Appendix 1 Area of Different Government Owned Hill Forest in Penang Island

Appendix 1 Area of different government owned hill forest in Penang Island Name of the Forest Reserved Management Regime Area (km2)

Balik Pulau State Forest Department 1.6638 Bukit Gemuruh State Forest Department 0.5166 Bukit Genting State Forest Department 0.0909 Bukit Kerajaan State Forest Department 22.8791 Bukit Relau State Forest Department 0.6756 Highlands State Forest Department 0.9154 Laksamana State Forest Department 2.2628 Pantai Acheh State Forest Department 0.7305 Pasir Panjang State Forest Department 0.3277 Penara Bukit State Forest Department 0.9499 Telok Bahang State Forest Department 8.3020 Penang National Park Wildlife and National Parks Department 12.1300 Total 51.4443 Source: Adapted from State forest Department and Addo-Fordjour, Rahmad, & Shahrul (2016)

Appendix 2 Latitude and longitude coordinates for all plots in the study area Category Coordinates (degree) Category Coordinates (degree) Gov Latitude Longitude Pvt Latitude Longitude HR 5.41638 100.2581 FG 5.42755 100.2188 HR 5.42663 100.2765 FG 5.42394 100.2189 HR 5.42702 100.2791 FG 5.41947 100.2156 HR 5.42341 100.2759 FG 5.41066 100.2163 HR 5.42197 100.2723 FG 5.40888 100.2131 HR 5.41958 100.2689 FG 5.40688 100.2179 HR 5.43211 100.2818 FG 5.40327 100.2173 HR 5.41616 100.2559 FG 5.39738 100.2210 HR 5.41844 100.2558 FG 5.39005 100.2131 HR 5.41338 100.2591 FG 5.38602 100.2157 HR 5.41872 100.2606 FG 5.38227 100.2185 HR 5.43383 100.2796 FG 5.37908 100.2182 HR 5.42358 100.2846 FG 5.37397 100.2263 HR 5.43036 100.2908 FG 5.36522 100.2315 HR 5.42652 100.2823 FG 5.35847 100.2412 NP 5.46216 100.2028 MV 5.35494 100.2870 NP 5.46019 100.1981 MV 5.35233 100.2857 NP 5.46525 100.2000 MV 5.34927 100.2889 NP 5.46716 100.2018 MV 5.34761 100.2856 NP 5.45763 100.1931 MV 5.34333 100.2834 NP 5.45663 100.1905 MV 5.36375 100.2906 NP 5.45338 100.1880 MV 5.36547 100.2893 NP 5.44963 100.1831 MV 5.36508 100.2862 NP 5.47163 100.1954 MV 5.36447 100.2819 NP 5.47475 100.1858 MV 5.36669 100.2801 NP 5.47477 100.1838 MV 5.36822 100.2725 NP 5.47280 100.1819 MV 5.37041 100.2709 NP 5.45836 100.1962 MV 5.37325 100.2703 NP 5.45525 100.1987 MV 5.37597 100.2709 NP 5.45208 100.1984 MV 5.37775 100.2699 TR 5.44921 100.2193 RP 5.36008 100.2492 TR 5.44709 100.2197 RP 5.35763 100.2473 TR 5.44951 100.2218 RP 5.35822 100.2443 TR 5.45038 100.2254 RP 5.36183 100.2411 TR 5.44888 100.2278 RP 5.36486 100.2415 TR 5.45029 100.2304 RP 5.36730 100.2426 TR 5.44779 100.2251 RP 5.37005 100.2412 TR 5.44587 100.2226 RP 5.37547 100.2378 TR 5.44426 100.2202 RP 5.37502 100.2339 TR 5.44510 100.2251 RP 5.37661 100.2309 TR 5.44336 100.2282 RP 5.40372 100.2232 TR 5.44176 100.2241 RP 5.41394 100.2164 TR 5.44185 100.2212 RP 5.41644 100.2161 TR 5.43954 100.2267 RP 5.41752 100.2188 TR 5.43775 100.2247 RP 5.43019 100.2186 Appendix 3 Checklist of the disturbances and ranking criteria

Serial Disturbance types Ranking criteria upon Score intensity 1 Felling of trees >5cm dbh no. of tree <3 1 2 Disease and pest attack 3 Vine attack 3 to 5 2

4 Cutting of sapling and shrubs Less amount 1 5 Removal of deadwood and litters 6 Fuel-wood/sand/sun-grass/others 7 movement Considerable amount 2 8 Wild boar disturbance 9 Disease and pest attack Excessive amount 3 10 Infrastructure development 11 Soil erosion or excavation Forest floor disturbed for wood chipping

12 Trail Cleaning Old cleaning 1 13 Weeding Normal 2 Extensive 3 14 Water logging Presence 1 15 Canal/drainage/water movement 16 Removal of other forest products Permanent 2

17 Pesticide use Presence 2 18 Storm/cyclone/collapsed stand 19 Compaction by vehicles 20 Picnic/Camping/Tourism activities 21 Discharge of garbage 22 Landslides Prominent 3 23 Clear felling 24 Ground fire 25 Farming/agricultural activities Appendix 4 Pearson correlation for 13 plant traits along 4 environmental variables with bird abundance in the study area.

Sig. (2-tailed) C TS SA Se CC EL H DS TA R TAH TAD TB SA SSR SAH D SB SeA SR SeAH BA P . . . e CC 00 00 00 . a .013 0 .000 .000 0 .000 .000 .362 .000 .000 .000 1 .007 .000 000 .013 .004 r . . . s EL 16 00 39 . o .261 5 .008 .152 0 .003 .469 .002 .001 .000 .181 1 .073 .592 013 .719 .019 n . . CH 00 16 . C .407 .148 .000 .000 0 .000 .112 .000 .000 .000 .000 5 .005 .000 000 .027 .000 o . . r DS -.5 00 27 . r -.572 -.277 42 .000 0 .000 .000 .164 .000 .000 .000 8 .000 .007 000 .008 .001 e . . . l TA 52 00 26 . a .553 .152 6 -.488 0 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 5 .000 .000 000 .034 .000 t . . i TSR 68 30 . o .484 .372 4 -.601 .777 .000 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 8 .000 .000 000 .062 .000 n . . . TAH 50 48 00 . .416 .313 6 -.383 .400 6 .527 .000 .000 .000 .000 0 .883 .000 000 .600 .000 . TAD -.1 -.3 00 . -.506 .077 69 .421 -.494 27 -.068 .000 .000 .001 .006 4 .055 .000 021 .110 .039 . . . TB 53 45 46 . .097 .318 3 -.148 .427 2 .450 .462 .048 .001 .014 4 .033 .065 027 .905 .077 SA .720 .331 . -.519 .597 . .456 -.442 .209 .000 .000 . .000 .000 . .171 .000 46 62 09 000 5 3 4 . . . SSR 62 86 22 . .572 .427 6 -.646 .646 4 .490 -.337 .353 .765 .000 1 .000 .000 000 .217 .000 . . . SAH 53 50 94 . .461 .142 8 -.456 .504 6 .388 -.290 .259 .572 .476 9 .000 .000 003 .121 .001 -.1 -.1 . SAD -.355 -.092 47 .116 -.119 09 -.495 .298 .078 -.178 -.130 .007 .000 .024 074 .519 .141 . . . SB 29 40 46 . .284 .190 2 -.375 .460 3 .016 -.203 .224 .587 .411 .408 2 .047 038 .497 .148 . . SeA 45 49 -.2 . .441 .057 6 -.282 .564 2 .399 -.380 .195 .508 .412 .476 37 .210 000 .053 .006 . . SeSR 46 54 -.1 .447 .261 7 -.412 .433 2 .373 -.243 .234 .491 .503 .314 89 .219 .542 .001 .074 . . SeA 23 19 -.0 . H .261 -.038 3 -.278 .224 7 .056 -.170 .013 .146 .131 .164 69 .073 .204 340 .488 . BA -.4 -.5 15 -.1 -.304 -.246 31 .336 -.377 26 -.513 .219 -.187 -.429 -.536 -.356 6 -.154 -.288 89 -.074 Parameter and their significance were bold for p < 0.05. CC-canopy coverage, EL- elevation, CH-canopy height, DS- disturbance score, TA- tree abundance, TSR- tree species richness, TAH- tree average height, TAD- tree average diameter, TB- tree basal area, SA- sapling abundance, SSR- sapling species richness, SAH- sapling average height, SAD- sapling average diameter, SB- sapling basal area, SeA- seedling abundance, SeSR- seedling species richness, SeAH- seedling average height, BA- bird abundance.

