A=TGF Fraction; B= Aliphatic Fraction; C= Aromatic Fraction; D= Oxygenated Fraction And;

Table 1. Experimental matrix and response for the hydrothermal conversion of Pongammia oil cake to biocrude

Water/ Biocrude TGF* S. Temperature Pressure Time Biomass ratio Yield (wt %) Yield (wt %) No. (°C) (kg/cm2) (Minute) (mass/mass) Experimental Experimental 1 300 20 20 1 22.1 18.6 2 400 20 20 1 38.6 23.3 3 300 30 20 1 25.3 24.8 4 400 30 20 1 38.8 26.4 5 300 20 40 1 26.0 22.7 6 400 20 40 1 37.3 26.4 7 300 30 40 1 33.5 27.6 8 400 30 40 1 37.8 29.2 9 300 20 20 3 24.2 22.3 10 400 20 20 3 36.9 26.9 11 300 30 20 3 29.4 25.6 12 400 30 20 3 35.9 27.4 13 300 20 40 3 27.2 24.8 14 400 20 40 3 39.1 26.3 15 300 30 40 3 294 28.9 16 400 30 40 3 35.7 30.6 17 250 25 30 2 16.2 19.8 18 450 25 30 2 34.8 26.5 19 350 15 30 2 34.4 16.7 20 350 35 30 2 31.2 24.6 21 350 25 10 2 33.3 26.9 22 350 25 50 2 34.7 32.8 23 350 25 30 0 13.1 24.4 24 350 25 30 4 36.6 31.7 25 350 25 30 2 38.5 29.3 26 350 25 30 2 38.2 29.8 27 350 25 30 2 38.7 29.2 28 350 25 30 2 38.1 29.7 29 350 25 30 2 38.6 29.3 30 350 25 30 2 38.4 29.5 *fraction between 68-316ºC Table 2. FTIR spectra analysis and class of compounds of TGF fraction and its subfractions

Wave number Infrared Absorption Class of A B C D E (cm-1) compounds 3300-3600 O-H stretching Polyemric O-H + + + + + N-H stretching Amides 3000-2800 C-H stretching Aromatics and + + + - + alkanes 1730-1700 C=O stretching Ketones, + - + + + aldehydes, carboxylic acid 1575-1525, N-H bending Nitrogeneous + + + - + 1675-1600 -NO2, C-C conjugated, aromatic conjugated or C-N conjugated or cyclic double bond vibrations 1550-1490 C=C stretching Alkenes + + - + + 1575, 1675

1390, 1480 Bending O-H, -CH2 Phenols + - + - + and -CH3 bending

1280 (CH3)3–C–R + + - - - 1275-1100 C-O stretching Primary, + - + - + secondary and tertiary alcohols 900-750 Substitutes in aromatic Aromatics, + + - + + ring esters, ether 675-730 Bending out of the C- Aromatic + - + + + H plane compounds A=TGF fraction; B= Aliphatic fraction; C= Aromatic fraction; D= Oxygenated fraction and; E= Polar fraction