Gaines/Miller, CJ 2nd edition
Learning Objectives
CHAPTER 1: CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY
1. Define crime and identify different types of crime.
2. Outline the three levels of law enforcement.
3. List the essential elements of the corrections system.
4. Explain the difference between the formal and informal criminal justice processes.
5. Contrast the crime control and due process models.
CHAPTER 2: CAUSES OF CRIME
1. Discuss the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in the context of criminology.
2. Contrast positivism with classical criminology.
3. List and briefly explain the three branches of social process theory.
4. Contrast the medical model of addiction with the criminal model of addiction.
5. Explain the theory of the chronic offender and its importance for the criminal justice system.
CHAPTER 3: DEFINING AND MEASURING CRIME
1. Discuss the primary goals of civil law and criminal law, and explain how these goals are revealed.
2. Explain the differences between crimes mala in se and mala prohibita.
3. Identify the publication in which the FBI reports crime data and list the three ways in which the data is reported. 4. Distinguish between the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and self-reported surveys.
5. Identify the three factors most often used by criminologists to explain increases and declines in the nation’s crime rate.
CHAPTER 4: INSIDE CRIMNAL LAW
1. List the four written sources of American criminal law.
2. Explain the two basic functions of criminal law.
3. List and briefly define the most important excuse defenses for crimes.
4. Describe the four most important justification criminal defenses.
5. Distinguish between substantive and procedural criminal law.
CHAPTER 5: LAW ENFORCEMENT TODAY
1. List the four basic responsibilities of the police.
2. List five main types of law enforcement agencies.
3. Indicate some of the most important law enforcement agencies under the control of the Department of Homeland Security.
4. Analyze the importance of private security today.
5. Indicate why patrol officers are allowed discretionary powers.
CHAPTER 6: CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVE POLICING
1. Identify the differences between the police academy and field training as learning tools for recruits.
2. List the three primary purposes of police patrol.
3. Describe how forensics experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes.
4. Determine when police officers are justified in using deadly force. 5. Explain what an ethical dilemma is and name four categories of ethical dilemmas typically facing a police officer.
CHAPTER 7: POLICE AND THE CONSTITUTION: THE RULES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
1. Outline the four major sources that may provide probable cause.
2. Distinguish between a stop and a frisk, and indicate the importance of the case Terry v. Ohio.
3. List the four elements that must be present for an arrest to take place.
4. Explain when searches can be made without a warrant.
5. Indicate situations in which a Miranda warning is unnecessary.
CHAPTER 8: COURTS AND THE QUEST FOR JUSTICE
1. Define and contrast the four functions of the courts.
2. Define jurisdiction and contrast geographic and subject-matter jurisdiction.
3. Explain the difference between trial and appellate courts.
4. Explain briefly how a case is brought to the Supreme Court.
5. List and describe the members of the courtroom work group.
CHAPTER 9: COURTS AND THE QUEST FOR JUSTICE
1. List the different names given to public prosecutors and indicate the general powers that they have.
2. Delineate the responsibilities of defense attorneys.
3. List the three basic features of an adversary system of justice.
4. Explain how a prosecutor screens potential cases.
5. List and briefly explain the different forms of plea bargaining agreements. CHAPTER 10: THE CRIMINAL TRIAL
1. Identify the basic protections enjoyed by criminal defendants in the United States.
2. Explain what “taking the Fifth” really means.
3. Contrast challenges for cause and peremptory challenges during voir dire.
4. List the standard steps in a criminal jury trial.
5. List the six basic steps of an appeal.
CHAPTER 11: PUNISHMENT AND SENTENCING
1. List and contrast the four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing criminals.
2. Contrast indeterminate sentencing with determinate sentencing.
3. List the six forms of punishment.
4. Explain some of the reasons why sentencing reform has occurred.
5. Outline the Supreme Court rulings on capital punishment that led to the bifurcated process for death penalty sentencing.
CHAPTER 12: PROBATION AND COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS
1. Explain the justifications for community-based corrections programs.
2. Describe the three general categories of conditions placed on a probationer.
3. Explain the three stages of probation revocation.
4. List the five sentencing options for a judge besides imprisonment and probation.
5. List the three levels of home monitoring.
CHAPTER 13: PRISONS AND JAILS 1. List the factors that have caused the prison population to grow dramatically in the last several decades.
2. List and briefly explain the four types of prisons.
3. Summarize the distinction between jails and prisons, and indicate the importance of jails in the American correctional system.
4. Explain how jails are administered.
5. Indicate some of the consequences of our high rates of incarceration.
CHAPTER 14: BEHIND BARS: THE LIFE OF AN INMATE
1. Indicate some of the reasons for violent behavior in prisons.
2. List and briefly explain the six general job categories among correctional officers.
3. Contrast probation, parole, mandatory release, pardon, and furlough.
4. Describe typical conditions of parole.
5. Explain the goal of prisoner reentry programs.
CHAPTER 15: THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
1. Describe the child-saving movement and its relationship to the doctrine of parens patriae.
2. List the four major differences between juvenile courts and adult courts.
3. Describe the four primary stages of the pretrial juvenile justice procedure.
4. Explain the distinction between an adjudicatory hearing and a disposition hearing.
5. Describe the one variable that always correlates highly with juvenile crime rates.
CHAPTER 16: HOMELAND SECURITY 1. Identify three important trends in international terrorism.
2. Explain why the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) is an important legal tool against terrorists.
3. Describe the primary goals of an intelligence agency and indicate how it differs from an agency that focuses solely on law enforcement.
4. Explain how American law enforcement agencies have used preventive policing to combat terrorism.
5. Explain how the Patriot Act has made it easier for federal agents to conduct searches during terrorism investigations.
CHAPTER 17: CYBERCRIME AND THE FUTURE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
1. Distinguish cyber crime from “traditional” crime.
2. Explain the differences between cyberstalking and cyberbullying.
3. Describe the three following forms of malware: (a) botnets, (b) worms, and (c) viruses.
4. Explain how the Internet has contributed to the piracy of intellectual property.
5. Outline the three major reasons why the Internet is conducive to the dissemination of child pornography.