Appendix 5(a-1) Relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF), relative basal area (RBA) and importance value index (IVI) for all tree species recorded in GHF in Penang Island SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI ANACARDIACEAE Bouea macrophylla - - 0.17 0.31 0.74 - - - - Bouea oppositifolia - - 0.35 0.84 1.71 - - - - Buchanania arborescens 0.26 0.12 4.00 2.56 9.13 5 3.54 3.51 12.66 Buchanania sessifolia - - 0.52 0.75 2.04 - - - - Gluta aptera 1.05 1.30 1.04 1.04 3.37 0 0.59 0.28 1.41 Gluta curtisii 0.26 0.17 - - - 1 1.77 0.58 4.34 Gluta elegans 1.31 1.48 1.74 0.86 4.15 - - - - Gluta wallichii - - 0.35 0.59 1.45 - - - - Gluta wrayi - - 0.52 0.45 1.48 - - - - Mangifera griffithii 0.52 0.15 0.52 0.13 1.43 0 0.59 0.14 1.09 Mangifera lagenifera - - - - - 0 0.29 0.03 0.51 Mangifera longipes - - 0.17 0.07 0.51 - - - - Mangifera longipetiolata - - 0.17 0.28 0.71 - - - - Melanochyla auriculata - - 0.17 0.10 0.53 - - - - Melanochyla tomentosa - - 0.17 0.01 0.45 - - - - Parishia insignis 0.52 0.64 0.35 2.72 3.58 - - - - Pentaspadon velutinus 0.26 0.12 ------Swintonia schwenkii - - 0.35 0.25 1.11 0 0.59 0.19 1.32 Swintonia spicifera 1.05 2.00 0.35 0.05 0.91 0 0.29 0.01 0.49 ANNONACEAE Cyathocalys curtisii - - - - - 0 1.18 0.09 2.00 Goniothalamus giganteus 1.05 1.61 0.70 0.80 2.53 0 0.88 0.43 1.86 Goniothalamus ridleyi 0.52 0.82 ------Goniothalamus scortechinii - - 0.17 0.01 0.44 - - - - Polyalthia beccarii 0.26 0.04 0.17 0.03 0.46 - - - - SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI Polyalthia hypoleuca - - 0.35 0.11 0.98 - - - - APOCYNACEAE - - Alstonia angustifolia 2.09 2.81 0.87 0.78 2.94 1 0.88 0.86 2.83 Alstonia macrophylla 0.52 0.50 - - - 0 0.29 0.34 0.81 Alstonia spatulata 0.79 1.15 0.17 0.74 1.17 - - - - ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis borneensis 1.57 4.61 0.17 0.11 0.55 0 0.59 0.32 1.27 ARECACEAE Gymnacranthera bancana - - 0.17 0.13 0.57 - - - - Oncosperma horrida 0.26 0.12 - - - 0 0.29 0.14 0.61 Pinanga sp. 0.26 0.02 ------BURSERACEAE ------Canarium littorale 2.09 0.77 0.35 0.05 0.91 0 0.59 0.43 1.38 Canarium megalanthum 1.05 0.21 - - - 0 0.88 0.19 1.62 Dacryodes rostrata 0.26 0.25 ------CALOPHYLLACEAE Calophyllum curtisii - - 0.17 0.03 0.46 0 0.59 0.36 1.49 Calophyllum inophyllum 2.09 0.84 1.74 1.85 5.13 0 1.18 0.45 2.35 Calophyllum macrocarpum 1.05 0.42 0.52 0.96 2.26 0 0.29 0.03 0.51 Calophyllum wallichianum 0.26 0.19 0.35 0.21 1.07 1 1.47 0.71 4.18 Mesua ferrea 0.79 0.09 0.70 0.11 1.84 0 1.18 0.14 2.22 CANNABACEAE Gironniera nervosa 0.26 0.07 0.87 0.10 1.74 0 0.88 0.04 1.47 CELASTRACEAE Kokoona littolaris 0.52 0.53 ------Lophopetalum javanicum - - 0.87 0.36 2.00 0 0.88 0.20 1.99 SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI CHRYSOBALANACEAE Atuna sp. 0.26 0.01 0.52 0.14 1.18 0 0.59 0.08 1.03 CLUSIACEAE Garcinia griffithii 1.31 0.98 1.04 1.16 3.23 0 1.18 0.85 2.76 Garcinia hombroniana - - 0.17 0.35 0.78 - - - - Garcinia mangostana 0.26 0.10 ------Garcinia nervosa 0.52 0.09 ------COMBRETACEAE Terminalia subspathulata - - 0.17 0.27 0.70 - - - - DILLENIACEAE Dillenia albiflos - - 0.52 0.07 1.10 - - - - Dillenia reticulata 0.26 0.03 0.35 0.20 1.06 0 1.18 0.32 2.40 DIPTEROCARPACEAE Anisoptera costata 0.52 0.28 ------Anisoptera curtisii 0.26 1.50 0.17 0.73 1.16 - - - - Campnosperma auriculatum - - 0.35 4.12 4.98 0 0.29 3.34 3.82 Campnosperma squamatum - - 0.35 0.16 0.77 - - - - Cotylelobium malayanum 0.79 0.52 0.17 0.05 0.48 0 0.29 0.05 0.52 Cotylelobium melanoxylon - - 0.17 0.32 0.76 0 0.29 0.32 0.79 Dipterocarpus costatus 0.79 1.03 1.04 1.54 3.62 0 0.88 1.97 3.58 Dipterocarpus crinitus 0.79 0.43 0.17 0.68 1.11 - - - - Dipterocarpus fagineus - - 0.17 0.16 0.59 0 0.29 0.67 1.15 Dipterocarpus gracilis - - 0.87 0.53 2.17 0 0.29 0.45 1.10 Dipterocarpus grandiflorus 1.05 0.42 - - - 0 0.88 0.32 2.11 Dipterocarpus retusus 0.52 0.59 ------Dipterocarpus sublamellatus 0.52 0.37 ------SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI Dryobalanops aromatica 0.79 0.50 0.17 0.18 0.61 0 0.88 1.63 3.42 Hopea beccariana 1.57 3.60 2.26 0.98 5.29 2 2.36 1.31 5.84 Hopea latifolia - - 0.35 0.03 0.90 0 0.29 0.02 0.49 Hopea montana 0.52 0.60 ------Hopea myrtifolia 1.05 0.57 - - - 0 0.59 0.10 1.23 Hopea nervosa 1.83 0.53 - - - 0 0.59 0.14 1.09 Hopea odorata 1.05 0.99 0.35 0.82 1.68 0 0.29 0.40 0.88 Hopea pachycarpa 0.52 0.84 0.17 0.08 0.51 - - - - Hopea sulcata - - 0.35 0.18 1.04 0 0.88 0.42 1.84 Parashorea stellate 0.52 1.00 - - - 0 0.59 0.51 1.46 Shorea curtisii 1.83 5.23 0.35 0.74 1.60 0 0.29 2.19 2.67 Shorea dealbata 0.79 1.05 0.17 0.07 0.50 - - - - Shorea hypochra 0.26 0.32 0.70 1.04 2.51 0 0.59 0.27 1.22 Shorea lepidota 2.62 3.91 - - - 0 1.18 0.22 2.13 Shorea leprosula - - 0.17 2.70 3.13 0 0.88 3.88 5.31 Shorea macroptera 1.83 3.00 2.96 6.79 11.80 3 2.65 11.87 18.32 Shorea materialis 0.79 0.11 0.52 0.27 1.31 - - - - Shorea maxwelliana 1.83 5.34 3.13 3.79 8.98 3 2.65 4.20 10.47 Shorea multiflora 1.31 2.67 0.35 0.94 1.80 0 0.88 0.15 1.76 Shorea ovalis 0.52 1.87 0.52 3.17 4.20 0 0.59 3.47 4.42 Shorea parvifolia 0.79 0.22 0.70 1.69 3.42 1 1.18 2.16 4.42 Shorea pauciflora 1.05 2.60 0.52 3.23 4.52 0 0.88 4.89 6.50 Shorea sumatrana - - 0.17 0.52 0.95 - - - - Vatica nitens 1.31 0.52 0.87 0.38 2.28 0 0.29 0.18 0.84 EBENACEAE Diospyros areolata 0.52 0.03 0.17 0.19 0.62 - - - - SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI Diospyros