Open Space Projects, Endless Benefits
Facts and Thoughts in Support of Open Space Projects in Ohio 2004
Collected by Elaine Marsh, Project Director Ohio Greenways; Mauricio Bonilla, Graduate Intern, University of Akron
2179 Everett Rd. Peninsula, OH 44264 (330)657-2055 (330) 657-2198 FAX ohgreeway@aol,com www,ohiogreenways.org
Ohio Greenways is administered by The Ohio Parks and Recreation Association 1069-A West Main St. Westerville, OH 43081 (614) 895-2222; fax (614) 895-3050; [email protected]; www.opraonline.org
Ohio Greenways is a project that researches greenway issues, educates Ohioans of the vast benefits of greenways, provides technical assistance to greenway projects and initiates strategies to expand greenway development in Ohio. Since 1996, the project conducted several statewide and regional meetings, forums and conferences, devised many tools, assisted many local and regional planning efforts, and educated many thousands of Ohio citizens on the functions and benefits of greenways. Ohio Greenways provides technical assistance to both trail and conservation greenways project.
This publication was produced with support from the George Gund Foundation and the Ohio Environmental Education Fund. Open Space Projects, Endless Benefits
Facts and Thoughts in Support of Open Space Projects in Ohio
Open Space Projects generate an abundance of benefits for communities. This is a subject we don’t take on faith. It is easily demonstrated. The following tables cite a sampling of open space benefits by topic and with referenced sources. The listing is not inclusive. Rather, it is a listing of examples of open space benefits as demonstrated in literature or “on the ground” projects.
We hope that the information in this document will help open space enthusiasts find supporting statements of need in grant proposals. definitions for planning documents. quips for marketing pieces.
Also, we hope the information will help planners and designers expand their projects’ focus to include a broader array of benefits.
Finally, we hope that the facts and thoughts listed here will encourage you to conduct your own “homegrown” research in support of your local projects. And, once generated, we hope that you will share your research with us, so that we can share your good news far and wide. Send information to [email protected].
Contents
Ohio at a Glance pg. 2 Ohioans Support Open Space Projects pg. 3-5 Ohio, A Water Rich State pg. 6-8 Ohio’s Biodiversity pg. 9-11 Disturbing Trends: Health/Safety pg. 12-14 Open Space Projects: Health/Safety Solutions pg. 15-18 Open Space Projects: Recreation Bonanza pg. 19-20 Open Space and Tourism pg. 21-22 Green Infrastructure pg. 23-27 Open Spaces Make Good Neighbors pg. 28-29 Open Space Projects Diversifying Local Economy pg. 30-31 Open Space Projects Enhancing Ohio’s Quality of Life pg. 32-36
This document, like all of our tools, is a “work in progress.” We invite you to join the body of our research. Submit your benefit reports, articles, brochures, stories, etc. We will include your benefit “quips” in our next publication. Your statements must be excerpted from cited published material or be direct quotes from persons who agree to be listed with contact information.
Ohio Greenways 1 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org
Ohio at a Glance Year Source
Ohio is ranked 34th among the 50 states in total area with 2000 U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. 44,828 square miles.
Ohio is ranked 7th among the 50 states in population with 2000 U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. 11,353,140 people.
According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, during 2001 U.S. Department of Commerce, 1996-1997, Ohio’s average per capita state and local taxes 2001. were $2,597, ranking Ohio 22nd among the 50 states.
Ohio contains 88 counties. 2000 U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. Ashtabula is Ohio’s largest county with 711 square miles. Lake is Ohio’s smallest county with 232 square miles. Highest geographical point is Campbell Hill located in Bellefontaine at 1,550 ft. Lowest geographical point is the Ohio River at 433 ft. The geographic center of the state is located in Centerburg in Knox County.
Agriculture is the primary economic generator according to 1997 Ohio Farmland Preservation Task the State of Ohio. Force, Findings and Recommendations, Report to the Governor, 1997. Tourism is the second largest portion of Ohio’s Economy. 2001 Ohio Division of Travel & Tourism. Fact Sheet -2001 www.ohiotourism.com
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the three major 2000 U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. industries in Ohio are: Manufacturing, Retail Trade and Educational, Health and Social Service.
