Supplementary Data Table 1: Establishment and Maintenance Operations for Each Site

Supplementary Material

Effects of provenance on the survival and growth of European silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Britain Gary Kerr, Victoria Stokes, Richard Jinks and Andy Peace

This file contains supplementary information on the four experiments in the paper (Benmore, Drummond Hill, Radnor and Theford) and results from the further four trials (Drummond Hill P66, Drummond Hill P70, Drumtochty and Lael) that were established during the same period and included some of the same provenances.

Table S1: Establishment and maintenance operations for each site

Experiment Benmore Drummond Drummond Drummond Hill Drumtochty Lael Radnor Thetford Hill (P65) Hill (P66) (P70) Before Deer fenced Wide area Wide area Deer fenced Wide area Rabbit Deer fenced planting deer fenced deer fenced deer fenced fenced Spring 1965 Planted. Voles Planted. controlled. Weeded Weeded. twice* Spring 1966 Planted Beaten up Planted Weeded* Planted Planted Planted Jul 1966 Weeded Weeded Weeded Weeded* Weeded Mar 1967 Beaten up Beaten up Beaten up; NPK applied to block 2 only. 1967-1969. Weeded July Weeded July Weeded July Strips felled in Weeded* July Weeded July Weeded Weeded July 1967, 68, 69. 50 1967. Beating 1967. overstorey 1967, 68, 69. 1967, 68, July 1967. 1967, 68, 69. trees windthrown up May 1968. winter 1969/70 69. Fences Jan 1968, cleared, repaired and and fence beating up repaired. May 1968. 1970-1975 Weeded in July Weeded in Weeded July Planted and Weeded* July Weeded July Weeded July 1970, 71, 72. July 1970, 1970, 71*, 72, fenced in May 1970, 71, 72. 1970, 72. 1970, 71, 72, 73. Aerial application 71*, 72, 73. 73. Plots deer 1970. Weeded Overstorey Fence of GMP to forest Plots deer fenced 1970. July 1970, 71*, thinned (1974) repaired July (1974). Bramble fenced 1970. 72, 73. Beaten 1970. cut back (1975) up July 1971. 1977-1986 EL overstorey EL overstorey EL overstorey EL overstorey EL SP overstorey high pruned and removed removed removed (1977) overstorey removed. Access racked (1980). (1977) (1977) removed racks cut in Deer fence (1979) understorey; plots removed. (1984) reduced to 6 x 5 trees. (1986) * The majority of weeding is described as hand weeding but at Drumtochty there was repeated weeding of grasses "where needed" using Gramoxone (no information is given on rates etc.) and at Drummond Hill it was noted that trees were weeded and positions sprayed with Paraquat in Summer 1971. Table S2 A summary of field notes and reports for each site, compiled from the experiment files

