The Evolution of Human Rights Policies and Peace Keeping Around the World
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The evolution of human rights policies and peace keeping around the world. The great contribution of the People's Republic of China.
By Stefano Vernole.
Chapter 1. Implementation and protection of the right to development after 1945
The World War II with its load of horrors and brutalities, involved masses of "civilians" as never before, therefore placed the issue of respect and protection of "human rights" to the attention of the international community.
In this regard, Western Bloc countries in 1948 had elaborated some fundamental principles enclosed in the Universal Declaration of the Human Rights (to which followed the latest four Geneva Conventions of 1949), the contents of which are summarized in fairly vague terms such as "moral" , "general welfare" and "public order".
With them are recognized principles such as the "right to life", "physical integrity", "personal safety", "freedom", "equality", "property protection" and, on the legal plane, "a fair trial" and "presumption of innocence".
The socialist countries are still quite suspicious about this approach, as once viewed in the proposed universal human rights as good for all, a way to try to extend the values of bourgeois individualism bypassing the iron curtain, sanctioning /the opponents/ during the "Cold War" period the right to interfere in the Internal Affairs of Sovereign States.
The People's Republic of China, in particular, has often opposed to the topic of "cultural relativism" the trend and hegemonic policy of "double standards" practiced by the United States and the European Union; Article. 182 of the Constitution of 1982 decreed that Treaties and International Agreements would become a source of National Legislation and are endorsed by the Regulations as long as not contrary to Chinese interests.
For this reason it is increasingly felt the need to ensure the international protection of rights through their regionalization and specialization: see for example the African Charter, the Inter-American Charter, the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR).
Some countries in Asia, primarily in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia, have raised the question of Asian values, lamenting their lack of consideration in the codification of Human Rights: the Eastern tradition emphasizes the responsibilities of individuals to the community rather than their rights, including recent ones collective must then take precedence over individual ones.
A Human Rights report in 2013 by the Amnesty International documented torture and ill-treatment in over 100 countries around the world, while in many parts of the world are still dying of poverty and the freedom of expression is still a utopia. The prosecution of instrumentality aimed at Western countries, not only by the Soviet Union but also many countries of Africa and Asia; independent outputs only after tough anti-colonial struggles, was not completely random as shown by the cases of human rights violation perpetrated by the Western democracies after World War II.
For time constraint, I will only briefly summarize as follow:
Northern Ireland: According to the Special Power Acts, emergency legislation was executed in Ulster where countless of brutalities and mistreatments precipitated by the British authorities against the Irish people.
In August 9, 1971 to March 30, 1972; the government of London suppressed the Stormont Parliament, directly taking control the six countries in the Northern Ireland and an estimated of over 900 people detained on suspicion because being linked to the IRA and 500 were accused of involvement in terrorist offenses.
In this period, Extrajudicial Power practiced a warrantless arrest for 48 hours and 28 day-detention period up to several years.
Northern Ireland Police (RUC) were notorious by their extreme brutality: the use of posture on the wall during interrogation of suspected citizens, hooding, sleep-and-food-deprivation, inducing dizziness, pushing prisoners out of helicopters, forcing them to run in the field with shards of broken glasses.
Brutalities and tortures surged sharply after the adaptation of the Emergency Provision Act in 1973 and the Prevention of Terrorism Act in 1974 that involved thousands of people.
The alleged physical and psychological violence against the arrested individuals were gravely intensified in the 80’s and 90’s during the period of Castlereagh, Belfast, Derry, Stand Road, Gough Barracks, Armagh …
In 1991, the UN Committee against torture started an investigation that established a permanent existence of the State of Emergency in the Northern Ireland which resulted to absolute obstacle in the application of the International Convention against torture where there were no exceptional circumstances to justify the failure to comply in the Six Countries.
The combined use of five techniques such as wall standing, hooding, subjection to noise, sleep and food and water deprivation were defined by the European Court for Human Rights, as "inhuman treatment" which violated the ' Art. 3 of the Convention.
Thus, the UN expressed their desire to terminate and close the detention center at Castlereagh, and the abolition of plastic bullets used by RUC police to prisoners or suspected citizens on trial and putting them under coercion to admit guilt thru physical and psychological violence.
It has been reported by the International Organization for Human Rights that brutality still existed even after the signing of Peace Treaty as they called it The Good Friday Agreement in 1998.
It is not irrelevant to emphasize that despite numerous complaints and inquiries, no agent of the Royal Ulster Constabulary was ever punished or subjected to disciplinary action for the brutalities committed.