The average family income in Ohio is $48,380. 2003 www.CensusData.com. 2003. Original cite: 1999 Demographics
With 26,222 total acres, Ohio ranks 36th among the 50 states 2000 U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. in state and federally owned land.
Ohio ranks 47th in the nation in public land available per 1986 Ohio Statewide Comprehensive capita for recreation. (Ohio has no more recent numbers.) Outdoor Recreation Plan, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1986. Ohio ranked 6th among the 50 states in Toxic Release 2000 U.S. Environmental Protection Inventory (TRI). Agency, 2000. “Toxic Release Inventory Program.” Ohio is traversed by a continental divide which separates the 2001 A Guide to Ohio Streams, Randy Great Lakes from the Mississippi watersheds. About one- Sanders, Ohio Chapter of third of the land area of Ohio is in the Great Lakes watershed American Fisheries Society. and about two-thirds are in the Mississippi. 88% of Ohio is privately owned by individuals and local 2001 A Guide to Ohio Streams, Randy
Ohio Greenways 2 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org government. Sanders, Ohio Chapter of 7.8% of Ohio’s land is under Lake Erie (managed by ODNR). American Fisheries Society. 1.6% of Ohio is owned by ODNR. 1.3% of Ohio is in federal lands. 0.8% of Ohio is inland lakes.
Ohio Greenways 3 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Ohioans Support Open Space Year Source
In a 2000 study, the majority of Ohioans identified loss of 2000 “Ohio Statewide Survey for the wild natural areas as a very serious problem. League of Conservation Voters Education Fund”; Fairbank, Maslin,Maullin & Associates, Washington DC.
2001 Issue One, Clean Ohio Fund: 2001 Secretary of State, State of Ohio. 2,197,773 Yes….57.4% www.state.oh.us/sos 1,628,716 No…..42.6%
85% of voters felt Darby Creek needs to be preserved for 1997 Issue Analysis, Central Ohio, future generations; 68% supported spending local tax money prepared for The Nature to buy more land for open space and recreation areas. Conservancy, The Kitchens Group, November, 1997 A survey of Ashtabula and Geauga counties residents, 2000 TNC Survey in Northern Ohio, conducted for the Nature Conservancy, showed that the Executive Summary, Belden majority support: Russonello & Stewart, July 2000 increasing protection for local rivers. want newly acquired natural areas to remain undisturbed as habitat rather than to build ball parks for the community stand against giving up natural areas in return for the promise of economic development and more jobs.
75.6% of surveyed Ohioans felt it is somewhat to extremely 1994 The Tarrance Group Survey: Ohio important to acquire land for parks, forests and recreational Initiative 6394 (7/23/94) areas. Percentage of Ohioans who felt it is somewhat to extremely 1994 The Tarrance Group Survey: Ohio important to set aside areas for endangered species = Initiative 6394 (7/23/94) 84.5% The State of Ohio’s number one recommendation regarding 2003 Ohio Statewide Comprehensive recreational resource protection: Recreation providers and Outdoor Recreation Plan, Ohio conservation organizations should strive to protect Ohio’s Department of Natural Resources, natural systems, native habitats and recreational resources 2003 through conservation assistance and the acquisition of key land and water resources.
Nationwide voter approval of 240 state and local ballot 1999 Economic Benefits of Open Space initiatives for conserving land approved by voters = 72% (1999), Trust for Public Land www.tpl.org
November, 2003. Despite a weak economy, American voters 2003 LandVote 2003, Trust for Public overwhelming supported conservation-related ballot Land, www.tpl.org measures. 99 measures in 23 states were approved $1.8 billion in new funding overall 77% approval rate Approval rate from historical 70% (1998 – 20002)
Ohio Greenways 4 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org In September 1996, over 9,000 trail users in Cuyahoga 1997 Akron Beacon Journal (1997). Valley, Ohio, donated five dollars each to help maintain the “Park Tags Net $45,000.” trail. Sept. 27, 1997
Residents of Canal Place Condominiums in Akron, Ohio, have 2002 Higgins, John, Beacon Journal staff been willing to pay $8,000 more for the housing units writer. “Housing anchors near located near the Towpath Trail, than for identical units that canal,” Akron Beacon Journal. the same developer is building in Louisville, which also has a March 18, 2002 competitive real estate market.