Experimen Benmore Drummond Drummond Drummond Hill Drumtochty Lael Radnor Thetford t Hill (P65) Hill (P66) (P70) 1965 Survival good, Deer seen in Bad some poor research Annosum colour. enclosure root rot on before site prior to planting planting Dec 1965 Plants frost Good survival Plants frost damaged in though some damaged in nursery; many plants poor nursery produced colour. double leaders Nov 1966 Some dieback. Good survival, Deer within Survival high, Survival Slow growth due slow growth, the wide-area colour good, growth to frost damage, healthy, little fence. improved. Some very slow survival good. browsing. Deer A. grandis within the browsed. wide-area fence Jun 1967 Heavily deer Heavily Establishment Severe storm Rust noted on browsed. browsed; poor improved, no damage to many trees. End of growth but provenance fences; heavy year survival and good leaders. differences browsing growth good. evident. damage ‘Solothurn’ outstanding. Jul 1968 No Adelges, No Adelges, Little browsing Heavy rust despite despite damage; infection in some presence presence establishment plots. nearby nearby good. 1969 Growth Growth slow, Good recovery Little improved; plants healthy from frost damage damage ground veg from recent increased since frosts WT 1970 ‘Spadola’ Growth Growth Very hot and Good growth Further Overstorey now outstanding improved, deer improved, dry post- and survival, no browsing shading. present. deer present. planting Adelges. damage, all ‘Solothurn’, Capercaillie Capercaillie affected. ‘Catanzo’ and damage? damage? Survival grand fir are best. good. 1971 Further WT WT cleared, WT cleared, WT cleared. cleared; growth growth Growth and survival improved. improved. survival good. affected. Damage Damage No Adelges Overstorey reduced by reduced by present yet. patchy. fencing. fencing. 1973 WT cleared WT cleared WT cleared Experiment Fomes closed due to infected further overstorey browsing trees felled. damage 1974 Deer inside Deer inside Growth and fence. Retained fence. survival good. for Adelges Retained for interest only. Adelges interest only. 1975-1976 Growing fast. No Adelges yet Bad WT 1976. Adelges noted (1975) Some plots lost all on 1 tree. Some overstorey; uneven damage of light levels and grandis plots by some damage. deer; fence Trees healthy. repaired (1975). 1977-1980 Gradual Some plots Some plots Some damage Grandis faster Slow growth, high increase in destroyed by destroyed by from overstorey growing than survival. Adelges Adelges noted overstorey overstorey removal. Deer alba. No present. (1978). 1977, and removal (1977) removal fence removed, Adelges yet Adelges and rust worsening (1977) damage (1977). present (1980). 1980. common (1977). Trees recovering No Adelges from felling (1979) damage and growth increased. 1982-1984 Adelges bad Severely No rust. Adelges (1983). Trial infested with low (1984). felling of EL Adelges. caused damage Defoliation and (1984). some deaths (1982). 1985-1986 Adelges not spread further, frost damage to lower branches (1985). Adelges low (1986). DB = die back. WT = windthrow of overstorey trees. Table S3 Summary of mean data for each provenance at each site at age 46 a) Benmore

Provenance Survival Mean Mean DBH Mean GYC (m3 (%) Height* (cm) form ha-1 yr-1) (m) score 2 It 43 24.6 22.8 1.98 22 3 Au 29 24.1 24.3 1.90 22 4 It 34 23.3 22.3 1.96 20 6 It 37 23.5 27.9 2.00 20 7 Cz 30 24.7 25.1 1.96 22 8 Sw 31 23.0 23.7 1.89 20 9 Ge 28 23.2 20.3 1.94 20 10 Fr 39 23.5 20.6 1.90 20 11 Sw 31 21.7 18.8 1.98 18 12 Po 30 22.0 20.4 2.00 18 13 It 26 21.0 21.8 1.89 18 14 Fr 23 22.9 25.3 1.87 20 15 Bh 26 20.3 20.0 1.95 16 16 Cz 23 19.6 19.5 1.97 16 17 Sw 38 22.3 20.4 1.96 20 18 Fr 20 20.4 19.4 2.00 16 19 Fr 28 19.2 17.2 2.03 14 21 Cz 29 23.2 19.3 1.97 20 24 It 20 21.0 22.2 1.96 18 25 Cz 47 20.4 17.1 1.95 16 26 It 19 18.5 14.8 2.00 14 28 Bu 17 19.4 18.3 2.00 16 29 Po 17 18.6 19.9 1.95 14 30 Fr 18 18.5 16.5 2.00 14 31 It 36 20.1 18.2 1.97 16 32 Cr 24 18.7 19.4 2.00 14 35 (A. grand) 25 29.1 35.3 1.71 22 *Mean height of the second largest DBH tree in each plot b) Radnor