In Palestine: the design is completed paradoxically Zionist occupation during the period of "decolonization", generating the Nakba of the Palestinian people and violated their basic human rights through deportations, imprisonment , arbitrary arrests, unjust trials, destruction of houses, fields and olive trees, loss of income and resources. Those that adhered to international relations developed in the twenty-first century like Ziegler, Goldstone, Human Rights Watch were allegedly and or reportedly using the unnatural famine: the use of white phosphorus and other non-conventional weapons, even radioactive on Palestinian prisoners, indiscriminately killing of unarmed civilians like children, Israeli rescuers and its settlers.
The Daily Telegraph revealed on its May 10, 2005 publication that both adults and children patients and even mentally ill patients at Israeli hospitals were used as human guinea pigs for medical and new drug experiments and testing.
The sole purpose of making uninhabitable for the legitimate inhabitant of the nation is thru war building by wich the construction of the wall dividing Palestinian lands beyond the GREEN LINE, the pass-by roads and checkpoints.
In May 2009 the Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa has published the results of a thorough research aimed to analyze whether the conduct of Israel could fall within the definitions of colonialism and apartheid provided by International Community, confirming their similarity.
Basque Country: The International Court of Strasbourg in July 2012 rejected the retroactivity of a Spanish Law, the 197/2006 which violated the European Treaty on Human Rights; the following year, the Court dismissed the appeal filed by the Government of Madrid and has ordered the immediate release of a pending Basque political prisoner, arrested 28 years ago and remained in prison because of the Parot Doctrine despite suffering from a very aggressive tumor.
The European law stipulates the prohibition of discriminatory laws applied for political reasons only to a certain category of prisoners, should have a domino effect on many of the 600 Basque prisoners in Spanish prisons.
Basque activists are sought everywhere to be extradited to Spain in agreement with diplomats of other countries, a practice that violated any guarantee as they are delivered in Madrid Suspects are often accused after statements extracted under torture.
The same problem involved likewise in France, especially after the enactment of the GARDE A VUE which afflicted 900,000 persons apprehended by the police in 2009.
The French Code of Criminal Procedure allowed alleged violator or suspected person to be detained up to 48hours for light violations that most often would lead to a more serious crimes like terrorism as Basque political activists were often accused of.
Only after years of violations that the French Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court have ruled that these measures violated the Article. 6 , Right-to-a- Fair-Trial of the European Convention on Human Rights, as stressed several times in Strasbourg.
The United States, a country that symbolizes "freedom" expressed their big disagreement on human rights violations since in the beginning of the 30’s.
BUT for instance in 1932 to complete the study on TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS, 200 black men were used as human guinea pigs and left to die to allow doctors to follow the progress of the disease.
Some hundreds of people were subjected to radioactive experiments during the 40’s to see how the human body would react to an atomic bombing; the former US President Bill Clinton apologized for this 50 years heinous and lethal experiments. Hearings held in the US Congress in 1975, 1977 and 1994 confirmed that the Department of Defense used human guinea pigs to test chemical and biological weapons on its own people; Senator John D. Rockefeller in 1994 revealed the use of thousands of US soldiers as subjects of experiments to hazardous substances (mustard gas, nerve gas, drugs, hallucinogens, depleted uranium, and ionizing radiation).
In the present times, Human Rights in the United States is aware of this embarrassing truth.
A record in 2009; when the effects of the financial crisis of 2008 had not manifested yet, by the Information Office of the State Council of China has highlighted worrying figures: in 2008 the North American residents have experienced 4.9 million crimes violations, 16.3 million property crimes and 137,000 personal thefts, the crime rate (data from US Department of Justice) was 19.3 victims for every 1,000 people over 12 years.
In the same year they were carried over 14 million arrests (excluding traffic violations) and the arrest rate for violent crimes stood on 198.2 per 100,000 inhabitants; holders of weapons were 309 million, who owned more than 250 million guns, 30,000 people died each year in accidents related to the use of firearms.
On 24 June 2009, the "New York Times" reported that according to a survey of more than 63,000 federal prisoners, 4.5% of them had been sexually abused at least once during 2008, about 60,000 had been raped in the same period, the percentage of men and women living with HIV / AIDS amounted respectively to 1.5% and 1.8% of prisoners.
A report presented in 2009 by the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms demonstrated that the United States has pursued a set of practices that include special detention, long-term and secret detentions, including acts which violated the UN Convention Against Torture.
