Biology Chapter 15 Homework

23. What happened to the early generations of the honey creepers after their ancestors left the mainland and encountered the diverse niches of Hawaii?

Chapter 17 Homework

1. What kind of animal is Vulpes velox? How do you know?

2. What is the complete classification of Vulpes velox?

3. From the table, what two animals are most closely related? Explain.

4. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between gophers and housecats diverge?

5. How does the table indicate that a dog is more closely related to a red fox than to a house cat?

6. Complete the Minilab 17.2 on page 453 in your textbook.

7. What 5 probable ancestors of the modern bird (robin) are shown on the cladogram?

8. Which dinosaur is probably the most recent common ancestor of Velociraptor and Archaeopteryx?

9. Which traits shown on the cladogram are shared by Archaeopteryx and modern birds? 10. How does the fanlike diagram differ from a cladogram?

11. To which group are sea stars more closely related, arthropods or jellyfishes?

12. Which group of animals includes the fewest species?

Chapter 18 Homework

Classify 1-7 as either lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, or both.

1. Viral genes are expressed immediately after the virus infects the host cell.

2. Many new viruses are assembled.

3. This cycle takes place after a virus enters a host cell.

4. Viral DNA is integrated into the host cell’s chromosome.

5. Viruses are released from the host cell by lysis or exocytosis.

6. Reverse transcriptase is used to make DNA from the RNA of a retrovirus.

7. A provirus is replicated along with the host cell’s chromosome.

Classify 8-12 as either binary fission or conjugation.

8. Bacterium with a new genetic makeup is produced.

9. Circular chromosome is copied

10. Genetic material is transferred through a pilus.

11. Two identical cells are produced.

12. Sexual reproduction occurs.

13. What part of the lysogenic cycle is like the lytic cycle?

14. What are examples of viruses that go through lysogenic cycles?

15. Explain why viruses would cease to exist if they replicated via the lytic cycle only.

16. Why are viruses not considered to be living things? 17. How does a bacterial chromosome differ from chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?

18. What structure do bacteria share with plant cells but not with animal cells?

19. What structure is an adaptation that helps certain bacteria ward off attack by white blood cells?

20. How does penicillin kill bacteria? Why is penicillin ineffective against viruses?

21. According to the table above, what is the chief cause of death in developing countries? In developed countries? What treatment is more readily available in developed countries that contributes to this?

22. What conditions in developed countries may check the spread of bacteria that cause disease?

23. Why do doctors sometimes advise patients who are taking antibiotics to eat yogurt?

24. At one time, bacteria were classified as plants. Why do you think bacteria were classified this way? Give at least two reasons why bacteria should not be classified as plants.

25. Some Bacterial Diseases Read the deasciptions of various bacterial diseases. For each disease, the bacterial agent is given in italics. Then diagnose the bacterial diseases of fictitious patients based on the case histories presented.

Botulism: very dangerous form of food poisoning; Clostridium botulinum; symptoms include headache, weakness, constipation, and nerve paralysis; may cause death if respiratory organs are paralyzed.

Cholera: common in areas where sanitation is very poor; acute and infectious; Vibrio cholerae; symptoms include severe diarrhea and vomiting, extreme dehydration, muscle cramps, and prostration.

Diptheria: highly contagious childhood disease; Corynebacterium diptheriae; symptoms include sore throat, fever, headache, and nausea; a yellowish membrane forms in the throat, restricted breathing.

Lobar Pneumonia: inflammation of the lung; leading cause of death in infants and elderly; Streptococcus pneumoniae; solidified lung tissue prevents air from entering alveoli.

Scarlet Fever: contagious childhood disease; group A beta-hemolytic streptococci; symptoms include sore throat, swelling of lymph nodes in neck, bright red rash, nausea, hot dry skin, and fever.

Tetanus: fatal unless treated; Chlostridium tetani; symptoms include muscle spasms, convulsions, stiffness, restlessness, headache, and chills; bacterial organisms enter body through a puncture wound.

Typhoid Fever: transmitted by contaminated water and food; Salmonella typhi; symptoms include sore throat, high fever, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and periods of sweating and chills.

Whooping Cough: infectious disease common in children under ten, Bordetella pertussis; symptoms include chills, vomiting, and bluish skin because extreme coughing prevents air from entering the alveoli.

Patient A: ______82 years old; has generally poor health; has sharp chest pains, blood- streaked saliva, high fever, and rapid pulse rate; X ray confirms solid material in lung tissue.

Patient B: ______6 years old, mother thought child had a slight cold until a red rash broke out; child is listless and has a slight fever.

Patient C: ______recently travelled to an underdeveloped country and unknowingly consumed contaminated food and water; proper toilet facilities were nonexistent; exhibits severe muscle cramps and dehydration.

Patient D: ______food handler in rural areas where proper toilet facilities are not always available; exhibits a very high fever and chills; blood is in his stool.

Patient E: ______teenager; walking barefoot in a construction area punctured foot with a rusty nail; several days later exhibited mild convulsions that rapidly became more severe.

Patient F: ______has recently eaten food from a damaged can; has difficulty in seeing, swallowing, and breathing.