Provenance Survival Mean Mean DBH Mean GYC (m3 (%) Height* (cm) form ha-1 yr-1) (m) score 2 It 49 20.9 29.7 2.34 18 4 It 52 20.2 29.2 2.53 16 5 It 52 20.9 27.8 2.45 16 6 It 43 20.0 33.7 2.35 16 7 Cz 40 19.1 22.8 2.11 14 8 Sw 35 19.5 25.1 2.15 16 9 Ge 40 19.6 24.2 2.12 16 10 Fr 29 18.5 20.9 2.20 14 11 Sw 39 19.1 24.8 2.26 14 12 Po 34 18.9 23.4 2.29 14 13 It 33 20.8 22.9 2.28 16 14 Fr 56 18.6 20.3 2.18 14 16 Cz 37 20.3 25.4 2.31 16 17 Sw 51 17.3 22.5 1.98 12 18 Fr 48 18.5 21.4 2.29 14 19 Fr 47 19.8 23.8 2.34 16 21 Cz 47 18.8 25.6 2.09 14 22 Cz 46 18.6 23.7 2.26 14 24 It 35 18.3 26.0 2.42 14 25 Cz 29 18.7 23.9 2.30 14 26 It 30 18.9 25.5 2.15 14 28 Bu 31 18.2 27.0 2.16 14 29 Po 32 18.8 22.7 2.33 14 30 Fr 27 19.3 21.8 2.34 14 31 It 44 17.2 22.9 2.03 12 32 Cr 30 17.2 23.4 2.45 12 35 (A. grand) 65 23.2 27.8 1.93 14 *Mean height of the second largest DBH tree in each plot c) Thetford

Provenance Survival Mean Mean DBH Mean GYC (m3 (%) Height* (cm) form ha-1 yr-1) (m) score 1 Au 22 22.6 23.0 1.75 20 2 It 31 21.9 31.4 1.87 18 3 Au 20 19.9 19.9 1.89 16 4 It 29 22.1 29.0 2.04 20 5 It 41 21.9 28.4 1.87 18 6 It 37 20.7 28.6 1.90 16 7 Cz 20 20.1 17.7 2.06 16 8 Sw 27 20.8 20.6 1.82 16 9 Ge 24 20.1 20.9 1.86 16 10 Fr 21 19.4 21.6 1.98 16 11 Sw 25 20.6 19.3 1.76 16 12 Po 20 19.4 22.0 1.98 16 13 It 17 18.4 19.7 2.04 14 14 Fr 20 18.7 17.0 2.07 14 15 Bh 39 19.0 21.0 1.64 14 16 Cz 12 18.8 20.2 2.00 14 17 Sw 27 19.1 17.5 1.94 14 18 Fr 24 19.5 20.0 2.05 16 19 Fr 27 19.5 20.9 1.90 16 20 Bh 14 19.3 16.8 1.80 16 21 Cz 19 15.8 15.1 1.92 10 22 Cz 19 19.9 19.0 1.76 16 23 Ma 31 19.2 21.7 1.85 14 24 It 23 18.0 23.1 1.91 14 25 Cz 14 17.9 16.9 2.08 14 26 It 18 19.2 21.6 1.64 16 27 Au 17 18.8 19.7 2.00 14 28 Bu 19 18.6 19.5 1.95 14 29 Po 18 18.8 19.4 1.92 14 30 Fr 20 17.7 17.8 1.92 12 31 It 31 17.4 14.2 2.13 12 32 Cr 24 17.1 15.9 1.93 12 33 Fr 19 15.9 19.3 1.85 10 34 (A. nord) 21 16.8 17.3 2.00 12 35 (A. grand) 33 22.6 27.8 1.71 14 *Mean height of the second largest DBH tree in each plot Details and results of other Abies alba provenance trials

Four further Abies alba provenance trials were established in Britain during the same period as the four main experiments, trialling many of the same provenances as those reported in the main paper. In summary they were:

Lael: a sister site to the experiments reported in the main paper which was planted in 1966. The experiment was badly damaged by browsing mammals and discontinued after year 6.

Drummond Hill 66: an extension to the main Drummond Hill experiment, in which an additional five provenances were planted adjacent to the main experiment in 1966.

Drummond Hill 70: a further extension to the main Drummond Hill experiment, in which 14 Czechoslovakian provenances were planted adjacent to the main experiment in 1970. Plots were positioned in felled strips of the larch overstorey. Access racks have been cut in recent years affecting 14 plots.

Drumtochty: a demonstration area, containing plots of many of the same provenances as the main experiment series, planted in 1965. Although there were fewer replicate plots of each provenance than at the main experiment sites, many plots were larger, with inner assessment plots of 27-62 trees, indicating performance at a larger scale than the plots in the experiments.