Since 2001, the National Security Agency (NSA) has installed more than 25 special equipment to spy on the country to intercept calls, faxes, e-mails and to file notices.
The Patriot Act expanded the definition of "terrorism", enlarging the number of activities that can be applied to the power of the police.
On 9 July 2008, the US Senate amended the Act on the Security and the Foreign Intelligence, ensuring legal immunity to telecommunication companies that took part in programs to intercept and allowing those without international approval of the Court (thus sanctioning officially as already it was predicted for years with the Echelon Spy Program, as crucial in the industrial espionage against European companies).
Freedom of the Press has been completely put under the national interests and manipulated by the US government through the recruitment of an indefinite number of former military officials to provide positive feedback on the wars against Iraq, Afghanistan and gain support "enthusiastically" to public counterterrorism operations.
The statistics in August 2009 have shown that 36.5 million people, about one-eighth of the US population, have participated in the program vouchers for the purchase of food, more than 7.1 million in 2008, while only 2/3 of applicants have actually received the vouchers.
September 2, 2009 survey prepared by the "New York Times" reported that 68% of low-wage workers had suffered reductions in salaries and 76% of overtime work had not been paid likewise reports on a number of fatalities at work Moreover it was noted on the 17th day of the same month, a suicide rate of 32,000 every year.
On 16 November 2009, the US Department of Agriculture estimated 49.1 million citizens did not have constant access to adequate food, especially minorities (African Americans and Hispanics) who suffered from employment discrimination than whites: in 2009 the average rate of unemployment was 10.2%, which 9.5% among whites, but 13.1% among Hispanics and 15.7% among African Americans.
The same is true from the point of view of safety; in 2008, in major US cities, more than 1 million people had been detained and questioned by police on the street and almost 90% of them belonged to minorities.
Furthermore, in 2008 the average real income of US households stood at 50.303 USD, the Hispanic households stood at 37,913 USD, and black families down to $ 34,218, respectively 68% and 61.6% white- americans ($ 55,530) under the same conditions of education and training.
The African Americans make up about 12% of the entire US population, each year, however, represent almost 50% of new HIV infections and deaths from AIDS.
In the United States women's empowerment theoretically is a cutting edge, women do not actually enjoy equality in both social and political status than men; although 51% of the population, hold only 17%.of the seats in Congress, 18.8% of CEOs in non-profit organizations and only 3% in the first 500 companies surveyed by the US magazine "Fortune".
Amongst the 400 biggest charities in the US, no cultural organization, hospital, public affairs group, Jewish federation or religious organization is headed by a woman, according to reports from the "Washington Times" September 20, 2009.
According to Official Statistics of the Office of Labor, in 2008 the average income of a working full time men was $ 35,745-- 77% ; about 64 million women, -- 70% of those of working age, did not have adequate health insurance coverage and resulting in problems of access to medical care for the costs.
The United States has the highest rate of rapes in the western world, equal to 13 times more than the British and 20 times higher than that of Japan; in the armed forces, according to a report released by the Pentagon in 2008 were detected more than 2,900 sexual abuse (of which only 292 cases have resulted in a military trial), almost 9% more than in 2007.
About 400,000 children below the age of 13, about 20% of deaths in the US farms, using tools from work or misuse and accidentally in contact with deadly pesticides/chemicals. Since the only country in the world that does not apply parole to minors, detention of youth increased by 44% between 1985 and 2002.
According to the data of the US Department of Agriculture and the Feeding America (institution for food aid), in 2008, the country had a statistics of 16.7 million children (one in four) had not enough food and more than 3.5 million of the age below 5 years (17% of the total) were forced to struggle with hunger and malnutrition.
Among the homeless children, 42% were under six years old and the majority were African American or Indian, one-tenth of them had no health insurance and a number of deaths numbered in about 17,000 within 20 years due to lack of coverage insurance. Every year 1.3 children expelled or fled from home provided sexual services in exchange for food, drugs or a place to sleep.
In 2008 the United States have increased their military spending, noted as the largest in the world, reaching to a whopping figure of $ 607 billion, making up 42% of total expenditure worldwide, while the foreign trade of US arms was increased from 25.4B to 37.8 B USD, 68.4% the global interchange.