buxifolia 0.26 0.05 0.87 0.17 2.07 0 0.59 0.07 1.20 Diospyros pilosanthera - - 0.17 0.20 0.63 0 0.29 0.21 0.69 ELAEOCARPACEAE Eleocarpus sp. 1.05 0.05 0.17 0.08 0.51 0 0.59 0.15 1.10 ERYTHROXYLACEAE ------Erythroxylum cuneatum 0.26 0.06 0.52 0.27 1.30 - - - - EUPHORBIACEAE - - - - - Aporosa arborea 1.31 0.20 0.70 0.32 1.78 - - - - Austrobuxus nitidus 1.57 1.44 0.70 1.12 2.84 - - - - Croton argyratus - - 0.17 0.13 0.56 - - - - Endospermum malaccense 0.26 0.11 0.70 0.56 2.02 0 0.29 0.19 0.67 Macaranga gigantea 1.31 0.78 0.17 0.07 0.50 0 0.59 0.76 1.71 Macaranga triloba 0.26 0.06 ------Mallothus biaceae 0.52 0.26 ------FABACEAE Adenanthera pavonia 0.52 0.80 0.35 0.51 1.37 0 0.88 1.36 3.15 Archidendron clypearia 0.52 0.02 - - - 0 0.29 0.03 0.51 Archidendron jiringa 0.79 0.46 ------Cynometra malaccensis - - 0.35 1.11 1.72 - - - - Intsia palembanica 0.26 0.72 0.52 1.42 2.71 - - - - Koompassia excelsa - - 0.17 0.03 0.46 0 0.29 0.03 0.50 Koompassia malaccensis 0.26 0.39 0.52 1.55 2.84 0 1.47 3.11 5.49 Millettia atropurpurea - - 0.87 0.25 2.15 2 2.06 0.53 4.94 Parkia speciosa - - 0.17 0.25 0.68 - - - - Parkia javanica - - - - - 0 0.29 0.41 0.88 Pongamia pinnata - - 0.17 0.10 0.53 - - - - SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI Sindora siamensis - - 0.17 0.33 0.76 0 0.29 0.59 1.07 FAGACEAE Castanopsis motleyana 1.05 0.98 0.70 0.63 2.09 0 0.29 0.77 1.42 Lithocarpus rassa 1.31 2.07 0.52 0.81 2.10 0 1.18 0.82 2.72 Lithocarpus sundaicus 0.26 0.02 ------GENTIANACEAE ------Fagraea gigantea 1.05 0.84 1.22 4.10 6.86 0 0.59 3.27 4.22 Hamamelidaceae ------Maingaya malayana 0.79 0.25 ------HYPERICACEAE ------Cratoxylum formosum 1.57 0.29 0.17 0.20 0.63 0 0.59 1.40 2.53 IXONATHACEAE Ixonanthes icosandra - - 0.35 0.19 1.05 0 0.29 0.09 0.56 Ixonanthes reticulata 0.26 0.45 0.17 0.30 0.73 0 0.59 0.99 1.94 LAURACEAE Actinodaphne maingayi 0.26 0.27 0.17 0.33 0.76 0 0.88 0.84 2.26 Cinnamomum javanicum 1.05 0.71 - - - 0 0.29 0.27 0.74 Cinnamomum porrectum 1.05 1.21 0.70 0.75 2.48 0 1.18 1.03 3.12 Litsea grandis - - 0.70 1.25 2.72 0 0.88 1.20 2.81 Phoebe declinata - - 0.17 0.27 0.70 0 0.59 1.15 2.28 LECYTHIDACEAE Barringtonia sp. 0.52 0.03 0.52 0.03 1.33 0 0.88 0.08 1.68 LEGUMINOSAE Dialium kingii 1.05 0.92 0.35 0.09 0.96 - - - - LYTHRACEAE Sonneratia caseolaris - - 0.35 0.36 0.97 - - - - SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI MALVACEAE ------Durio griffithii 0.52 1.00 ------Durio pinangianus - - 0.35 0.95 1.81 0 0.29 0.54 1.01 Grewia laevigata 1.83 0.11 0.87 0.50 1.89 0 0.59 0.13 1.08 Heritiera sp. - - 0.17 0.09 0.52 0 0.29 0.09 0.57 Hibiscus tilliaceus - - 0.17 0.04 0.47 - - - - Microcos tomentosa - - 0.87 1.19 2.83 - - - - Pentace curtisii - - 0.87 0.34 2.24 1 1.47 0.38 2.94 Schoutenia accrescens 0.79 0.97 0.17 0.19 0.62 0 0.59 0.39 1.53 MELASTOMATACEAE Memecylon sp. 0.79 0.23 ------Pternandra echinata 1.05 0.66 3.30 0.70 6.32 5 3.24 1.29 10.14 MELIACEAE Aglaia argentea 1.05 0.39 ------Azadirachta excelsa 0.26 0.01 0.17 0.17 0.60 - - - - Chukrasia tabularis - - 0.17 0.40 0.83 - - - - MORACEAE Aporusa symplocoides 0.26 0.10 0.17 0.07 0.51 - - - - Artocarpus anisophyllus 0.52 0.74 0.35 0.25 1.12 - - - - Artocarpus nitidus 0.79 0.64 0.35 0.17 1.03 1 1.18 0.86 3.31 Artocarpus scortechinii 1.57 1.33 0.70 1.04 2.77 1 1.47 1.77 4.33 Ficus carica - - 0.17 0.15 0.58 - - - - Streblus elongatus 0.79 0.30 3.30 1.80 7.67 6 3.54 2.91 12.60 MYRISTICACEAE Myristica cinnamomea 0.79 0.49 0.87 0.77 2.93 1 1.47 0.59 3.15 Myristica maingayi - - - - - 0 0.88 0.37 1.79 SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI MYRTACEAE Rhodamnia cinerea 1.57 1.97 1.39 0.22 2.64 0 0.29 0.03 0.51 Rhodamnia dumetorum - - 0.17 0.03 0.46 - - - - Syzygium cerinum 0.79 0.36 1.57 2.12 4.71 1 1.18 1.87 5.04 Syzygium grande 1.05 0.32 2.96 2.18 7.70 2 2.36 0.99 5.70 Syzygium incarnatum 1.57 1.05 2.43 0.98 5.21 2 1.47 0.33 4.15 Syzygium papillosum 2.62 3.35 3.30 1.52 7.39 4 2.95 1.90 9.37 Syzygium sp. 1.05 0.41 6.26 1.91 10.99 1 2.06 0.23 4.29 Tristaniopsis merguensis 0.79 0.55 3.30 1.34 5.93 0 0.59 0.26 1.57 OCHNACEAE Brackenridgea hookeri 0.26 0.06 ------PHYLLANTHACEAE ------Antidesma cuspidatum 0.79 0.12 ------Baccaurea macrocarpa 0.26 0.18 0.35 0.04 0.90 0 0.29 0.01 0.49 Bridelia tomentosa - - 0.35 0.27 1.38 - - - - PODOCARPACEAE Podocarpus neriifolius 0.26 0.13 ------POLYGALACEAE Xanthophyllum amoenum - - - - - 0 0.59 0.61 1.56 PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes pendula - - 0.17 0.11 0.54 - - - - RHIZOPHORACEAE Pellacalyx sp. - - 0.52 0.95 2.24 0 1.18 0.95 2.85 Rhizophora mucronata - - 0.17 0.12 0.55 - - - - RUBIACEAE Porterandia scortechinii 1.83 1.03 2.09 0.66 5.06 1 2.06 0.72 4.60 SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI SAPINDACEAE Pometia pinnata - - 0.70 1.72 3.18 1 1.47 2.16 4.72 SAPOTACEAE Chrysophyllum cainito - - - - - 0 0.29 1.17 1.64 Palaquium gutta - - 1.39 0.27 2.69 2 1.77 0.73 4.85 Palaquium maingayi - - 0.52 0.18 1.22 0 0.59 0.20 1.51 Palaquium obovatum 0.26 0.95 0.52 0.30 1.59 0 0.88 0.55 1.98 Pouteria malaccensis - - 1.04 0.48 2.81 0 0.88 0.29 2.08 Pouteria obovata - - 0.17 0.15 0.58 - - - - SIMAROUBACEAE Eurycoma longifolia 0.26 0.01 0.35 0.02 0.89 0 0.29 0.01 0.49 STERCULIACEAE Pterospermum diversifolium - - 0.35 0.09 0.96 0 1.18 0.35 2.43 SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos adenophylla - - 1.39 0.20 2.11 - - - - THEACEAE Adinandra dumosa 