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Ohio Greenways 5 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Ohioans Support Open Space Year Source
64% of Americans consider it very important to conserve 2002 “Wetlands and Public Opinion”, and protect wetlands and 46 % say they believe there are Responsive Management, Spring too few wetlands. 2002
90% of adjacent property owners to the Kokosing Gap Trail 1998 Fish, M. Jennifer. “An Analysis of stated that it was important to preserve open space for the the Perceived Costs and Benefits residents of Knox County to enjoy. of Residing Near a Rural and Recreational Greenway.” The Ohio State University, 1998
The vast majority of adjacent landowners to the Little Miami 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum Scenic Trail believe that the trail’s role in preserving open Consultants, Inc. for Ohio space is important. Greenways, Little Miami Scenic Trail, Economic Study
Nearly 70% of adjacent landowners to the Little Miami Scenic 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum Trail believe that the trail’s role in preserving water quality Consultants, Inc. for Ohio in the Little Miami River is important. Greenways, Little Miami Scenic Trail, Economic Study
“I love the scenery. I love the smooth flat trail. I love being 1999 Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana able to go for 20+ miles. I love being able to depart from Regional Council of Governments, different parts of the trial and still go 20+ miles. I love Trail Users Study, Little Miami passing the towns and stopping at ice cream parlors. I love Scenic Trail being along the river. In the past 2 months, we have ridden all parts of the trail from Milford to Xenia. Eventually, we will do all the trail and as it is extended, we will do that. This just begins to tell you how much my family has enjoyed the trail and we want to thank those who had the foresight to preserve and develop this wonderful resource.” A Little Miami Scenic Trail User
A recent study of Muskingum Watershed Conservancy 2003 For the Muskingum Watershed District showed that residents strongly support development Conservancy District. Ted Napier, efforts that will improve water quality. Muskingum River Watershed Natural Resources, Development Needs Assessment Study Report, The Ohio State University
84% of adults want governments to include pedestrian and 2003 For the Surface Transportation bicycle paths in transportation plans. 59% want Policy Project, Belden, Russonello governments to increase funding for sidewalks and paths, & Stewart, American Attitudes even if it means they must drive slower. toward Walking and Creating Better Walking Communities
“Across the country, the rate of response to preserve land 2003 Ed McMahon, “Green far exceeds voter approval of initiatives for built Infrastructure – What and Why?” infrastructure, schools and the like.” MidAmerican Trails and Greenway Conference, Indianapolis, IN
Ohio Greenways 6 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org [email protected]
A study of beach visitation to Lake Erie showed that multi- 2003 Sohgen, The Value of Lake Erie day visitors would be willing to spend between $6.93 and Beaches, AED, The Ohio State $7.39 per visit to eliminate one beach advisory and single University day visitors would be willing to spend $2.06 per visit. [email protected]
Ohio Greenways 7 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org OHIOANS SUPPORT OPEN SPACE YEAR SOURCE
The majority of Ohioans believe that the State should spend 2001 Daehler, Ohio Trails Participation more or much more for trails: Study More Statewide/Regional Trails = 56% Statewide Trail Plan More Community Trail Systems = 62% More Walking Trails = 62% http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/trailsfu More Hard Surface Bicycle Trails = 53% nd/survey.htm More Nature/Interpretative Trails = 51%
Ohio Greenways 8 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Ohio, A Water Rich State Year Source
Ohio is rich in water resources. 2003 Ohio Statewide Comprehensive 3,906 square miles of surface water (Lake Erie + Inland Outdoor Recreation Plan, Ohio lakes and ponds) Department of Natural Resources, 61,500 miles of inland rivers and streams 2003 451 miles of the Ohio River
Lake Erie is the 12th largest lake in the world, spanning an 1999 Ohio Department of Natural area of 3,499 square miles. 262 miles of the lake’s shoreline Resources (1999). “Lake Erie are in Ohio, 6.9 miles of which are public beaches. Facts.” www.dnr.state.oh.us/geosurvey/
The Great Lakes contain 20% of the earth’s fresh water 1999 Ohio Department of Natural supply. Resources (1999). “Lake Erie Facts.” www.dnr.state.oh.us/geosurvey/
Ohio has more than 25,000 miles of 3,300 named streams. 2003 Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OhioEPA), 2003. Water Related Programs. www.epa.state.oh.us
The Muskingum is the largest watershed in Ohio occupying 2001 A Guide to Ohio Streams, Randy 8,051 square miles. Sanders, Ohio Chapter of American Fisheries Society
Occupying 6,608 square miles, the Maumee basin is the 1994 Great Lakes Atlas, Environment largest in all of the Great Lakes. Canada.