The tremendous expenditures of the Pentagon that maintained nearly 1,000 military bases in the world, with more than 190,000 soldiers and more than 115,000 people of permanent staff responsible; these military high end facilities sometimes equipped with missiles and nuclear warhead which often resulted to serious environmental damages to areas of settlement and lead to significant incidents with the local population, as well as a great influence in irreversible policy of the host state or country.
While signing several International Agreements in respect to Human Rights, the United States has not ratified any of these agreements (including the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) and have not even recognized the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples adopted by the UN.
As it follows, the US economic status worsened after 2008 (the year with the report denouncing Chinese),as a consequence brought by the bankruptcy of US investment bank Lehman Brothers and its associate companies.
In 2014, for example, 109 million and 930 thousand US citizens who have benefited from one of the food assistance programs (for milk--women and children nutrition ...), while over 60 million people were forced to take food subsidies from federal programs, 16 million households and 127,000 Americans do not have any kind of wage labor.
The official unemployment rate, theoretically is 5.5%, not because for an increase in jobs but withdrawing millions of people from the labor force: 93 million US citizens no longer seek employment and are not counted in the statistics of the unemployed, rather unconventionally increases the percentage of the age of over 65s looking for a job.
From 2007 to 2014, the average income of American workers has fallen by 8.3% under the lower class rather than the middle class, while 5% of those who belong to the upper class realized their income increased by 72.7% ; according to the Office Work Table USA. The minimum wage at the federal level is now 7.25 dollars an hour (less than 6 €).
The atrocity of being labelled as poor and loser in a class society like the US based ethics—Puritan-Calvinist is not just an economic downside as stigmatized with discrimination by those in the upper level of society.
Chapter. 2: China and Human Rights, a controversial issue
Introduction:
The most significant passages of the evolution of China towards the full respect of human rights as embodied in international law can be summarized in a few crucial stage.
Specific dialogues on this issue began in 1995, when the UN High Commissioner visited the country. Beijing signed the Convention on Civil and Human Rights, as well as that on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
The European Commission regularly organized Human Rights seminars for experts from Europe and China to promote the exchange of views and experiences, to which must be added to the program of legal and judicial cooperation between the EU and China: 1. on Sustainable Development, 2. agreements aiming to strengthen the role of law and civil society in the PRC.
The last Constitution of the Republic of China, which came into force in 2004, in Chapter II some articles really significant in this regard: Article. 33, according to which "The State respects and preserves human rights"; Article. 35: "The citizens of the PRC have freedom of speech, press, assembly, association, procession, demonstration"; Article. 36: "Citizens of the PRC enjoy freedom of religious belief"; Article. 37:"The personal freedom of citizens of the PRC is inviolable"; Article. 41: "The citizens of the PRC have the right to offer criticism and suggestions regarding any state organ or staff member state".
The death penalty, as one of the most controversial issues, comes from a long tradition and was a form of execution used in Imperial China from 900 to 1905 and was revived by nationalists against the communists from 1927 to 1950 and during the Cultural Revolution (1966- 1969).
The Code of Criminal Procedure of China not to retain the death penalty for more than 60 crimes and in particular, among those that do not involve bloodshed, for the offenses of corruption, production and sale of pornographic material, drug offenses and financial.
However, there were recently some openings, such as in May 2013, the Chinese authorities canceled the death sentence charging entrepreneur Wu Ying for "fraudulent raising of funds", an open arguments on the 'abolition of the death penalty for certain crimes.
In the same year, Premier Li Keqiang announced to veto the system of re-education through labor (Laogai) as it will abandon the "one child" policy with force since 1979.
Although in 1998 it was removed from the Criminal Code, article on "counter-revolutionary crimes", however, remained in force with those crimes against the unity of the motherland, national security and dissemination of state secrets.
As stated above, the term "Asian Values" fits perfectly with Confucian ethics which foresees the need for economic development to improve the lives of the people; that individual rights may also be temporarily suspended along the way and are always balanced with the rights of the community to which they belong.
The same is true with regard to religious freedom and to national minorities often lived in strategic regions from geopolitical point of view: they are considered illegal activities such as spreading the creed among minors, interfere with the administration, education and the marriage, endangering the production and social order, the economic exploitation of people, use of collective property for religious purposes, reenact the previous feudal privileges, accept gifts and foreign propaganda.
For those who are deemed "authentic religious beliefs", such as Buddhism, Taoism, Islam and Christianity, freedom of worship is granted inside the temples and churches unless they intrude upon the counterrevolutionary sabotage and activity.