1.05 0.16 0.52 0.17 1.20 2 0.88 0.48 3.90 Schima wallichii 2.36 4.83 0.17 0.32 0.75 - - - - THYMELAEACEAE Aquilaria malaccensis - - 0.17 0.18 0.61 0 0.29 0.71 1.73 Gonystylus bancanus 0.26 0.88 0.17 0.47 0.90 0 0.29 0.52 0.99 TORRICELLIACEAE Aralidium pinnatifidum 0.26 0.02 ------VERBENACEAE Vitex pinnata 0.26 0.38 0.35 0.72 1.58 0 0.29 0.44 0.92 The highest value has been given yellow shade. Appendix 5 (a-2) Relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF), relative basal area (RBA) and importance value index (IVI) for all tree species recorded in PHF in Penang Island SPECIE FG RP S RD RBA RD RF RBA IVI RD RF RBA IVI ANACA Anarca 0.31 0.29 0.77 0.61 0.99 2.37 - - - - Buchan ------0.52 0.93 0.33 1.78 Gluta 0.31 0.08 - - - - 0.26 0.93 0.10 1.30 Mangif 3.09 3.69 0.51 1.22 0.83 2.56 - - - - ANNON Annona 0.31 0.03 0.77 0.61 0.09 1.47 - - - - Goniot ------0.78 2.80 0.44 4.02 APOCY Alstoni - - 0.51 0.61 0.50 1.62 2.07 4.67 1.68 8.42 SPECIE FG RP S RD RBA RD RF RBA IVI RD RF RBA IVI ARECA Areca 3.70 1.47 1.03 0.61 0.60 2.24 0.52 1.87 0.38 2.77 Cocos 2.16 4.10 3.59 3.66 9.59 16.84 - - - - BURSE Canari 0.31 0.18 ------CARIC Carica 1.23 0.94 1.54 1.22 0.71 3.47 - - - - CALOP Caloph ------1.29 2.80 1.39 5.48 CLUSIA Garcini 0.62 1.02 - - - - 0.26 0.93 0.78 1.97 Garcini 2.78 2.85 3.08 3.66 2.90 9.63 - - - - COMBR Termin 0.31 0.33 0.51 0.61 0.92 2.05 0.78 1.87 2.08 4.72 DIPTER Shorea ------0.26 0.93 0.09 1.28 Hopea ------0.26 0.93 0.49 1.68 ELAEO Eleoca 0.62 0.04 - - - - 1.29 4.67 0.08 6.05 EUPHO Hevea 1.85 0.97 17.95 5.49 11.83 35.27 71.06 14.02 74.5 159.59 Macar - - 3.59 3.05 2.67 9.30 1.29 4.67 1.36 7.33 Macar 0.93 0.61 ------FABAC Acacia - - 4.36 4.27 6.66 15.29 0.26 0.93 0.48 1.67 Acacia - - 0.77 1.83 1.39 3.99 - - - - SPECIE FG RP S RD RBA RD RF RBA IVI RD RF RBA IVI Adenan - - 2.31 2.44 3.16 7.91 - - - - Archid 0.31 0.10 - - - - 1.03 3.74 0.59 5.36 Deloni 0.31 0.35 ------Leucae 0.31 0.15 1.03 1.22 0.94 3.19 1.55 4.67 0.74 6.96 Parase - - 0.77 0.61 1.31 2.69 0.52 1.87 1.17 3.56 Saman - - 0.26 0.61 0.72 1.59 - - - - Tamari ------0.52 0.93 1.70 3.15 LAURA Cinna 0.31 0.02 2.05 1.83 1.43 5.31 0.26 0.93 0.02 1.21 Cinna - - 0.26 0.61 0.85 1.72 1.03 3.74 0.81 5.59 LYTHR Punica - - 0.26 0.61 0.06 0.92 - - - - MALV Ceiba 0.31 0.42 ------Durio 43.52 56.76 6.67 4.88 11.43 22.97 - - - - Grewia - - 2.82 3.05 1.50 7.37 - - - - Hibiscu - - 0.26 0.61 0.01 0.88 - - - - Microc 0.31 0.16 7.18 6.71 6.20 20.09 2.84 7.48 1.78 12.10 Schout 0.62 0.50 - - - - 0.26 0.93 0.28 1.48 Theobr 1.23 0.85 ------MELAS Pterna ------0.52 0.93 0.13 1.58 MELIA Azadir - - 0.26 0.61 0.71 1.58 - - - - Azadir - - 1.03 1.83 2.17 5.02 - - - - Lansiu 2.78 2.23 - - - - 0.26 0.93 0.33 1.53 SPECIE FG RP S RD RBA RD RF RBA IVI RD RF RBA IVI Swieten - - 1.79 2.44 4.01 8.24 0.26 0.93 0.73 1.92 MORA Artocar 1.85 1.80 1.03 1.83 1.08 3.93 0.26 0.93 1.32 2.51 Artocar 1.54 1.12 3.33 3.05 3.02 9.40 0.78 1.87 1.15 3.79 Artocar 3.40 3.36 3.08 3.05 2.33 8.45 - - - - Artocar 3.40 3.13 - - - - 0.52 1.87 0.83 3.22 Artocar - - 1.03 1.83 0.69 3.54 - - - - Ficus - - 0.51 1.22 0.81 2.55 - - - - Ficus - - 0.77 1.83 2.50 5.10 - - - - Ficus 2.16 2.42 2.56 3.05 1.90 7.51 0.26 0.93 0.46 1.65 Ficus 0.31 0.29 0.26 0.61 0.35 1.21 - - - - MORIN Moring 0.93 0.32 0.26 0.61 0.23 1.10 0.26 0.93 0.19 1.38 MUSAC Musa 3.09 2.07 3.08 2.44 2.42 7.93 - - - - MYRIS Myristi 4.32 2.11 3.33 3.05 1.12 7.51 0.78 0.93 0.17 1.88 MYRTA Psidiu 0.93 0.26 3.08 4.27 0.85 8.20 - - - - Syzygiu 1.23 0.67 1.28 1.83 0.41 3.52 - - - - Syzygiu - - 1.03 1.83 0.51 3.37 - - - - Syzygiu 0.62 0.42 2.82 3.05 3.85 9.72 0.78 2.80 0.18 3.76 Syzygiu 0.62 0.45 0.26 0.61 0.22 1.08 3.36 8.41 1.16 12.93 Syzygiu - - 1.54 2.44 0.98 4.96 0.26 0.93 0.02 1.22 OXALI Averrh - - 0.26 0.61 0.09 0.96 - - - - SPECIE FG RP S RD RBA RD RF RBA IVI RD RF RBA IVI Averrh 0.31 0.14 0.26 0.61 0.19 1.05 - - - - PHYLL Antides - - 0.51 0.61 0.09 1.21 - - - - Baccau ------0.26 0.93 0.02 1.21 POACE Bambu 0.62 0.14 0.77 1.83 0.22 2.82 - - - - RUBIA Morind 0.62 0.27 0.51 1.22 0.14 1.87 0.26 0.93 0.19 1.38 Portera 0.62 0.24 - - - - 1.29 4.67 0.76 6.72 SAPIND Nepheli 4.32 2.56 1.79 2.44 1.19 5.43 - - - - Pometi - - 0.77 0.61 0.65 2.03 - - - - SIMAR Euryco 0.31 0.03 ------THYME Aquilar 0.31 0.05 - - - - 1.03 3.74 1.07 5.84 The highest value has been given yellow shade. Appendix 5(b-1) Relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF), relative basal area (RBA) and importance value index (IVI) for all sapling species recorded in GHF in Penang Island SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI ANACARDIACEAE Anacardium occidentale - - 0.30 0.18 0.91 - - - - Bouea macrophylla ------Bouea oppositifolia 0.41 0.35 0.30 0.67 1.39 - - - - Buchanania arborescens - - 2.13 1.87 6.09 4 4.28 2.65 11.06 Buchanania sessifolia - - 0.61 0.63 2.08 - - - - Campnosperma sp. - - - - - 0 0.53 0.54 1.37 Gluta aptera 0.81 1.43 1.52 0.91 4.51 0 1.60 0.53 3.02 Gluta elegans 2.03 1.56 2.74 1.90 7.56 2 3.21 1.51 7.38 Gluta wrayi - - 0.61 0.70 2.15 - - - - Mangifera griffithii - - 0.30 0.89 1.61 - - - - Mangifera longipetiolata - - 0.30 0.43 1.15 - - - - Swintonia spicifera 1.22 0.84 0.61 0.41 1.85 - - - - Swintonia schwenkii - - - - - 1 1.07 2.16 4.70 ANNONACEAE Cyathocalys curtisii - - - - - 0 0.53 0.78 1.61 Goniothalamus giganteus 3.25 1.18 0.61 0.57 2.01 0 0.53 0.15 0.98 Goniothalamus scortechinii - - 0.30 0.40 1.12 0 0.53 0.32 1.15 Phaeanthus