Chapter 16 Section 1 China at Its Height

Chapter 16 Section 1 – China at Its Height (p. 510-515)

MAIN IDEAS NOTES  Mongol dynasty overthrown in 1368 The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) 1.) From ______to central ______to ______ See map on p. 511and p. 513 (p. 510) 2.) ______ made peace with northern nomadic tribes

3.) ______

a.) ______ Used to pick government officials

4.) ______

5.) ______

6.) ______

7.) ______ to ship products and crops from south to north

Early Ming Rulers 1.) ______(p. 510)  Ming Hong Wu = the Ming Martial Emperor

Ming Hong Wu 2.) ______(1368-1398)  Ming Hong Wu’s son &  Became emperor in 1402 after a 4 year campaign to defeat the rightful heir Yong Le (1402-1424) a.) 1406 = ______ moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing  also known as the Forbidden City  created to convey power and prestige  home of Chinese emperors for 500 years  1424 = Yong Le died and he was buried with his wife and 16 concubines in a new cemetery for emperors outside of Beijing

Explorations of 1.) ______Zheng He  see map on p. 513 (JUHNG*HUH)  Zheng He was sent by Yong Le (p. 510-512) 2.) from ______to ______ 1st voyage = 28,000 men and 62 ships  largest ship was 440 feet o Christopher Columbus (1492) – Santa Maria = 75 feet long

3.) Returned with ______ Giraffes from Africa were put into an imperial zoo

4.) ______ Traditionalists opposed these voyages  Held the Confucian view = Trading was unworthy and that being a merchant was an inferior occupation  After Yong Le’s death, exploration voyages were stopped

Page #1 2010-2011 Chapter 16 Section 1 – China at Its Height (p. 510-515)

 China was at height of its power Portuguese in China (p. 512) 1.) 1514 = ______ first direct contact between Europe and China since Marco Polo  Chinese emperor viewed the Europeans as “an unusual form of barbarian”  He saw rulers of other countries as “younger brothers” of the Chinese emperor  Portuguese were kicked out of Guangzhou for their behavior  Guangzhou = Canton today  They were allowed to occupy Macao = a port on southeastern coast of China

2.) ______ Most Portuguese ships carried goods between China and Japan  Europe = clocks, eyeglasses  China = teachings of Confucius, printing and availability of books, architecture

3.) ______ Jesuits = Catholic missionaries  Highly educated  Jesuits’ reports increased European’s interest in China

Fall of the Ming Dynasty 1.) ______(Late 1500s)  Weak rulers (p. 512)  Child emperors  Government corruption

2.) ______

3.) ______

4.) ______ “There were few signs of human life in the streets and all that was heard was the buzzing of flies.”

5.) ______ Li Zicheng = (LEE DZUH *CHUHNG)

a.) ______ the last Ming emperor committed suicide by hanging himself from a tree in the palace garden  other government officials took their own lives

The Qing Dynasty 1.) ______(1644 to 1911)  from Manchuria = northeast of Great Wall (see map on p. 511) (CHIHNG)  farming and hunting people (p. 513) a.) ______ Qing = “pure”

2.) Some ______

a.) ______

3.) Manchus ordered ______ Manchus ordered all males who supported the Qing rulers to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyles  Shave foreheads and braid their hair into a pigtail (queue)  If men refused, they were executed as rebels = “Lose your hair or lose your head”

 Manchus were ethnically and culturally different from the rest of the Chinese Qing Adaptations  Kept the Ming political system (p. 513) 1.) ______ Manchus made up 2% of the population  Manchus were defined as legally distinct from the rest of the people in China

a.) ______

b.) Banners = ______o Chief fighting force of the empire

2.) ______ Chinese held 80% of lower posts and a very small share of top positions  Sharing power with the Chinese won support for the Manchus

 Kangxi ruled from 1661-1722 Reign of Kangxi  Took charge in his teens and ruled 61 years (1661-1722)  Political skill and strong character (KAHNG*SHEE)  Worked from dawn to late at night (p. 514-515)  “One act of negligence may cause sorrow all through the country, and one moment of negligence may result in trouble for thousands of generations”

1.) ______ Helped to calm unrest along northern and western frontiers

2.) ______

3.) Treaty of ______

a.) Established ______ 1620s – 1650s = Russia pushed east into China in search of trade goods  Stopped Russia’s movement east  Allowed Russia more trade with China than with other European countries

4.) ______ 300,000 ordinary Chinese became Christians, as well as several hundred officials  tried to solve the differences between the many different Western religious missionaries but couldn’t  after Kangxi’s death, his successor suppressed Christianity

Rule of Qianlong 1.) ______(1736-1795)  See map on p. 513 (CHEE*UHN*LUNG) (p. 515) 2.) ______

3.) ______ Qianlong became influenced by destructive elements at court as he got older

a.) ______

b.) ______ pressure on the land and economic hardship

4.) ______ Revolt of peasants in central China  Defeated the peasants but expenses of fighting weakened the dynasty

British in China 1.) Qing Dynasty ______(p. 515) ______ Confined all European traders to a small island outside of Guangzhou from October to March  Could trade only with a limited number of Chinese firms licensed by the government

2.) End of 1700s = ______ Chinese merchants also wanted more trade with Britain

a.) Britain had an ______ Britain imported more to China than it exported to China  Imports from China = tea, silk, porcelain  Exports to China = Indian cotton

b.) ______

______

3.) 1793 = Lord ______

______ Macartney failed to perform a kowtow in front of the emperor (see p. 514)  Kowtow = low bow to show political submission and the superior status of the emperor

a.) ______ Qianlong said, “China had no need of Britain’s manufactures”  In the future, Britain would use force to open China to trade

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