Table S4 Characteristics of trial sites Experiment Lael Drummond Hill Drumtochty ( 66 & 70) Grid ref NH 192 822 NN 752 462 NO 700 810 Lat; Long 57° 47’ N, 5° 02’ W 56° 35’ N, 4° 02’ W 56° 55’ N, 2° 29’ W Elevation 110 m 290 m 290 m (m above sea level) Aspect SW NW SE Rainfall 1525 1190 1020 (mean annual, mm) Exposure (DAMS 12.3 11.1 12.2 score1) Slope Moderately steep Moderate to steep Steep Soil nutrient regime 1 Medium Medium Very Poor Soil moisture regime 1 Fresh Fresh Very moist Geology Moine schist Mica schists Clay slate and metamorphic Soil 2 Upland brown earth, Upland brown earth Upland brown earth very stoney (>35%) in (shallow)/intergrade (indurated)/ peaty places (1u/1us) ironpan very stoney surface water gley, (>35%) in places indurated in places (1ua/4bs) (1ux/6x/6l) 1 See Ecological Site Classification of Pyatt et al. (2001) and Ray (2012) 2 According to Kennedy (2002) Table S5 Details of establishment and stand conditions of each site Lael Drummond Hill Drumtochty (66; 70) Previous land Conifer crop with some Rough open grazing with Prev crop (spruce/ use hardwood. some birch larch) removed in 1913. Overstorey EL planted 1931 EL planted 1923 EL planted 1931; used for sheep grazing and grouse shooting Overstorey Heavily in 1965 Summer 1964 Feb 1965 thinned Planting date May 1966 Mar 1966; May 702 Apr 1965 Vegetation Holcus lanatus, fine Deschampsia flexuosa, Calluna, grasses, before grasses, Bracken, wood D. caespitosa, Agrostis mosses, bracken, planting 1 anemone, wood sorrel, spp, Holcus lanatus, whins bluebell, primrose, Bracken, mosses. nettles No. 44 5; 14 9 provenances planted 3 Final Experiment closed 1973 May 1971 and Oct 1973 Oct 1974 thinned, overstorey windblow cleared; remainder removed, removal remainder removed date unknown winter 1977 1 Authorities follow Stace (1999). 2 The 1970 plots were planted into cleared strips with no overstorey present. 3 See Table S4.4 below for details of provenances trialled at each site. Table S6 Details of assessments carried out in each growing season (GS) at each site.

Experiment Drummond Drummond Drumtocht Lae Hill (P66) Hill (P70) y l GS 0 S S S S GS 1 S SH GS 2 S S GS 3 S SH H GS 6 S (GS 5) SH SH S GS 10 H SH H GS 42/46/47 SHDF SHDF S = survival assessment; H = height assessment; D = diameter assessment; F = form assessment. Data for assessments in bold are shown below. Table S7: Details of the provenances trialled at each of the sites.