ophthalmicus - - 0.30 0.18 0.91 - - - - SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI Polyalthia bullata - - 0.61 0.19 1.63 - - - - APOCYNACEAE Alstonia angustifolia 2.85 5.00 0.91 2.25 3.58 3 1.60 4.97 10.41 Alstonia macrophylla 0.81 2.26 ------Alstonia spatulata 0.81 1.28 0.61 0.86 2.30 - - - - ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis borneensis 2.03 5.67 ------ARECACEAE Calamus diepenhorstii - - - - - 0 1.07 1.00 2.66 Pinanga malaiana 0.41 0.83 - - - 0 1.07 1.52 3.18 BURSERACEAE Canarium littorale 1.63 1.83 0.61 1.44 2.88 0 1.07 1.16 2.82 Canarium megalanthum 1.63 0.98 ------CALOPHYLLACEAE Calophyllum inophyllum 4.07 4.14 2.13 3.24 7.87 0 1.60 1.56 4.05 Calophyllum macrocarpum 0.41 0.23 0.91 1.16 3.32 - - - - Calophyllum wallichianum 0.41 0.24 - - - 0 1.07 1.31 3.26 Mesua ferrea 0.81 0.64 0.30 0.20 0.92 1 1.07 1.44 3.98 CANNABACEAE Gironniera nervosa 0.41 0.07 1.22 1.11 3.16 0 1.07 0.65 2.60 CELASTRACEAE Lophopetalum javanicum - - 0.61 0.54 1.57 - - - - CHRYSOBALANACEAE Licania splendens - - 0.30 0.18 0.91 0 0.53 0.15 0.98 CLUSIACEAE Garcinia griffithii 1.63 0.88 1.52 0.72 3.91 - - - - SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI DILLENIACEAE Dillenia albiflos - - 0.30 0.67 1.39 - - - - Dillenia reticulata - - 0.30 0.38 1.10 - - - - DIPTEROCARPACEAE Anisoptera costata 0.81 0.72 ------Anisoptera curtisii 0.41 0.04 - - - 0 0.53 0.59 1.42 Campnosperma auriculatum - - 0.61 1.34 2.78 - - - - Cotylelobium malayanum 0.81 0.93 Dipterocarpus costatus - - 0.30 0.24 0.96 - - - - Dipterocarpus fagineus - - 0.30 0.22 0.94 - - - - Dipterocarpus gracilis - - 0.30 0.18 0.91 0 0.53 0.31 1.44 Dipterocarpus grandiflorus 0.81 0.35 0.30 0.18 0.91 0 0.53 0.15 0.98 Dipterocarpus retusus 0.41 0.49 ------Dryobalanops aromatica 0.81 0.89 0.30 0.96 1.69 0 1.60 1.93 4.42 Hopea beccariana 2.85 3.18 3.05 3.97 9.94 8 4.81 11.02 24.39 Hopea dryobalanoides - - - - - 0 0.53 0.22 1.34 Hopea montana 0.41 0.24 ------Hopea myrtifolia 0.81 0.40 ------Hopea odorata 1.22 0.79 0.30 0.40 1.12 - - - - Hopea pachycarpa - - 0.30 0.18 0.91 - - - - Hopea sulcata - - 0.30 0.48 1.21 - - - - Shorea curtisii 2.85 2.09 1.22 1.43 3.90 0 0.53 0.30 1.13 Shorea dealbata 0.81 0.67 ------Shorea hypochra - - 0.61 0.52 1.97 - - - - Shorea laevis - - 0.30 0.08 0.80 0 0.53 0.07 0.90 Shorea lepidota 3.25 3.80 1.22 0.87 2.92 - - - - SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI Shorea macroptera - - 2.44 4.90 9.00 0 1.07 1.38 3.34 Shorea materialis 0.81 0.65 0.61 0.35 1.79 - - - - Shorea maxwelliana 0.81 0.98 2.44 2.32 7.68 1 2.14 1.25 4.57 Shorea multiflora 3.25 4.95 0.91 0.55 2.30 0 0.53 1.55 2.68 Shorea ovalis 0.81 0.32 0.30 0.51 1.23 - - - - Shorea parvifolia 0.41 0.23 0.61 0.80 2.25 - - - - Shorea pauciflora 1.22 2.61 2.74 6.09 10.92 - - - - Vatica nitens 0.81 0.22 0.91 0.85 3.01 0 0.53 0.07 0.90 EBENACEAE Diospyros areolata 0.41 0.23 0.30 0.26 0.98 - - - - Diospyros buxifolia 0.41 0.05 0.30 0.06 0.78 0 1.60 0.42 2.91 ELAEOCARPACEAE Eleocarpus sp. 1.63 3.16 ------ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythroxylum cuneatum 0.41 0.04 ------EUPHORBEACEA Endospermum malaccense - - 0.61 1.08 2.53 - - - - Agrostistachys borneensis - - 0.30 0.12 0.84 - - - - Aporosa arborea - - 1.22 1.99 4.88 - - - - Aporosa symplocoides 0.41 0.14 0.30 0.17 0.89 - - - - Austrobuxus nitidus 1.22 0.57 0.30 0.17 0.89 - - - - Croton argyratus - - 0.30 0.07 0.79 - - - - Macaranga gigentea - - 0.30 0.05 0.77 0 0.53 0.04 0.87 Mallothus biaceae 0.81 1.21 ------FABACEAE Acacia concinna - - - - - 0 0.53 0.05 0.88 SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI Adenanthera pavonia 0.41 0.64 - - - 0 1.07 0.89 2.84 Archidendron jiringa 0.81 0.38 ------Cynometra malaccensis - - 0.61 1.51 2.95 - - - - Intsia palembanica - - 0.30 0.22 0.94 - - - - Koompassia malaccensis - - 0.61 0.37 1.40 0 0.53 0.32 1.15 Millettia atropurpurea - - - - - 3 3.74 1.95 9.52 Parkia javanica - - 0.30 0.40 1.12 0 0.53 0.32 1.15 Sindora sp. - - - - - 0 0.53 0.78 1.61 FAGACEAE Castanopsis motleyana 2.44 0.50 0.91 0.22 1.97 0 1.07 0.42 2.37 Lithocarpus rassa 0.41 0.33 0.91 1.01 3.17 1 1.07 0.51 2.76 GENTIANACEAE Fagraea gigantea 1.22 1.04 0.30 0.35 1.07 - - - - HYPERICACEAE - - - - Cratoxylum formosum - - - - - 0 1.07 0.87 2.53 IXONANTHACEAE Ixonanthes icosandra - - 0.91 0.41 2.57 0 0.53 0.05 0.88 Ixonanthes reticulata - - 0.30 0.33 1.05 0 0.53 0.23 1.06 LAURACEAE Actinodaphne maingayi 0.41 0.33 ------Cinnamomum javanicum 0.81 0.49 - - - 0 0.53 0.37 1.20 Cinnamomum porrectum 0.41 0.19 ------Litsea grandis - - 0.61 0.41 1.43 - - - - Phoebe declinata - - 0.30 0.17 0.89 - - - - LECYTHIDACEAE Barringtonia sp. 1.63 0.36 1.83 0.53 4.44 2 2.67 0.98 6.31 SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI LEGUMINOSAE Dialium kingii 0.81 0.51 ------LEMIACEAE Clerodendrum laevifolium 0.41 0.23 ------MALVACEAE Durio griffithii 0.41 0.09 ------Durio pinangianus - - 0.61 0.23 1.67 - - - - Grewia laevigata 2.03 0.84 0.61 0.14 1.17 - - - - Microcos tomentosa - - 0.61 0.37 1.40 - - - - Pentace curtisii - - 0.30 0.33 1.05 0 0.53 0.30 1.13 Schoutenia accrescens 0.41 0.35 0.61 0.73 2.17 - - - - MELASTOMATACEAE Melastoma decemfidum - - - - - 0 0.53 0.15 0.98 Memecylon sp. 0.41 0.14 0.30 0.18 0.91 0 0.53 0.15 0.98 Pternandra echinata 2.44 1.92 1.22 2.11 4.58 4 3.74 5.94 14.10 MELIACEAE Aglaia argentea 0.81 0.30 ------Lansium domesticum - - - - - 0 0.53 0.05 