530 million of Lake Erie’s 110 billion gallons are used each 1996 Dick Bartz, “The Great Lake Erie.” day for municipal and drinking water supply. Ohio Sea Grant http://earthsys.ag.ohio- state.edu/project/pubs/LAKEERIE.h tml The Ohio Department of Natural Resources oversees 701 2003 Ohio Department of Natural miles of state designated Wild and Scenic Rivers. There are Resources (ODNR). Division of three federally designated Scenic Rivers: the Darby, the Natural Areas and Preserves, Little Miami and the Little Beaver. 2003. www.ohiodnr.com
Ohio receives a statewide average of about 38 inches of rain 2001 A Guide to Ohio Streams, Randy per rain. Sanders, Ohio Chapter of American Fisheries Society.
“More than 1,400 species of wildlife …depend on how well 2001 A Guide to Ohio Streams, Randy Ohioans understand, use and care for their streams.” Sanders, Ohio Chapter of American Fisheries Society
The Clean Water Act of 1972 established a national goal to 1972 www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/33/c “restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological h26.html
Ohio Greenways 9 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org integrity of the nation’s surface waters.”
About 40% of Ohio’s large rivers do NOT meet standards for 2002 Integrated Water Quality fish and aquatic life. About 50% of Ohio’s small streams do Monitoring and Assessment Report NOT meet the standards for fish and aquatic life.
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Ohio Greenways 10 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Ohio, A Water Rich State Year Source
Loss of natural stream channels, vegetated stream corridors 2000 Ohio Water Resource Inventory. and floodplains are key causes of non-attainment of aquatic “Aquatic Life Status Year 2000.” life standards. www.epa.state.oh.us
As of 1998, habitat alteration and siltation from excessive 2001 A Guide to Ohio Streams, Randy erosion are two of the three leading causes of non- Sanders, Ohio Chapter of American attainment of healthy aquatic life in Ohio streams. Fisheries Society.
Sediment adds $.32 per ton in water treatment costs. A 10% 1987 Foster, Bardos and Southgate, Soil reduction of sediment would result in a 4% reduction of Erosion and Water Treatment water treatment costs. Costs. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 42:349-352
The value of high quality wetlands in Northeast Ohio can be 2000 Brent Sohngen , Economic Benefits estimated at $47,000 per acre. of Wetland Protection: What Do We Know?, Presentation to Cuyahoga RAP, 8/24/2000, AED Economics, The Ohio State University
Ohio ranked 2nd among the 50 states in wetlands lost. 2000 GIS Data Analysis Report, 2000. “Getting GIS Into the Hands of the Conservationist. Phase 1: Demonstration Project.”
From the 1780’s to the 1980’s wetland area in Ohio declined 1990 Dahl, TE, 1990 – Wetland Losses in 90% from about 5 million acres to 483,000 acres. the United States, US Fish & Wildlife Service Report to Congress.
The National Academy of Science found 2001 National Academy of Sciences, The construction of many mitigated wetlands is delayed Compensating for Wetland Losses or never completed. Under the Clean Water Act, The majority of mitigated wetlands do not duplicate the http://books.nap.edu/openbook/03 ecological functions of the natural wetlands that were 09074320/html/index.html buried.
Although wetlands are a fundamentally important element of 1995 EPA and Environment Canada, The the Great Lakes ecosystem and are of obvious merit, their Great Lakes Atlas and Resource numbers continue to decline at an alarming rate. Over two- Book thirds of the Great Lakes wetlands have already been lost http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/ind and many of those remaining are threatened by ex.html development, drainage or pollution.
Most of Ohio’s endangered animals are aquatic species. 1997 Richard M. Stapleton (1997). Their endangered status is a result of siltation from soil “Protecting the Source.” The Trust erosion, dam construction, degradation of water quality, for Public Land, Watershed drainage activities and the channelization of streams. Protection Publications
Ohio Greenways 11 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org “Functionally healthy and intact riparian zones…are 1996 1996 Water Resource Inventory, essential for the attainment of the clean water goals Ohio EPA. MAS/1966-10-3 embodied by the Ohio Water Quality Standards.”
