emissions, except and construction industries, transportation, in cases where local coefficients were and various economic sectors. found. Other sources of greenhouse gas 2. The differences between the data in emissions: Industrial processes that are not Table 27.6 and the data in Tables 27.3- related to energy, treatment of solid waste 27.5 can be attributed to differences in and sewage, agriculture, changes in land emission coefficients, fuel classification, use, and forestry (also including absorption sources of emissions, and data sources. of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) by forests). 3. In calculating the inventory of emissions Gases containing fluorides: from industrial processes, estimates HFCs (Hydrofluorocarbons): A group of were derived for some of the emissions organic gas compounds composed of on the basis of data from previous carbon, hydrogen and fluoride atoms. These years. As of 2003, emissions from other compounds are emitted mainly from cooling sources, and emissions from additional and air-conditioning systems. industrial sources (from industrial PFCs (Perfluorocarbons): A group of processes and treatment of industrial organic gas compounds composed of carbon waste) have been included in the and fluoride atoms. These compounds are calculation.

סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (173 4. As of 2003, oil shales are included in defines the maximum concentration of a calculations of SOx emissions. pollutant permitted at all times. 5. As of 2005, data on NMVOC emissions The following table presents environmental from construction of roads are based on standards for Israel (1992). All of the values estimates. are in micrograms per cubic meter of air 6. Greenhouse gas emissions refer to (g/m3), except for CO, which is in milligrams emissions resulting from the production per cubic meter (mg/m3). and use of products during the year of calculation, and do not include emissions from previous inventories. SO2 NOx O3 PM10 CO 7. The calculation of emissions of ½ hr 1,000 940 230 60 greenhouse gases containing fluorides (absolute) is based on import data and on 500 estimates of the distribution of different (statistical) uses according to 2008 survey data. 8 hr 160 11 24 hr 280 560 150 CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS Yearly 60 60 (Tables 27.7-27.9) There is no Israeli standard yet for PM2.5. In DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS the United States, the daily standard for these High monitoring stations: Stations that particles is 65 micrograms per m3 and the monitor air quality over a broad area. These yearly standard is 15 micrograms per m3. This stations are located at rooftop level. standard has been adopted in Israel as a Transportation monitoring stations: target standard. Stations intended to monitor pollutants deriving from vehicles. These stations are SOURCES AND METHODS OF located near major transportation routes. CALCULATION Measurements are taken at the level of The data were received from the National Air vehicles. Most of the transport monitoring Monitoring Network, which is affiliated with stations began full operation in 1998. the Air Quality Division of the Ministry of Maximum value – half hour / 8 hours / 24 Environmental Protection. hours: The maximum values for every half Data are based on records taken at the hour / 8 hours / 24 hours (respectively) stations every five minutes. From these obtained over a period of a year. records, averages were calculated for Uptime Level: The percentage of time that a different periods of time. station was active during the course of the The maximum half-hour value at the transport year. Data from stations whose uptime is less monitoring station in Petah Tiqwa is than 75% may be biased and are listed in calculated according to the half-hour running parentheses. average. Environmental standard / Air quality: The LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA threshold concentration of a given pollutant 1. The data do not refer to all air pollutants. allowed in the air inhaled by humans at a 2. The tables display data on given time. concentrations of pollutants from only a A distinction is made between two types of few representative stations in Israel. environmental standards: 3. Not all of the stations measure all of the 1. Statistical standard (99.75%) - This pollutants. Therefore, there may be a standard applies to the pollutant SO2, and situation of no cases at certain stations. defines the maximum permitted concentration of a pollutant during 99.75% of the time. In Israel, the statistical standard can be exceeded up to 44 times a year at each monitoring station, for the maximum half-hourly value. 2. Absolute standard (100%) - This standard applies to all pollutants and

סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (174 WATER where not all of the requirements for protection against pollution have been met, For water levels and salinity in aquifers, as and where the water has been supplied well as water levels in the Sea of Galilee and without appropriate disinfecting and filtering the Dead Sea and data on average salinity in treatment. Other sources of pollution are the Sea of Galilee, see Chapter 1 - supply of drilling water, where the disinfecting Geophysical Characteristics. facilities are not operated continuously and For data on water production and properly, as well as old water systems and consumption, see Chapter 21 - Energy and faulty maintenance of supply systems. Water. Routine test: A test conducted at the frequency specified in the national health QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER regulations (sanitary quality of drinking (Table 27.10) water). Microbial quality tests are conducted at water Exceedances: Tests of water samples in sources, supply networks of localities, and which the results exceed the values entrance points to the network. The number permitted in the state health regulations of tests and frequency of sampling that the (sanitary quality of drinking water). supplier must conduct for drinking water are Rural locality: A locality that is not urban. established in the regulations. In addition, the regulations stipulate that the water supplier SOURCES OF DATA AND METHODS OF must disinfect the water so that it includes CALCULATION the remnants of disinfectants when it reaches Results of microbial tests were obtained from the entrance to the locality. the Ministry of Health. Microbial tests are conducted in the water LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA supply systems of local authorities according 1. The sampling points are to a yearly monitoring plan, which is selected after careful consideration, determined and supervised by the Ministry of and may change from time to time. Health together with the water suppliers (the Therefore, randomness cannot be local authorities). maintained and it is difficult to The plan for sampling drinking water is based calculate statistical indices. on the requirements specified in the 2. In 2003, unlike previous years, regulations, as well as on the professional the category exceedances included discretion of the people in charge of the issue only samples that were found to at the Ministry of Health, after they have deviate from the standard even consulted with the water supplier. The plan after the test was repeated within also includes sampling from “sensitive” 24 hours. areas, and/or “problematic” points, and may be updated by the people in charge of the QUALITY OF SEA WATER issue at the offices of the Ministry of Health, AT THE BEACHES following consultations with the responsible (Table 27.11) parties in the local authorities (water suppliers). The changes may be as follows: PRESENTATION OF DATA adding new sampling points, and changing The table presents the results of microbial the locations of existing sampling points. tests of sea water at authorized beaches. For the Red Sea, data are also presented on sea PRESENTATION OF DATA water at non-authorized beaches. The table presents the results of routine The Mediterranean Sea beaches are microbial tests of drinking water in the supply presented in geographical order, from north network. to south. The Sea of Galilee beaches are DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS presented clockwise, from the westernmost Microbial Analysis: A test to reveal coliform beach. The Red Sea beaches are presented bacteria or faecal coliforms. Pollution can be clockwise, from the beach farthest to the attributed mainly to low quality of the water southwest. source. This may derive from surface water, סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (175 DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS per 100 ml. of sea water. The results Microbial Analysis: A test to reveal coliform of single tests will not exceed 400 bacteria, faecal coliforms, or faecal faecal coliforms per 100 ml. of sea enterococci. water in more than 20% of the Most of the pollution of sea water comes samples. from coastal sources: the flow of sewage or b. If the results of a single test exceed discharge of wastes from land to the sea. It the maximum of 400 faecal may also be caused by maritime activity of coliforms, a repeat test will be vessels along the coast that discharge fuels, performed, including samples of sea oils, and waste. water which will be taken from three The Ministry of Health conducts microbial different points along the beach. analyses at authorized beaches in order to 2. Enterococci confirm that they remain suitable for bathing. a. The result of a single test cannot The table presents percentages of exceed 105 enterococci bacteria per exceedances in faecal coliform and faecal 100 ml. of sea water. enterococci counts per 100 milliliter (ml.) of b. If an exceedance in a single test is sea water. Permits to open beaches for the detected, a repeat test will be public must conform to the standards for performed within 24 to 48 hours. The water quality (the numerical standard), and to repeat test will include sea water the frequency of sampling. Beaches that fail samples, which will be taken from to conform to the standard will be declared as three different points along the closed by the Ministry of the Interior, at the beach. If the results of the repeat test recommendation of the Ministry of Health, still exceed the maximum of 105 