0.88 MORACEAE Artocarpus anisophyllus 0.41 0.43 ------Artocarpus nitidus - - 0.61 0.42 1.45 0 0.53 0.41 1.24 Artocarpus scortechinii 1.63 1.69 0.61 0.14 1.58 0 1.07 0.11 1.77 Ficus hispida - - - - - 0 0.53 1.55 2.68 Streblus elongatus 2.03 0.70 4.27 2.64 9.82 5 5.35 3.00 13.95 MYRISTICACEAE Myristica cinnamomea 0.81 0.45 0.91 0.65 2.81 1 2.14 0.61 3.93 SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI Rhodamnia cinerea 1.63 2.67 ------Syzygium cerinum 0.81 0.23 0.30 0.40 1.12 - - - - Syzygium claviflorum - - - - - 1 1.07 2.20 5.04 Syzygium grande 0.41 0.23 1.22 0.70 3.17 - - - - Syzygium incarnatum 1.63 0.85 1.52 1.62 4.39 1 1.07 3.80 6.35 Syzygium papillosum 2.03 1.34 2.44 2.40 6.50 4 2.67 4.45 11.25 Syzygium sp. 4.07 4.67 7.62 6.73 18.93 1 6.42 5.59 22.33 Tristaniopsis merguensis 0.81 0.57 5.79 7.03 15.32 2 1.60 1.16 4.83 OCHNACEAE Brackenridgea hookeri 0.41 0.16 ------PHYLLANTHACEAE Antidesma cuspidatum 1.22 5.71 ------Baccaurea macrocarpa 0.81 0.49 0.91 0.81 2.97 0 1.07 0.33 1.99 Breynia discigera - - 0.30 0.09 0.82 - - - - Phyllanthus columnaris - - 0.30 0.22 0.94 - - - - POLYGALACEAE Xanthophyllum amoenum - - 0.61 0.66 2.10 0 0.53 0.16 0.99 RHIZOPHORACEAE Bruguiera gymnorrhiza - - - 0.24 0.96 - - - - Pellacalyx sp. - - - 0.74 5.37 4 3.74 3.51 11.39 RUBIACEAE Gardenia carinata - - - - - 0 0.53 0.13 0.96 Ixora coccinea 0.41 0.14 1.22 0.67 3.14 - - - - Porterandia anisophylla 0.41 0.04 ------Porterandia scortechinii 1.63 0.84 3.35 1.73 7.16 0 1.07 0.16 1.82 Rothmannia macrophylla - - 0.30 0.17 0.89 - - - - SPECIES NP TR RF RBA RD RBA IVI R RF RBA IVI Urophyllum glabrum - - 0.30 0.17 0.89 - - - - SAPINDACEAE Pometia pinnata - - 0.30 0.51 1.23 - - - - SAPOTACEAE Palaquium gutta - - 1.52 1.27 4.46 1 1.60 1.05 4.43 Palaquium maingayi - - - - - 0 0.53 0.23 1.06 Palaquium obovatum 0.41 0.59 ------Pouteria malaccensis 0.41 0.23 1.22 0.99 3.46 1 1.60 1.04 4.12 SIMAROUBACEAE Eurycoma longifolia 0.41 0.30 0.30 0.22 0.94 0 0.53 0.15 0.98 SONNERATIACEAE Duabanga grandiflora - - 0.61 1.41 2.85 0 0.53 0.57 1.40 STERCULIACEAE Pterospermum diversifolium 0.81 0.18 0.30 0.05 0.77 0 0.53 0.04 0.87 THEACEAE Adinandra dumosa 0.81 1.00 0.61 0.88 2.33 5 3.21 11.92 21.03 Schima wallichii 2.44 7.51 0.30 0.20 0.92 - - - - THYMELAEACEAE Gonystylus bancanus 0.41 0.33 0.30 0.20 0.92 0 0.53 0.19 1.02 Gonystylus brunnescens 1.22 0.53 0.30 0.18 0.91 1 2.14 0.96 4.28 VERBENACEAE Vitex pinnata 0.41 0.12 1.52 1.74 4.51 0 0.53 0.62 1.45 The highest value has been given yellow shade. Appendix 5(b-2) Relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF), relative basal area (RBA) and importance value index (IVI) for all sapling species recorded in PHF in Penang Island SPECIE FG RP S RD RBA RD RF RBA IVI RD RF RBA IVI ANACA Mangif 4.50 4.57 2.66 4.17 4.55 11.37 - - - - ANNON Annona 2.70 2.20 0.76 0.83 1.63 3.22 - - - - APOCY Alstoni ------4.68 6.58 6.97 18.23 ARECA Calam - - 0.83 0.40 1.61 - - - - CALOP Caloph ------0.43 1.32 1.03 2.77 Caloph ------1.70 5.26 4.33 11.29 CARIC Carica 1.80 2.55 0.38 0.83 0.75 1.96 - - - - CLUSIA Garcini 2.70 3.82 1.14 1.67 2.11 4.91 - - - - COMBR Termin 0.90 1.33 ------DIPTER Shorea ------0.85 1.32 0.49 2.66 EUPHO Hevea - - 32.32 8.33 13.73 54.39 52.77 18.42 34.3 105.53 Macar 1.80 0.17 5.70 7.50 7.25 20.45 4.68 7.89 3.04 15.62 Macar 6.31 4.98 ------SPECIE FG RP S RD RBA RD RF RBA IVI RD RF RBA IVI Hevea 4.50 5.08 ------FABAC Acacia - - 6.08 6.67 10.33 23.08 - - - - Adenan - - 4.56 5.00 3.83 13.39 - - - - Archid ------1.28 3.95 2.37 7.59 Leucae - - 2.28 4.17 2.04 8.49 1.28 1.32 1.74 4.33 Milletti - - 0.38 0.83 0.08 1.30 0.43 1.32 0.31 2.05 Parase ------0.85 1.32 1.08 3.25 Saman - - 0.38 1.67 0.45 2.50 - - - - LAURA Cinna - - 0.38 0.83 0.40 1.61 - - - - Cinna ------1.70 5.26 2.80 9.77 Cinna - - 0.38 0.83 0.68 1.89 1.70 5.26 2.17 9.13 LECYT Barrin ------1.70 2.63 0.81 5.15 LYTHR Lawson 0.90 0.59 ------MALV Durio 10.81 13.65 2.28 3.33 4.19 9.80 - - - - Grewia - - 0.76 1.67 1.52 3.95 - - - - Grewia ------1.70 5.26 0.93 7.89 Hibiscu - - 1.14 0.83 0.50 2.48 - - - - Microc 7.21 6.92 6.08 7.50 5.01 18.60 12.34 9.21 15.0 36.59 MELAS Melast ------3.40 5.26 2.06 10.73 MELIA SPECIE FG RP S RD RBA RD RF RBA IVI RD RF RBA IVI Lansiu 8.11 9.74 - - - - 0.43 1.32 1.08 2.82 Swieten - - 0.38 0.83 0.85 2.06 - - - - MORA Artocar 4.50 5.58 0.76 0.83 1.39 2.99 0.43 1.32 1.36 3.10 Artocar - - 3.42 5.83 6.10 15.35 0.85 2.63 2.27 5.75 Artocar 2.70 2.20 3.42 4.17 6.65 14.24 - - - - Artocar 8.11 10.87 - - - - 0.85 1.32 3.03 5.20 Ficus - - 0.38 0.83 0.85 2.06 - - - - Ficus 9.91 4.41 0.76 1.67 1.24 3.66 0.43 1.32 0.66 2.40 Ficus 0.90 0.23 3.04 3.33 1.61 7.98 - - - - MORIN Moring - - 1.14 0.83 2.27 4.24 - - - - MYRTA Syzygiu - - 1.14 1.67 1.65 4.46 - - - - Syzygiu 1.80 2.49 2.66 3.33 2.17 8.16 - - - - Syzygiu 2.70 0.84 - - - - 3.83 6.58 8.71 19.12 Syzygiu - - 2.66 2.50 1.09 6.25 0.43 1.32 0.98 2.72 MYSIS Myristi 8.11 5.88 2.66 3.33 4.92 10.92 0.85 1.32 2.11 4.28 OXALI Averrh - - 0.38 0.83 0.48 1.69 - - - - PHYLL Antides - - 0.76 0.83 0.56 2.15 - - - - RUBIA Ixora - - 1.90 0.83 1.23 3.96 - - - - Morind 0.90 0.71 2.66 5.00 3.03 10.69 0.43 1.32 0.28 2.03 SPECIE FG RP S RD RBA RD RF RBA IVI RD RF RBA IVI RUTAC Citrus - - 1.52 2.50 1.37 5.39 - - - - SAPIND Nepheli 6.31 8.54 1.52 2.50 2.79 6.81 - - - - SAPOT Manilk 1.80 2.66 ------STERC Pterosp - - 0.76 0.83 0.32 1.92 - - - - The highest value has been given yellow shade.

