Nervous System Review Sheet

Nervous System Review Sheet Part II Test: Friday, January 30, 2009

I. The Central Nervous System A. The Meninges (Slide 54) 1. Dura mater – tough outer covering a. Epidural space 2. Arachnoid – second meningeal layer a. Subarachnoid space 3. Pia Mater – delicate inner covering; clings tightly to brain and spinal cord B. The Spinal Cord (Slide 59) 1. Gross Anatomy a. Central canal b. Dorsal root ganglia c. Dorsal roots d. Ventral roots 2. Sectional Anatomy a. Ascending tracts b. Descending tracts C. The Brain 1. Major Divisions (Slides 63 to 65) a. Cerebrum (cerebral cortex, Broca’s Area, Wernicke’s Area) b. Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland) c. brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain) d. cerebellum 2. Ventricles of the Brain (Slides 66 to 69) a. Ventricles  central passageway in the brain which expands to form four chambers b. (2) Lateral ventricles found in the hemispheres c. Third ventricle found in diencephalon d. Fourth ventricle found in the pons and medulla oblongata e. Cerebrospinal Fluid 1.) Choroid plexus (ependymal cells) – produce CSF 2.) Arachnoid granulations – returns excess CSF to venous circulation 3. Cerebrum (Slide 73) a. Cerebral hemispheres 1.) Gyri 2.) Sulci 3.) Fissures 4.) Frontal lobe 5.) Parietal lobe 6.) Temporal lobe 7.) Occipital lobe b. Motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex 1.) Precentral gyrus – primary motor cortex 2.) Postcentral gyrus – primary sensory cortex c. Processing centers 1.) Wernicke’s area (integrating sensory info and coordinating access to memories) 2.) Broca’s area (speech center) 4. Basal Nuclei  control subconscious movements of the skeletal muscle system (Slide 78) 5. Limbic System (Slide 81) a. Emotional center b. Directs behavioral responses to emotional stimuli c. Links the cerebrum with the brain stem d. Long term memory storage and access 6. Diencephalon (Slides 82 to 87) a. epithalamus  pineal gland b. thalamus  relay center for sensory information; coordinates voluntary and involuntary motor responses c. hypothalamus  integration center for sensory information 7. Midbrain  Integrates information from the cerebrum and cerebellum and providing the appropriate involuntary motor responses (Slide 88) 8. Pons  links cerebellum with midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum and spinal cord 9. Cerebellum  automatic processing center (Slide 89) a. adjusting and maintaining balance and posture b. responsible for coordinating learned movements 10. Medulla Oblongata  connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord (Slide 90) a. cardiovascular center b. respiratory center II. The Peripheral Nervous System A. The Cranial Nerves (Slides 94 to 99) 1. Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly a. N I – Olfactory  smell b. N II – Optic  vision c. N III – Occulomotor  eye movements d. N IV – Trochlear  eye movements e. N V – Trigeminal  eyes, jaws sensation/movement f. N VI – Abducens  eye movement g. N VII – Facial  face, scalp, tongue sensation/movement h. N VIII – Vestibulocochlear – hearing, balance i. N IX – Glossopharyngeal  taste, swallowing j. N X – Vagus  autonomic control of the viscera k. N XI – Accessory  swallowing, movement of the pectoral girdle l. N XII – Hypoglossal  tongue movements B. The Spinal Nerves (Slides 100 to 103) 1. Each pair of spinal nerves corresponds to a vertebrae 2. Each pair of spinal nerves monitors a specific region of the body  Dermatome C. Nerve Plexuses  complex network of nerves (Slides 101 to 102) 1. Cervical plexus (Neck and extending to the diaphragm in thoracic cavity) 2. Brachial plexus (Shoulder and upper limbs) 3. Lumbar plexus (Pelvis and lower limbs) 4. Sacral plexus (Pelvis and lower limbs) D. Reflexes  automatic involuntary motor response to a specific stimulus (Slides 014 to 117) 1. Reflex arc a. Components are: 1.) Receptor, Sensory neuron, Interneuron, Motor neuron, effector (muscle or gland) 2. Monosynaptic reflex (e.g. patellar reflex) 3. Polysynaptic reflex (e.g. withdrawal reflex) III. The Autonomic Nervous System (Slides 120 to 123) A. The Sympathetic Division 1. Fight or flight response  prepares the body to deal with emergencies 2. Increases alertness, increases metabolism, prepares the body for intense physical activity 3. Distribution of sympathetic nervous fibers is from L1 to T2. B. The Parasympathetic Division 1. Rest and repose system 2. Functions primarily for relaxation, food processing and energy conservation 3. Distribution of parasympathetic fibers is from the brain stem to S4