according to the results of sanitation survey. enterococci bacteria per 100 ml. of It should be mentioned that in some cases a sea water, a health survey will be beach will be closed as a result of a conducted to detect the source of the sanitation survey, even if it conformed with pollution. the numerical standard. Frequency of sampling: Samples of sea water are taken from the The numerical standard and frequency of beaches at the following frequency: sampling are determined according to the 1. During the swimming season (May to regulations of the Ministry of the Interior. October), at least one sample must be As of 2009, the Ministry of Health has taken every week from the sea water of all changed the method of sampling bacteria in beaches. sea water from faecal coliforms to faecal 2. During the winter months (November enterococci. In beaches that were defined as to April), one sample must be taken per problematic, faecal coliforms were also month at every beach. If the beach also sampled. In accordance with the operates during the winter, it shall be recommendations of international tested according to swimming season organizations (MEDPOL, WHO, and UNEP), frequency. it was decided that the presence of SOURCE OF THE DATA enterococci bacteria is a more precise The data were obtained from the laboratory measure of sea water pollution, whereas the department in the Ministry of Health. presence of faecal coliforms is a better measure of pollution in fresh water. LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA Therefore, only faecal coliforms were 1. Data are presented only from sampled in the water from the Sea of Galilee. measurements taken during the The numerical standard: swimming season. The quality of sea water at a beach during its 2. The swimming season may open at period of activity will conform with the different times from one year to the next following: (with differences of a few days). 1. Faecal coliforms a. The geometric average of sea water tests at the beach during the season, shall not exceed 200 faecal coliforms סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (176 QUALITY OF STREAM WATER etc.), and can cause turbidity in water, harm (Table 27.12) health, and damage pipe systems. Sewage still flows into most of the streams in Standard tests are performed at a o Israel. This destroys a unique ecosystem, temperature of 105 C. which includes plant and animal species Boron (B): A mineral found mainly in whose only habitat is a clean stream. The remnants of detergents in sewage. Boron is high level of pollution deters visitors and an extremely toxic substance for plants even travelers from coming to the streams. in low concentrations. Essentially, the streams have become a SOURCE OF THE DATA severe health and environmental hazard - Data on the Qishon Stream were obtained they are a breeding ground for mosquitoes, from the Qishon Stream Authority, data on spread diseases, and emit stench. the Yarqon Stream were obtained from the An environmental target standard was Yarqon Authority, and data on the rest of the determined for water quality for the Qishon streams were obtained from The Nature Stream (March 2002), which constitutes the Reserves and National Parks Authority. guiding standard for all streams in Israel. According to this standard, the maximum LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA value of biochemical oxygen demand is 20 1. The table does not specify all of the milligrams per liter. The environmental sampling stations existing at the streams. standard for water quality defines the quality 2. The data do not cover all of the pollutants of water required at stream, but does not and tests conducted in the field. The most define the quality of flows entering it. representative indicators of quality were selected. PRESENTATION OF THE DATA 3. The data apply only to the hour of For the lower Jordan River, the sampling measurement. stations are displayed from north to south, and for the other streams the stations are displayed from the source of the stream to its SEWAGE AND EFFLUENTS estuary. (Tables 27.13-27.14) DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS PRESENTATION OF THE DATA COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): The Table 27.13 presents data on the amounts of quantity of oxygen required for chemical sewage flowing into the Shafdan (Dan oxidation of sewage by a strong oxidizer, Region Reclamation Project), and how it is under constant conditions. This is a good treated. Table 27.14 presents data on the indicator of the impact of the level of pollution amounts of sewage flowing into treatment in industrial wastewater. plants. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand): The DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS amount of oxygen consumed by organisms RS (Raw Sewage): Water that became for aerobic decomposition of organic matter polluted due to household, industrial, or public found in raw sewage, under constant use, and that is not suitable for further use conditions. Intensive oxygen consumption is unless it is treated and purified. the result of a high organic load and a large Effluents: Raw sewage that has been amount of nutrients in water. treated to reduce the organic load. This water BOD is a good indicator of the level of can be adapted for reuse in agriculture and in pollution in household wastewater. Standard manufacturing. It can also be used for tests are performed at a temperature of 20oC. recharging to ground water and even for Salinity of water (Chloride concentration): reclamation of streams. see Definitions and Explanations for “Surface “ Shafdan” - Dan Region Reclamation Water” (Chapter 1 - Geophysical Project: Characteristics). The Shafdan project is the largest plant for TSS (Total Suspended Solids): Particles of treatment of sewage and reclamation of various sizes (from 1 millimicron), which effluents in Israel. The project’s activities derive from various sources (e.g., include collection, treatment of sewage, wastewater, industrial activity, soil erosion, recharging effluents to ground water, and סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (177 reuse of the water. The Shafdan project is operated by the national water company PRESENTATION OF DATA: “Meqorot”under the auspices of the “Dan The data relate to waste treated in recycling Region Association of Towns – Sewage and plants only (e.g., plants constructed for the Environment”. The plant treats raw sewage purpose of treating recycled waste). The data from Tel Aviv-Yafo, from 11 other cities in the do not include recycling conducted in other Dan Region (Ramat Gan, Giv’atayim, Bene plants (e.g., plants constructed to save raw Beraq, Petah Tiqwa, Holon, Bat Yam, Rishon materials. LeZiyyon, Qiryat Ono, Or Yehuda, Rosh As of the 2010 Abstract, data on construction Haayin, and Rehovot) as well as from six waste, coal ash, and sludge have been smaller localities (Giv’at Shemu’el, Ganne added. Tiqwa, Ramat Ef’al, Kafr Qasm, Newe SOURCE OF THE DATA Ephraim (Monson), and Azur). Data are collected by the CBS. In addition, The amount of raw sewage treated at the supplementary data are received from the Shafdan plant constitutes about 30 percent of Solid Waste Division of the Ministry of the sewage treated at all of the treatment Environmental Protection. plants in Israel. MBTP - Mechanical-Biological Treatment LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA Plant: Because recycling materials can be During the course of this treatment, a dense transferred from one recycling plant to population of bacteria is kept in aerated another, there might be redundancy in the vessels. These bacteria degrade the organic data. matter as well as the nitrogen compounds and phosphates in the raw sewage. This plant SOLID HOUSEHOLD, COMMERCIAL began operating in 1987.. AND YARD WASTE RE (Recharged Effluents): The treated (Table 27.16) sewage is recharged into the regional aquifer for additional treatment and storage. The DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS effluents are recharged through recharging Solid Waste: A collection of materials in solid fields at Soreq and Yavne. form, which are no longer used by humans. RW (Reclaimed Water): The materials are generally produced in a The recharged water is pumped after varying residential environment, e.g., construction periods through extraction drills. This water is debris and industrial residue, yard waste, and used for unlimited agricultural irrigation in the food residue. southern region of the country. Household Waste: Food residue, packing materials, and products which have spoiled or SOURCES OF DATA worn out. The data on quantities of sewage and Commercial Waste: Residue of raw effluents in the Shafdan were obtained from materials which are by-products of the the Shafdan project. production process; raw materials and Data on amounts of raw sewage that flow to intermediate products which have spoiled, the treatment plants were obtained from the been damaged or rejected; and packaging of Division of Water and Streams of the Ministry the raw materials. of Environmental Protection. Yard Waste: Residue of branches and plants. WASTE SOURCE OF THE DATA AND METHODS RECYCLED SOLID WASTE OF CALCULATION (Table 27.15) Data on quantities of waste relate to waste collected by local authorities. The data are DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS received from the local authorities and from Recycled Waste: Waste used as raw the Division of Solid Waste at the Ministry of material for producing new products, or Environmental Protection. reusing them for their original purpose. For local authorities that did not report to the CBS and did not report through the landfills administrations, the data were imputed

סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (178 through a model of statistical imputation neutralize cyanides, thionyl chloride, designed at the CBS, based on the Hot-Deck reduction of chromates and method. Imputation takes the “nearest sedimentation of heavy metals. neighbour to the missing value,” according to Oxidizers undergo a process of the type of locality, socio-economic cluster. detoxification and then neutralization. and district, or according to data from Cotnion does not undergo detoxification previous years. The calculation for last year treatment. (2010) was based on population statistics In both of the above methods the from the end of the previous year, whereas generated waste, after treatment, flows the calculation for the preceding year was into evaporation ponds. based on the average annual population. Today the ponds are in the process of being closed and no waste is channeled LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA to them. The generated waste is used as 1. The composition of the waste reported for a component in the process of stabilizing each locality is not consistent. There are waste for landfill. localities which include only part of the 5. Biological Treatment: Use of components of solid waste. bacteria to treat soils polluted by organic 2. Until 2004, the data did not include waste materials, or to treat sludge containing collected for the purpose of recycling. biodegradable materials. 6. Recycling: Hazardous waste that HAZARDOUS WASTE has undergone a chemical or physical (Table 27.17) process, as raw material or as a specific DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS component produced from the waste. Hazardous Waste: By-products obtained 7. Other Treatments: Until 2002, the from chemical/industrial processes and/or treatment used was “solidification”. from agricultural or commercial activity that Since 2002, this category includes endanger individuals and their environment. storage and export. Some of the hazards are immediate and SOURCE OF DATA occur at the time of exposure to the waste, The data were obtained from the whereas other hazards are long-term and are Environmental Services Company (Ramat caused by toxic accumulation in fauna, flora Hovav) Ltd. and the Hazardous Waste and ground water. Division of the Ministry of Environmental

Ramat Hovav Site: A plant for neutralizing Protection. and treating hazardous waste. According to the Business Permit Regulations (Removal of LIMITATIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF Hazardous Waste) 1990, hazardous waste THE DATA will be removed only to the site at Ramat 1. In the table, the data for the following Hovav no later than six months after the date were combined: batteries and of its production. The Ramat Hovav site accumulators; wastewater and alkaline; began accepting hazardous waste in 1980. In hydrazide waste and cotnion; PCB and 1990, the Environmental Services Company PCB oil. (Ramat Hovav) Ltd. began operating the site 2. The quantity of raw material of cytotoxic under environmental conditions, as defined waste and gas tanks was received from by the Ministry of Environmental Protection in the plant in a number of units, not tons. tne business permit. As of 2002, they have been converted to weight by multiplying by the coefficients Methods of Treating Hazardous Waste at 0.045 and 0.08 tons, respectively, the Ramat Hovav Site: according to the type of material. 1. Secured Landfill: Burying non- 3. Since 2002, the plant has not treated volatile and inorganic solids. cotnion. 2. Incineration: Thermal decomposition 4. Some materials have undergone various of hazardous organic waste. treatments at various times. Biological 3. Neutralization: A treatment process treatment has only been used since 2001. based on neutralization of acids and If a cell in the table is empty, this means alkalines. that type of material was not treated by 4. Detoxification: Chemical treatment to סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (179 the method at all, or the method had not classification of “hazardous substance” and yet been used. is marked with an international code 5. As of 2002, oxidants are included in the according to the “Orange Book” of the United category of “Chromates” instead of Nations. “Acids”. A Hazardous Materials Incident is an 6. Changes in the amounts of hazardous unsupervised incident involving a hazardous waste derive, among other factors, from substance, which endangers or is liable to periodic removal of waste initiated by the endanger individuals, their environment, or Ministry of Environmental Protection and their property. the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor. SOURCE OF THE DATA HAZARDOUS WASTE INCIDENTS Data were obtained from the Information and (Table 27.18) Operations Center in the Department of Hazardous Materials of the Ministry of DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS Environmental Protection. Hazardous Material: Material that endangers the health of individuals, their LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA environment, and their property. A hazardous The data include only incidents that were substance is material in any form that fits the reported to the Information Center.

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS 1406 Sustainable Development Indicators in Israel 2008 1443 Expenditure on Environmental Protection in the Manufacturing and Electricity Industries, 2008 CURRENT BRIEFINGS IN STATISTICS 35, 1996 Survey of Waste Water, 1994 37, 1997 Expenditure on Public Services for Environmental Protection, 1993 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Environment Data Compendium - Israel, 2006 Society in Israel, Report No. 3, 2010 (Hebrew only)

סביבה (ENVIRONMENT (180