Appendix 5(c-1) Relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF) and importance value index (IVI) for all seedling species recorded in GHF in Penang Island SPECIES HR TR RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI AMARYLIDACEAE Moniniera latifolia 0.79 1.52 - - 1.65 0.65 2.31 ANACARDIACEAE Buchanania arborescens 0.26 0.99 4.05 1.71 3.78 4.58 8.36 Gluta aptera 0.79 1.52 0.76 0.85 0.71 0.65 1.36 SPECIES HR TR RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI Gluta elegans 2.38 3.11 - - - - - Mangifera griffithii - - 0.51 0.85 0.24 0.65 0.89 Swintonia spicifera 5.82 8.74 - - - - - ANISOPHYLLEACEAE Anisophyllea griffithii 0.26 0.99 - - - - - ANNONACEAE Cyathocalyx curtisii - - - - 0.24 0.65 0.89 Goniothalamus giganteus 0.53 1.26 - - - - - Polyalthia bullata 0.79 2.25 0.25 0.85 - - - APOCYNACEAE Alstonia angustifolia 0.26 0.99 - - 1.42 0.65 2.07 ARACACEAE Licuala sp. 0.26 0.99 - - - - - Licuala spinosa 0.53 1.99 - - 1.18 1.96 3.14 ARACEAE Aglaonema nitidum - - 3.54 1.71 - - - Alocasia sp. 1.06 1.79 - - 0.24 0.65 0.89 Hestia longifolia - - 0.76 0.85 - - - Homalomena sagittifolia 1.06 1.79 - - 3.07 1.31 4.38 ARECACEAE Calamus diepenhorstii 2.65 4.84 1.52 4.27 1.89 2.61 4.51 Calamus exilis - - - - 0.71 1.31 2.02 Calamus pennisilatus 0.79 1.52 - - - - - Caryota mitis 0.79 2.25 1.27 2.56 0.47 0.65 1.13 Daemonorops geniculata 0.53 1.26 - - - - - Daemonorops lewisiana - - 0.51 1.71 0.24 0.65 0.89 SPECIES HR TR RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI Eugeissona tristis 1.59 4.51 - - 0.24 0.65 0.89 Licuala spinosa - - 0.51 0.85 - - - Oncosperma horrida 0.26 0.99 - - - - - Pinanga sp. 0.26 0.99 - - - - - Plectocomia griffithii 1.59 5.24 0.25 0.85 0.47 1.31 1.78 BURSERACEAE Canarium littorale - - 0.25 0.85 0.95 0.65 1.60 CALOPHYLLACEAE Calophyllum inophyllum 1.59 3.78 1.52 2.56 1.89 1.96 3.85 Mesua ferrea - - 0.76 1.71 0.47 0.65 1.13 CANNABACEAE Gironniera nervosa 0.79 2.25 - - 0.71 1.31 2.02 CHRYSOBALANACEAE Atuna penangiana 0.53 1.99 - - - - - CLUSIACEAE Garcinia griffithii - - - - 0.47 0.65 1.13 DILLENIACEAE Acrotrema costatum - - 0.51 0.85 - - - Dillenia reticulata 0.53 1.26 - - - - - Tetracera indica 0.53 1.26 - - - - - DIPTERIDACEAE Dipteris conjugata 3.70 5.89 - - - - - DIPTEROCARPACEAE Anisoptera curtisii 0.26 0.99 - - - - - Campnosperma auriculatum 0.25 0.85 - - - Dipterocarpus costatus 1.32 2.05 4.30 2.56 - - - SPECIES HR TR RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI Dipterocarpus fagineus - - 1.52 0.85 Dipterocarpus gracilis - - 0.76 0.85 2.13 0.65 2.78 Dipterocarpus grandiflorus 0.53 1.26 2.28 1.71 2.13 1.96 4.09 Dryobalanops aromatica 1.06 1.79 - - 4.02 0.65 4.67 Hopea beccariana 6.35 8.54 3.54 0.85 1.18 1.31 2.49 Hopea cellata - - 1.27 1.71 0.71 0.65 1.36 Hopea latifolia - - 3.04 0.85 3.07 1.31 4.38 Hopea nervosa 1.32 2.78 - - - - - Hopea nutans 3.04 1.71 - - - Hopea pachycarpa 1.32 2.78 5.06 1.71 - - - Shorea curtisii 2.65 3.38 - - 1.42 0.65 2.07 Shorea lepidota 0.79 1.52 1.27 0.85 - - - Shorea macroptera - - 0.51 0.85 0.71 1.31 2.02 Shorea maxwelliana 4.50 6.69 4.81 3.42 6.15 2.61 8.76 Shorea ovalis 1.59 2.32 - - 2.60 2.61 5.21 Shorea uliginosa - - - - 0.24 0.65 0.89 Vatica nitens 0.53 1.26 - - 0.71 0.65 1.36 EBENACEAE Diospyros buxifolia - - 5.06 2.56 2.60 3.92 6.52 ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythroxylum cuneatum 0.53 1.26 0.25 0.85 - - - EUPHORBIACEAE Agrostistachys borneensis - - 1.27 1.71 - - - Aporosa arborea - - 0.51 0.85 - - - Elateriospermum tapos 0.26 0.99 - - - - - Macaranga gigantea 0.26 0.99 - - - - - SPECIES HR TR RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI FABACEAE Adenanthera pavonia 0.26 0.99 0.25 0.85 1.18 3.27 4.45 Archidendron clypearia 1.59 4.51 - - - - - Koompassia malaccensis 0.79 1.52 - - 2.60 1.31 3.91 Millettia atropurpurea - - - - 0.95 1.31 2.25 Sindora sp. - - - - 0.47 0.65 1.13 FAGACEAE Castanopsis motleyana 1.59 3.78 - - - - - GESNERIACEAE Codonoboea padangensis - - - - 0.71 0.65 1.36 Codonoboea salicinoides - - 0.76 0.85 - - - GLEICHENIACEAE Dicranopteris linearis 2.12 3.58 - - 0.47 0.65 1.13 HYPERICACEAE Cratoxylum formosum - - - - 0.95 0.65 1.60 HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo latifolia - - - - 1.42 0.65 2.07 IXONANTHACEAE Ixonantes icosandra - - - - 0.24 0.65 0.89 LAURACEAE Cinnamomum javanicum 0.26 0.99 - - 0.95 1.31 2.25 LECYTHIDACEAE Barringtonia sp. 3.44 6.36 1.77 3.42 4.73 5.23 9.96 LEMIACEAE Clerodendrum laevifolium 1.59 3.05 - - - - - MALVACEAE SPECIES HR TR RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI Grewia laevigata 0.79 1.52 0.76 0.85 - - - Schoutenia accrescens 0.53 1.99 - - 0.95 1.31 2.25 MARATTIACEAE Angiopteris evecta 0.53 1.99 - - - - - MELASTOMATACEAE Melastoma decemfidum 0.53 1.26 - - 2.60 0.65 3.25 Melastoma malabathricum 0.53 1.26 3.80 5.13 0.95 1.31 2.25 Pternandra echinata 1.32 3.51 - - 1.42 1.96 3.38 MORACEAE Artocarpus anisophyllus 0.79 1.52 - - - - - Artocarpus nitidus - - - - 2.84 0.65 3.49 Artocarpus scortechinii 1.32 3.51 - - - - - Ficus hispida - - - - 0.71 0.65 1.36 Streblus elongatus - - 0.51 0.85 3.07 3.27 6.34 MUNTINGIACEAE Muntingia calabura 2.65 3.38 - - - - - Myristica cinnamomea 1.32 2.05 - - 1.18 1.96 3.14 MYRTACEAE Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 0.26 0.99 - - - - - Rodamnia cineria 0.26 0.99 0.25 0.85 - - - Syzygium cerinum 0.53 1.26 - - 0.71 0.65 1.36 Syzygium grande 1.59 2.32 1.27 1.71 1.89 1.31 3.20 Syzygium incarnatum - - 0.25 0.85 - - - Syzygium papillosum 1.32 3.51 2.28 1.71 1.18 1.31 2.49 Syzygium sp. 1.32 2.05 4.05 4.27 2.36 1.96 4.32 Tristaniopsis merguensis - - 5.06 2.56 1.42 1.31 2.73 SPECIES HR TR RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI NEPENTHACEAE Nepenthes albomarginata 1.59 2.32 - - 0.95 0.65 1.60 PANDANACEAE Pandanus sp. 3.44 7.82 3.04 5.98 1.18 2.61 3.80 PHYLLANTHACEAE Actephila ovalis - - 0.51 0.85 - - - Antidesma cuspidatum 1.59 2.32 - - - - - Baccaurea macrocarpa 0.79 1.52 - - - - - Phyllanthus niruri - - 0.76 0.85 - - - POACEAE Leptaspis urceolata - - 1.27 0.85 - - - Lopatherum gracile - - - - 0.24 0.65 0.89 PRIMULACEAE Ardisia crenata 2.38 4.57 - - - - - Rhizophoraceae ------Carallia sp. - - - - 0.47 1.31 1.78 Pellacalyx sp. - - - - 1.42 3.27 4.69 RUBIACEAE Ixora coccinea 3.17 6.09 8.35 6.84 0.95 1.31 2.25 Lasianthus sp. 2.12 5.04 1.52 3.42 1.18 1.96 3.14 Porterandia scortechinii - - - - 0.95 1.96 2.91 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium gutta - - - - 0.47 1.31 1.78 Palaquium maingayi - - - - 0.95 0.65 1.60 Palaquium microphyllum - - - - 0.24 0.65 0.89 Palaquium obovatum 1.32 2.05 - - - - - SPECIES HR TR RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI Pouteria malaccensis - - - - 0.24 0.65 0.89 SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella sp. - - - - 0.71 0.65 1.36 SIMAROUBACEAE Eurycoma longifolia 0.26 0.99 0.51 1.71 0.24 0.65 0.89 Eurycoma sp. - - - - 0.24 0.65 0.89 STERCULIACEAE Pterospermum diversifolium - - 3.04 5.13 1.42 1.31 2.73 THEACEAE Adinandra dumosa - - - - 0.95 0.65 1.60 Schima wallichii 0.53 1.26 - - - - - THYMELAEACEAE Gonystylus bancanus 0.53 1.99 - - - - - VERBENACEAE Vitex pinnata - - 0.76 0.85 0.71 0.65 1.36 ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia sp. 0.79 1.52 1.77 0.85 1.89 0.65 2.54 Amomum micranthum - - 1.77 0.85 - - - The highest value has been given yellow shade.