With the recent reform of the Penal Process and the Code of Criminal Procedure, which subsequently will examine in more detail, it has nevertheless established some important principles, such as the right to see a lawyer and the assignment of defense counsel for all people who risk the death penalty or life imprisonment; more guarantees for suspected criminals, for minors and for people with mental disabilities; the ban on using evidence obtained illegally; the opportunity for the Court to change the death sentences; compulsory registration or filming of interrogations of suspects.
The People's Republic of China, in particular, has often opposed to the topic of "cultural relativism" the trend of hegemonic policy of "double standards" practiced by the United States and the European Union; Article. 182 of the Constitution of 1982 decreed that treaties and international agreements would become a source of domestic legislation and were endorsed by the Rules as long as they were not contrary to Chinese interests.
For this reason it is increasingly felt the need to ensure the international protection of rights through their regionalization and specialization: see for example the African Charter, the Inter-American Charter, the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR).
The Republic of China towards the Rule of Law Had Beijing Government ended the socialist transformation of industry and commerce with the nationalization of enterprises in 1956, it could help overcome the contradictions of society as the years between 1966 and 1976 were characterized by the definition of the law as a “reactionary element” with formalism.
The “Gang of Four” began to acknowledge the law and the role of politics after their defeat and arrest hence, a simultaneous strengthening of the socialist legality.
For this reason between 1978 and 1982 the Republic of China passed a new Constitution and seven fundamental laws for its legal and economic systems, including the Code of Civil Procedure, the reorganization of the courts and prosecution which defined the role of lawyers.
For DIRECT sources defined in the Constitution are RULES issued by the Parliament, by the Central and Local Governments, Ministers and Commissioners with the rank of a ministry; for INDIRECT sources are considered HIGHEST DOCUMENTS of the Communist Party of China, having great influence in the determination of the guidelines of the government and the legislative functions in the Supreme People’s Court, the highest judicial court.
The close link between the realization of the main constitutional objectives and actions of the Chinese Communist Party was to support the prime responsibility in meeting the fundamental objectives.
The Constitutional Chapter dedicated to Civil Rights was clearly a turning point: Articles. between 71 and 75 guaranteed the right to property of good- law abiding-citizens , Arts. 94 to 98 the protection of intellectual property, patents and trademark, while the following items up to 105 regulating personal rights, defense of 'image, the protection of health and personal dignity, also forbade “the arranged marriage” as a common practice in Imperial China and strengthen the protection of the weaker sectors of society, such as women, children, old people the sick and the handicapped.
Amendments to the Constitution, introduced in 2004, has strengthen the law to ascertain that "private property obtained legally by citizens cannot be violated" and "the State respects and protects the human rights".
The Letter sent to the Chinese Society by former President Hu Jintao in 2008 for the Study of Human Rights made an evident purpose of the New Legislation. A firm humanitarianism leads to building a moderately prosperous society in all respects to accelerate socialist modernization. To further protect the Human Rights, aside from defending the Universal Human Right Principles and recognizing the fundamental realities of the country is safeguarding the people’s rights to subsistence and development.
Beijing expressed that the quality of people’s life can be augmented only by absolute protection of the country’s sovereignty and advancement in the economy in adherence to pragmatic approach and taking specific national situation into consideration.
We must never forget the historical memory of "Opium Wars" unleashed by Western powers in 1840 where China was invaded and transformed into a semi-colonial society by westerners and the atrocities from Japanese occupation during the Second War Worldwide, these were the two events that humiliated the country and brought it to the brink of extinction.
The Confucian Ethics under the Chinese Constitution stated the value of the rights and duties of the Republic of China citizens to exercise their freedom, rights, shall in any no case violate the interests of the State, society or the community, both legitimate freedom and rights of other citizens. Rights without Duties and Duties without Rights are partial conceptions and wrong, which can only reflect classist interests.
Peace, development and "human rights diplomacy", used by several Western nations to interfere in domestic politics of sovereign States, are therefore re-evaluated by the Chinese leadership as a mean of building a "harmonious world".
China had signed 27 International Conventions on Human Rights, the most significant are: the Geneva Convention on the treatment of prisoners of war, the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was signed but not yet ratified.
The current Code of Criminal Procedure contains 290 articles and is actually entered into force on 1 January 2013.
One of its peculiarities is the fact that in criminal proceedings, the trial is heard at the end of the process but only after the judge has consulted with his superiors; another problem concerns the legal fees that are charged to the accused.
