1Supplementary material
2Low, chronic exposure to endosulfan induces bioaccumulation and carcass total fatty acids 3alterations in neotropical fruit bats. 4 5Endosulfan residues in the diet and tissues
6Endosulfan residues were identified by comparing the compound retention time to the pattern for 7this chemical. The peaks with retention time (RT) of 7,629 and 8,878 correspond to α-endosulfan 8and β-endosulfan. The 6,456 peak correspond to the internal standard (parathion). The area 9values from the two isomers were added and this total value was considered endosulfan total 10area. The bark of fruits offered daily for bats groups showed the concentration E1 57.87 ± 3.25 11mg/Kg, E2 61.47 ± 5.78 mg/Kg, the control and AS group not were detection of endosulfan 12(Fig.7). Based on this, we found the residual endosulfan concentration in exposed bats liver to 13be 0.918 ± 0.00 ng/g (E1) and 6.48 ± 0.000 (E2) (Table 3- Fig.6). In adipose tissue, endosulfan 14residual concentrations were 3.083 ± 0.025 ng/g (E1) and 13.68 ± 0.004 ng/g (E2) (Table 3- 15Fig.7). In control and AS groups the levels were non-detectable.
16 17Table 3 Endosulfan concentraction (ng/g) found in the diet, liver and adipose tissue of Artibeus 18lituratus dietary exposed to endosulfan and adhesive spreader (AS) in the following 19concentrations, respectively (g/L): 0.0; 0.0 (Control). 0.0; 0.015 (AS). 1.05; 0.015 (E1). 2.1; 200.015 (E2) for 35 days. ND = Non-detectable. Endosulfan concentraction Adipose tissue Diet Liver (ng/g) (ng/g) (mg/Kg) Control ND ND ND AS ND ND ND E1 0.92 ± 0.00 3.08 ± 0.02 57.87 ± 3.25 E2 6.48 ± 0.00 13.68 ± 0.00 61.47 ± 5.78 21 22
1 1
2 23 24 25 26 27 A) 28 6.456
)
6 e - s 29 0 n 1
o . p V s (
e V R 30 µ 31 32 7.629 8.878 33 Retention time (min) 34 35 36 37 38 B) 39 6.456 40
)
6 e - s
41 0 n 1
o . p 42 V s (
e V R 43 µ 44
7.629 45 8.878 46 47 Retention time (min) 48 49 50 C) 51
52 e l i r
t
53 i )
n 6 e - o t s 0 e n 1
54 c
o . A p V s (
55 e V R 56 µ 57
58 59 Retention time (min) 60 61Fig. 5 Chromatograms of liver samples from bats treated with endosulfan. In (A) 1.05 g/|L. where t R = 626.456:parath. tRion = 7.629: α-endosulfan e tR = 8.878: β-endosulfan. In (B) 2.1 g/|L. Control group (C). 63 64 65 66
3 2
4 uV(x10,000) A) Chromatogram 1.75
1 6.456 1.50
1.25
)
6 1.00 e - s 0 n 1
0.75 o . p V s (
e 0.50 V R µ 0.25 7.629 8.878 3 2 0.00
-0.25
6.50 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 min Retention time (min) 67
uV(x10,000)
B) 1.75 Chromatogram 1 6.456 1.50
1.25
)
6 e - 1.00 s 0 n 1
o .
p 0.75 V s (
e V R µ 0.50 7.629 2
0.25 8.878
3
0.00
6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 min Retention time (min) 68
C)
)
6 e - s 0
n 1 e o . l i p r V
t s ( i
e n V R o t µ e c A
69 Retention time (min)
70
71Fig. 6 Chromatograms of adipose tissue samples of from bats treated with endosulfan. In (A)
721.05 g/|L. where tR = 6.456:parathion. tR = 7.629: α-endosulfan e tR = 8.878: β-endosulfan. In (B) 732.1 g/|L. Group control (C).
74 5 3
6 75A)
uV(x1,000,000) Chromatogram
6.0
5.5
B) 5.0 4.5 6.456
4.0
) 3.5 6 e - s 0 n 1 3.0
o . p V s (
2.5 e V R µ 2.0
1.5
7.629 1.0 8.878
0.5
0.0 Retention time (min)
-0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 min 76 Retention time (min) 77
78B)
uV(x1,000,000) Chromatogram
6.0 B) 5.5 5.0 6.456
4.5
4.0 )
6 e - s 0
n 3.5 1
o . p V
s ( 3.0
e V R µ 2.5
2.0
7.629 1.5 8.878
1.0
0.5 Retention time (min)
0.0
-0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 min 79 Retention time (min)
7 4
8 80C)
uV(x1,000,000) Chromatogram
6.0 B) 5.5 5.0 6.456
4.5
)
4.0 6 e - s 0 n 1 3.5
o . p V s (
3.0 e V R µ 2.5
2.0
7.629 1.5 8.878
1.0
0.5 Retention time (min)
0.0
-0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 min 81 Retention time (min) 82Fig. 7 Chromatograms of fruits samples offered to bats. In (A) bark of fruits not contaminated
83with endosulfan. where α-endosulfan e tR = 10.78: β-endosulfan= 11.59. In (B) bark of fruits 84contaminated with endosulfan solution 1.05 g/|L. In (C) bark of fruits contaminated with 85endosulfan solution 2.01 g/L.
86
9 5
10