Appendix 5(c-2) Relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF) and importance value index (IVI) for all seedling species recorded in PHF in Penang Island. SPECIES FG RP RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI ANACARDIACEAE Mangifera indica 0.92 3.10 - - - - - APOCYNACEAE SPECIES FG RP RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI Alstonia angustifolia 0.46 1.55 1.25 0.83 3.94 4.81 8.75 ARACEAE Aglaonema nitidum - - - - 3.58 1.92 5.51 Alocasia sp. 5.53 8.79 2.19 1.67 2.87 1.92 4.79 ARECACEAE Areca catechu 0.46 1.55 - - - - - Calamus diepenhorstii - - 2.51 2.50 1.08 2.88 3.96 Caryota mitis 3.69 8.03 5.96 10.00 7.17 11.54 18.71 Eugeissona tristis - - 0.31 0.83 1.43 3.85 5.28 Pandanus sp. - - 3.13 2.50 3.94 3.85 7.79 Phoenix sylvestris 0.46 1.55 - - - - - BROMELIACEAE Ananas comosus 3.69 6.95 4.39 4.17 1.08 0.96 2.04 CACTACEAE Hylocereus undatus 0.46 1.55 - - - - - CARICACEAE Carica papaya 3.23 6.49 0.31 0.83 - - - CANOPHYLLACEAE Calophyllum inophyllum - - - - 1.08 0.96 2.04 CLUSIACEAE Garcinia griffithii - - - - 2.15 2.88 5.04 EUPHORBEACEA Hevea brasiliensis 9.22 16.83 17.87 8.33 24.73 14.42 39.15 Macaranga gigentea 1.38 3.56 4.70 8.33 1.08 0.96 2.04 Macaranga tanarius 2.30 5.57 - - 3.23 4.81 8.03 Manihot esculenta 0.92 2.01 - - - - - SPECIES FG RP RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI FABACEAE Leucaena leucocephala - - - - 1.08 0.96 2.04 Millettia atropurpurea - - 0.31 0.83 - - - GLEICHENIACEAE Dicranopteris linearis 1.38 2.47 - - 5.02 2.88 7.90 LECYTHIDACEAE Barringtonia sp. - - - - 0.72 1.92 2.64 LYTHRACEAE Lawsonia inermis 1.38 3.56 - - - - - Punica granatum 0.92 3.10 0.31 0.83 0.36 0.96 1.32 MALVACEAE Durio zibethinus 1.84 6.19 - - - - - Hibiscus rosa-scienensis - - 1.57 3.33 - - - Microcos tomentosa 0.46 1.55 2.51 3.33 6.45 5.77 12.22 MARANTACEAE Schumannianthus dichotomas - - 0.94 0.83 - - - MELASTOMATACEAE Melastoma decemfidum 11.52 16.96 2.82 2.50 3.58 5.77 9.35 MORACEAE Artocarpus altilis 1.84 6.19 - - - - - Ficus hispida 8.29 15.90 6.90 7.50 2.51 3.85 6.36 Ficus religiosa 0.46 1.55 - - - - - MUSACEAE Musa sp. 11.98 21.76 6.90 7.50 5.02 6.73 11.75 MYRISTICACEAE Myristica fragrans 1.38 2.47 1.25 2.50 - - - SPECIES FG RP RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI MYRTACEAE Psidium Guajava 0.46 1.55 0.31 0.83 - - - Syzygium grande - - 1.88 1.67 - - - Syzygium papillosum 3.23 6.49 0.94 2.50 0.36 0.96 1.32 Syzygium sp. - - 0.94 0.83 1.43 0.96 2.40 PHYLLANTHACEAE Antidesma cuspidatum - - 2.51 5.00 0.72 0.96 1.68 POACEAE Bambusa sp. 1.84 2.93 - - - - - Saccharum officinarum - - 1.57 0.83 - - - RHAMNACEAE Ziziphus mauritiana 0.46 1.55 - - - - - RUBIACEAE Ixora coccinea - - 5.02 5.00 3.58 5.77 9.35 Lasianthus sp. - - - - 0.72 0.96 1.68 Morinda elliptica 1.84 2.93 3.13 2.50 0.72 0.96 1.68 RUTACEAE Citrus aurantifolia 4.15 7.41 0.63 0.83 - - - Murraya koenigii 1.84 6.19 1.25 1.67 - - - SAPINDACEAE Nephelium lappaceum 1.38 4.64 - - - - - SIMAROUBACEAE Eurycoma sp. - - - - 0.36 0.96 1.32 STERCULIACEAE Pterospermum diversifolium - - 0.94 0.83 - - - VERBENACEAE SPECIES FG RP RD IVI RD RF RD RF IVI Clerodendrum paniculatum - - 0.63 0.83 - - - Lantana camara 0.92 2.01 0.31 0.83 - - - ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia sp. 9.68 15.11 5.96 3.33 5.73 1.92 7.66 Curcuma longa - - 1.88 0.83 - - - Zingiber officinale - - 5.96 2.50 4.30 1.92 6.22 The highest value has been given yellow shade. Appendix 5(d) Frequencies of occurrence for birds at each forest-type at Penang Island including their management regime in Penang Island, Peninsular Malaysia Species Gov Pvt HR NP TR FG MV RP ACCIPITRIDAE Accipiter gularis 0.067 - 0.133 - - - Butastur indicus - - - 0.067 - - Haliaeetus leucogaster - 0.133 - - - 0.067 Haliastur indus 0.200 - - 0.133 0.067 0.067 Spilornis cheela 0.067 - 0.067 - - - AEGITHINIDAE Aegithina viridissima - 0.133 - - - - ALCEDINIDAE Alcedo atthis 0.133 - - - 0.200 - Alcedo meninting 0.067 - - - - - Pelargopsis capensis - 0.133 - - - - Todiramphus chloris - - 0.067 - - - APODIDAE Apus affinis - 0.333 - - - - Apus pacificus 0.600 - - - - Cypsiurus balasiensis - - 0.467 - - - ARDEIDAE Ardeola bacchus - - - 0.200 0.133 - CAPRIMULGIDAE Caprimulgus macrurus - - 0.067 - - - CHLOROPSEIDAE Aegithina tiphia 0.133 - - 0.400 - - COLUMBIDAE Chalcophaps indica 0.600 0.467 0.467 - - - Geopelia striata - 0.333 1.467 1.200 1.533 0.867 Streptopelia chinensis 0.200 0.533 0.533 0.267 0.600 0.467 Treron curvirostra - 0.267 0.467 0.067 - - Treron olax - 0.333 0.067 - - - Treron vernans 0.200 0.400 0.533 - 1.067 0.533 CORACIIDAE Eurystomus orientalis 0.200 - 0.067 - 0.133 - CORVIDAE Corvus splendens - - - 0.667 0.333 0.400 Platylophus galericulatus - 0.067 - - - - CUCULIDAE Cacomantis merulinus - - 0.200 0.133 0.067 - Centropus bengalensis - - - - - 0.067 Centropus sinensis 0.133 0.133 0.267 0.600 0.533 Cuculus merulinus 0.133 - - - - - Eudynamys scolopaceus - - 0.267 0.333 0.467 0.400 Phaenicophaeus curvirostris 0.133 0.267 0.267 0.333 - - Surniculus lugubris 0.133 - 0.333 - - - DICAEIDAE Dicaeum cruentatum - 0.133 - 0.667 0.467 0.600 Species Gov Pvt HR NP TR FG MV RP Dicaeum trigonostigma - 0.200 0.533 - - - DICRURIDAE Dicrurus leucophaeus - - - - 0.267 - Dicrurus macrocercus - - 0.200 0.333 - 0.867 Dicrurus paradiseus 0.667 0.933 0.733 0.933 0.600 0.467 ESTRILIDIDAE Lonchura malacca - - - - 0.267 - EURYLAIMIDAE Eurylaimus ochromalus - - 0.067 - - - HALCYONIDAE Halcyon smyrnensis 0.067 - - 0.333 0.267 0.467 HIRUNDINIDAE Hirundo tahitica - 0.467 - - - - Hirundu rustica - 0.800 0.333 - - - IRENIDAE Irena puella - 0.133 - - - - LANIIDAE Lanius cristatus 0.200 - - - 0.133 0.067 Lanius tigrinus - - - - 0.067 - MEGALAIMIDAE Megalaima haemacephala - - - - - 0.133 MEROPIDAE Merops leschenaulti 0.867 - - - 0.600 0.133 Merops philippinus 0.400 - - 0.267 0.133 0.400 MOTACILLIDAE Anthus Richardi - - - 0.400 - - Dendronanthus indicus 0.133 0.067 - - - - MUSCICAPIDAE Copsychus saularis - - 0.067 - - - Cyornis tickelliae 0.200 0.267 0.067 - - - Ficedula mugimaki 0.200 - - - - - Muscicapa dauurica 0.333 - - - - - NECTARINIIDAE Anthreptes malacensis - 0.267 0.133 0.933 0.467 Arachnothera longirostra 0.267 0.267 - - - - Arachnothera robusta 0.333 - - - - - Hypogramma hypogrammicum - 0.400 - - - - Nectarinia jugularis - 0.133 0.067 - - - Nectarinia sperata - 0.133 - - - - ORIOLIDAE Oriolus chinensis 0.133 - 0.200 1.667 1.000 0.667 PASSERIDAE Passer flaveolus - - - - 0.133 - Passer montanus - - 0.933 1.200 2.333 0.333 PELLORNEIDAE Alcippe brunneicauda - - 0.067 - - - Malacocincla sepiaria - - - - 0.133 - Species Gov Pvt HR NP TR FG MV RP PICIDAE Celeus brachyurus 0.067 - - - - - Chrysocolaptes lucidus - - - 0.067 - - Chrysophlegma miniaceum - - - - 0.067 0.133 Dinopium javanense 0.133 - - - - - Micropternus brachyurus - - 0.067 - - - Picus miniaceus 0.067 - - - - - PLOCEIDAE Ploceus philippinus - - 0.133 - - - PSITTACIDAE Psittacula longicauda - - - 0.133 - - PYCNONOTIDAE Iole olivacea - - 0.067 - - - Pycnonotus cafer 0.067 - - - - - Pycnonotus erythropthalmos - 0.133 0.067 - - - Pycnonotus finlaysoni - - - - - 0.133 Pycnonotus goiavier 0.200 - - 0.533 0.733 1.533 Pycnonotus jocosus - - - - 0.133 - Pycnonotus plumosus - - 0.067 - - - Pycnonotus simplex - 0.200 0.200 - - - Tricholestes criniger 0.200 0.200 0.067 - - - RALLIDAE Amaourornis phoenicurus - - - 0.733 0.400 - Rhipiduridae ------Rhipidura nigritorquis - - 0.200 - 1.267 0.733 STURNIDAE Acridotheres fuscus 1.200 0.867 1.133 - - - Acridotheres javanicus - - - - 0.467 0.667 Acridotheres tristis - - - 1.667 1.667 1.000 Aplonis panayensis 0.533 0.067 0.133 0.933 1.267 1.467 Gracula religiosa - 0.067 - - - - SYLVIIDAE Orthotomus atrogularis 0.133 - - - - - Orthotomus ruficeps - 1.400 0.667 1.267 0.467 1.533 Orthotomus sutorius 0.400 0.667 0.200 1.400 0.533 1.533 Phylloscopus borealis 0.667 - - - - - TIMALIIDAE Alcippe brunneicauda 0.467 - - - - - Macronous gularis 0.200 - - - - - Malacocincla malaccensis 0.067 0.200 0.067 - - - Malacopteron affine - - 0.067 - - - Malacopteron albogulare - 0.133 - 0.200 - - Mixornis gularis - - - - - 0.200 Stachyridopsis rufifrons - - - - 0.133 - Stachyris nigriceps 0.533 0.600 - - - - Trichastoma rostratum - 0.200 - - - - TROGONIDAE Species Gov Pvt HR NP TR FG MV RP Harpactes duvaucelii - - 0.067 - - - TURDIDAE Copsychus malabaricus 0.200 0.267 0.067 - - 0.133 Copsychus saularis 0.200 - - 0.533 0.200 0.133 TURNICIDAE Turnix suscitator - - - - 0.533 - Yellow mark indicates the highest value for each area.

Appendix 6 Estimation of average diversity of species at their respective cut-off point for the all forest sites in Penang Island, Malaysia

Species No. of HR NP TR FG MV RP Categor individuals y Tree 324 103±3 114±4 93±3 44±0 49±1 35±1

Sapling 111 54±3 60±4 44±3 23±0 29±2 19±2

Seedling 217 68±2 49±2 66±2 34±0 33±1 29±1

Bird 182 44±0 39±0 45±1 29±1 34±1 29±1