The National People's Congress has recently adopted five amendments to safeguard certain prerogatives of defendants and detainees, in accordance with the fundamental principles of human rights as set forth by the United Nations Conventions: 1) no confession is valid if extracted under torture; 2) no one can be compelled to testify against himself; 3)the accused must be video and audio-recorded in the whole process of trials and interrogation ; 4) creates a system to compel the various witnesses to attend the trial; 5) introduced measures to guarantee witness protection.
The 2012-2015 Plan of China on Human Rights
The formulation of the National Action Plan on Human Rights 2012-2015 is the most important measure taken by the Beijing Government to implement a constitutional security and respect of these principles together with scientific development and social harmony.
These measures demonstrated the will of the Republic of China to put into practice the work undertaken within the United Nations to create dialogues, cooperation and trade with other nations on the basis of equality and mutual respect.
A centralized payment mechanism in the business sector to ensure that immigrant workers are paid accordingly to the services rendered to avoid erroneous perception of inequality amongst residents in 2012 to 2015 as urban labor force increased by 9M workers yearly.
The same goes for the results achieved from projects in approximately 24,000 villages in the country to alleviate poverty, as recognized by the recent reports of the World Bank; in 2015 the number of skilled workers has increased from 34 million the previous year to the current 125 million, the rural population has access to water has increased by 80% (60 million more people every year).
Between 2010 and 2015 the number of those who have signed medical insurance policies among urban employees increased by 60 million people, with Government Guarantee this year for each resident in the city, while medical insurance coverage among the members of the Agricultural Cooperatives hovers today for over 95% of the total. The allowances provided for the citizens of the country who enjoy the "Five Guarantees" (food, clothing, medical insurance, housing and burial expenses) will allow them to achieve the average standard of living of the villagers, in particular thanks to 50 billion yuan allocated for educational development in rural areas.
China has established a basic health care system that will cover the entire nation which will protect the right of its citizens to health.
Meanwhile, measures have been implemented for prevention and control of endemic diseases and eliminate illnesses caused by lack of iodine in a proportion of 90% in the regions of Xizang / Tibet, Hainan and Xinjiang, in the same areas they have been taken much more effective control and prevention of drug use.
Substantial measures initiated by the government of Beijing also covered areas such as environment, energy and culture , above all the adoption of new information technologies.
In the present year of 2015 over 45% of China's population (649 million people) have access to Internet, in both urban and rural areas, albeit with some limitations on the social networks like twitter, facebook, youtube, instagram ... seen what happened with the "Arab riots" and the search engines like Google following the revelations of Edward Snowden (operations hacking global NSA would be 61,000, with hundreds of targets in China and Hong Kong, Google Prism he was accused of providing users CIA data).
From the institutional point of view it should be emphasized that the State respects and guarantees the rights of all parties (including non-communists), parliamentary groups and representatives of ethnic and cultural minorities, voicing out their opinions on the People's Political Consultative Conference Chinese (CPPCC).
The PRC makes sure that they have adequate and proportional representation in state bodies, legal and administrative aspects of the country, both central and local level, also developing substantial projects for economic and cultural developments (for example by promoting bilingual education) for its autonomous regions (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Guangxi, Ningxia and Tibet / Xizang).
Utmost attention is given to the most vulnerable or disadvantaged in society: women, children, disabled people—creating an environment where they can contribute in the society .
The same way, army is recognized for its contribution to peace and global stability; assumption that the Republic of China does not have any military base abroad, the ELP has however carried relief materials to 1 billion 250 million yuan, dispatched 11 groups of rescuers specialized in assisting those affected by natural disasters and eradicate epidemic diseases.
The humanitarian effort of China has focused primarily in the 23 peacekeeping operations organized in collaboration with the United Nations in Indonesia (2003) and Haiti (2010),with a substantial support of a total 23,000 Chinese peacekeepers which has also provided for Congo, Liberia, Lebanon, South Sudan and Darfur, as China is a country from which derived most of the elements of the military genius and transport workers and health professionals.
The army of the PRC has engaged in anti-piracy missions in the Gulf of Aden and Somalia, helped other countries to evacuate the civilian staff from Libya hit by NATO bombing (2011). China have given the largest share of contributions to the UN budget.
Conclusions: The Republic of China is strongly active in expanding opportunities and having tools for the protection and development of human rights in their country home and abroad on the principle of mutual respect.
In this regard, a huge effort is concentrated on the Chinese media: television, radio, newspapers, social networks etc. to promote their intentions worldwide. Bibliography
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