Lael provenances

ID Provenance Origin Country Lat Long Altitude GS1 GS6 Code ID (N) (E) (m) Mean Mean Height survival (m) (%) 1 60 (4361) 101 Hohe Wand Austria 47.5 16 800 0.17 64 2 59 (4578) 100 Calabria (Serra S. Bruno at Italy 38.5 16.4 1150 0.17 70 TH; Spadola at DH) 3 60 (4364) 100 Tyrol Austria 47.5 11.5 1200 0.18 69 4 59 (4578) 101 Calabria (Stilo-serra at TH Italy 38.5 16.5 1300 0.16 80 & DH) 5 60 (4578) 102 Calabria (Forest of Italy 38.6 16.4 1250 0.14 74 Morgiana at TH; Mount Pecoraro at DH) 6 60 (4578) 103 Calabria (Catanzaro at TH Italy 38.6 16.4 1250 0.15 80 & DH) 7 60 (437) 107 Karlovice Czech Republic 50.2 17.3 850 0.15 66 8 60 (4943) 2 Solothurn, Jura Mountains Switzerland 47.2 7.5 740 0.22 75 9 60 (4349) 100 Ottenhöfen Germany 48.6 8.2 800 0.16 82 10 60 (4447) Lajoux, Jura Mountains France 46.9 6 750 0.15 82 11 60 (4942) 4 Emmenthal (Wasen at TH; Switzerland 47.1 7.8 1060 0.14 67 Sonnsete at DH) 12 60 (4383) 101 Southern Poland Poland 49.5 20.5 345 0.16 75 13 60 (455) 100 Tuscany (Vallombrossa at Italy 43.75 11.6 1010 0.15 75 RA, DH & TH) 14 60 (4439) Vosges Mountains France 48.4 6.6 450 0.16 80 15 60 (4971) 102 Prusačka Rijeka Bosnia and 44.2 17.3 1125 0.19 93 Herzegovina 16 60 (437) 104 Červené Poříčí Czech Republic 49.5 13.5 450 0.18 86 17 60 (4942) 6 Tschigta (Graubunden at Switzerland 46.75 9.5 1220 0.16 82 TH & DH) 18 60 (4459) Puy de Dôme France 45.7 3.75 1150 0.19 80 19 60 (4423) St. Evroult (Orne at TH & France 48.75 0.5 300 0.16 77 DH) 20 60 (4971) 101 Sanski Most Bosnia and 44.8 16.7 760 0.18 72 Herzegovina 21 60 (437) 110 Nízke Tatry Slovakia 48.8 19.7 700 0.18 72 22 60 (437) 114 Čierny Váh (Brezovz at Slovakia 49 19.8 850 0.16 68 TH) 23 58 (4971) Pelister National Park Macedonia 41.1 21.2 1570 0.17 74 24 60 (4571) 100 Abruzzi (Campobasso at Italy 41.6 14.7 1200 0.13 75 RA & TH) 25 60 (437) 111 Lubochna (Rakova at TH) Slovakia 49 19.1 800 0.16 52 26 60 (4531) 100 Venetia at BE; Belluno at Italy 46.6 12.2 1450 0.18 86 RA & DH; Val Della Chiesa at TH) 27 60 (4365) 100 Klachau Austria 47.5 14 1200 0.17 93 28 59 (4972) 100 Panitchishte Bulgaria 42.3 23.1 1050 0.16 57 29 60 (4383) 100 Radom (Gory Park at TH) Poland 51 21 * 0.17 85 30 60 (4487) La Betouze at RA & BE; France 43 2.5 650 0.13 63 Aude at TH & DH; Monts du Forez at DR 31 60 (4532) 100 Trento, Trentino Italy 45.9 11.2 1225 0.16 73 32 60 (4971) 103 Zagreb Mountains Croatia 45.9 16 900 0.17 60 33 59 (4482) 1 Ardèche France 45 4.5 1100 0.20 93 A 60 (4361) 100 Burgenland, Kobersdorf Austria 47.5 16.5 500 0.18 85 B 60 (437) 100 Boubin, ve Vimperku Czechoslovakia 49 13.8 950 0.17 87 compt 21d C 59 (4971) 100 Perister Forest Park Macedonia 41.1 21.2 1450 0.16 75 D 59 (560) 100 Atvin Haila Turkey 41.7 41.7 1200 0.12 21 E 60 (4346) 100 Schwazwald Germany 48 8.0 700 0.14 21 F 61 (4367) 4 Weiner Neustadt Austria 47.8 16.3 600 0.11 20 G 61 (4362) 3 Styria Austria 47.5 13.9 815 0.10 48 H 61 (498) 100 Maramures Romania 47.6 23.8 700 0.11 78 I 57 2.6 110 0.12 45 61 (4125) 500 Glendye Estate Scotland (West) Comparative species 34 59 (4792) Abies nordmanniana Georgia 43 44 * 0.117 50 35 60 (7975) 3 Abies grandis from Washington 46.7 121.8 840 0.130 1.6 ‘Randle’ (West) 1 Id Code as in main paper; letter ID code used to show provenance not included in four main sites. 2 Where the location of seed collection varied slightly within a provenance these are shown and where they were planted: TH=Thetford; BE=Benmore; DH=Drummond Hill; RA=Radnor; DR=Drumtochtly * data not available. Drumtochty provenances (demonstration plots)

GS6 GS47 ID Provenance Origin Country Lat Long Altit Mean Mean Mea Mean Mean Vol. Mean Cod ID (N) (E) ude Height surv. n diamet form index survival e (m) (m) (%) Heig er score (%) ht (cm) (m) 10 60 (4447) Lajoux, Jura Mountains France 46.9 6 750 0.76 94.2 20.8 27.1 1.98 1.53 29.8 14 60 (4439) Vosges Mountains France 48.4 6.6 450 0.70 93.3 22.4 25.9 2.00 1.50 20.4 17 60 (4942) 6 Tschigta Switzerland 46.75 9.5 1220 0.58 88.2 21.3 24.9 1.98 1.32 41.4 18 60 (4459) Puy de Dôme France 45.7 3.75 1150 0.67 89.8 19.3 22.8 2.03 1.00 38.9 30 60 (4487) Monts du Forez France 43 2.5 650 0.65 94.2 19.9 22.2 2.02 0.98 29.1 32 60 (4971) 103 Zagreb Mountains Croatia 45.9 16 900 0.59 91.3 16.5 21.3 2.01 0.75 35.2 J 59 (414) S.E. Scotland Scotland * * * 0.47 88.2 20.3 21.2 2.00 0.91 32.4 Comparative species 35 60 (7975) 3 Abies grandis ‘Randle’ USA 46.7 121.8 840 0.99 80.4 22.8 30.7 1.95 2.15 25.6 (W) K 59 (524) Abies sachalinensis Japan * * * 0.70 89.4 19.2 22.4 2.18 0.96 38.1 ‘Hokkaido’ 1 Id Code as in main paper; letter ID code used to show provenance not included in four main sites. * data not available. Drummond Hill P1966 provenances ID code Provenance ID Origin Country Lat Long Altitude GS5 GS10 (N) (E) (m) Survival Mean Height (m) (%) E 60 (4346) 100 Schwazwald Germany 48 8 700 38.9 0.46 F 61 (4367) 4 Weiner Neustadt Austria 47.8 16.3 600 16.7 0.50 G 61 (4362) 3 Styria Austria 47.5 13.9 815 48.6 0.50 H 61 (498) 100 Maramures Romania 47.6 23.8 700 34.7 0.43 I 61 (4125) 500 Glendye Estate Scotland 57 -2.6 110 50.0 0.50 ID letter code for identification only; provenance not included in rank tests as not represented at Benmore, Radnor or Thetford.

Drummond Hill P1970 Czech provenances GS6 GS42 %survival Mean % Mean Mean Mean Vol. GYC height survival Height Diameter Form index Prov ID Origin (m) (m) (cm) score 65(4371)5/100 Svetcarna Forest, Zefez Naruda 95 0.919 32.4 20.1 22.4 2.09 1.01 18 65(4371)8/100 Suchodol Forest, Trebon 94.68 0.907 34.0 17.8 18.8 2.06 0.63 14 65(4371)8/101 Klenovice Forest, Prachatice 91.03 0.875 38.2 18.9 18.0 1.92 0.61 16 65(4371)8/102 Ktis Forest, Prachatice 96 0.861 42.1 20.4 19.7 1.87 0.79 18 65(4371)8/103 Bobik Forest, Prachatice 100 1.013 68.7 15.8 16.9 2.05 0.45 12 65(4371)8/104 Bobik Forest, Prachatice 99 0.917 35.3 20.8 20.5 1.94 0.87 20 65(4371)8/105 Prachatice Forest, Prachatice 96.33 0.776 37.2 19.6 18.4 1.98 0.66 18 65(4371)8/106 Lcovice Forest, Straconice 92.02 0.927 42.1 18.8 18.3 2.07 0.63 16 65(4371)8/107 Cikar Forest, Kardasova Recice 100 1.060 76.7 18.5 18.1 1.88 0.61 16 65(4371)8/108 Jezero Forest, Vojenske Lesy 94 1.005 60.8 20.4 16.9 2.00 0.58 18 65(4372)3/100 Deblin Forest, Kurim 100 0.817 31.4 18.1 19.7 1.98 0.70 16 65(4373)2/100 Medzil Aborce 100 1.043 63.8 19.1 18.3 2.04 0.64 16 65(4373)2/101 Lozi Lipovce Forest, Precov 98.67 0.948 53.6 17.9 16.5 1.91 0.49 14 65(4373)3/100 Bitov Forest, Jemnice 96.99 0.856 49.0 18.2 18.3 2.07 0.61 16