“The restoration and maintenance of minimum width riparian buffer zones is …essential…”
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Ohio Greenways 12 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Ohio, A Water Rich State Year Source
Benefits of streamside forests and floodplains include: 2001 A Guide to Ohio Streams, Randy improved water quality and physical habitats. Sanders, Ohio Chapter of American reduced soil erosion and downstream flooding. Fisheries Society. increased groundwater recharge.
Vegetated, unmodified stream corridors can improve fish 1999 Sohngen, The Economics of habitat. A 1998 study of the Great Lakes trout and salmon Vegetated Filter Strips, Ohio State fishery suggested that a 10% increase in catch rates could University Extension. AE-0006-99 lead to a $3.4 million increase in recreational value for sport anglers.
More fish are produced each year for human consumption 1999 Ohio Department of Natural from Lake Erie than from the other four Great Lakes (Huron, Resources (1999), “Lake Erie Michigan, Superior, and Ontario) combined. Facts” www.dnr.state.oh.us/geosurvey/
Retail expenditure by recreational boaters in the great 2003 Testimony by Senator George lakes states is $.6 billion annually, one-third of all nation Voinovich, Hearings on Restoration expenditures in this category. and Protection of the Great Lakes, Tourism to Lake Erie accounts for 50,000 jobs and $1.5 U.S. Senate Committee on billion annually. Environment and Public Works, The Great Lakes fishery is valued at more than $4 billion Cleveland, Ohio, August 25, 2003 annually. Increases in phosphorous levels and gradually warming of 2003 Testimony by Jeff Ruetter, Director Lake Erie are causing low oxygen levels in a large portion of of Ohio Sea Grant, Hearings on the lake. Only 20% of the monitoring stations registered Restoration and Protection of the sufficient oxygen levels for most fish species. (One of the Great Lakes, U.S. Senate key causes: runoff. Other causes: combined sewer Committee on Environment and overflows, zebra muscles, quagga muscles.) Public Works, Cleveland, Ohio, August 25, 2003
In 2001, 1.4 million Ohio anglers spent $944.6 million in 2002 2001 Wildlife Study, US Fish & fishing related expenses. Wildlife Service. OMB: 1018-0088
Rivers Unlimited, an Ohio river advocate organization, 2000 Rivers Unlimited, Summer estimates that the annual value of a mile of fishable stream Newsletter, 2000 is $13,477.
Recreational value of point source controls for water quality 1993 Freeman, as cited in Cost Benefit has been estimated to be $8.5 billion annually. Analysis of Ohio’s Environment, Brent Sohngen,Dept. of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics,The Ohio State University
In 2002, Ohio registered 56,813 canoes and kayaks. These 1998 Economic Study of Recreational paddlers spent $55 per trip on food and lodging. Boating, Division of Watercraft, ODNR
Ohio Greenways 13 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org The appraisal value of houses with natural streams is 3 times 2001 “Life at the Water’s Edge: Living in higher than those with canalized streams. Harmony with Your Backyard Stream.” Cuyahoga River Remedial Action Plan; Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District; Summit Soil and Water Conservation District
Ohio’s Biodiversity Year Source
Biodiversity: The full range of natural variety and variability 2003 The Nature Conservancy, within and among living organisms, and the ecological and Conservation by Design. environmental complexes in which they occur. It encompasses multiple levels of organization, including genes, species, communities, and ecological systems or ecosystems.
“…the highest quality streams [are] distributed principally 1996 1996 Water Resource Inventory, among the Western Allegheny Plateau and the E. Corn Belt Ohio EPA. MAS/1966-10-3 Plains ecoregions.”
The Ohio River supports over 100 species of fish, 70 species 1993 Richard Smith, PhD, What’s a River of mussels and many species of aquatic and terrestrial birds Worth? A Valuation Survey of the and mammals, including a number of threatened and Ohio River Corridor, Ohio River endangered species. Valley Water Sanitation Commission, et all, 1993
Collectively streams within the Darby Creek Watershed 1999 US Fish & Wildlife Service, contain 94 species of fish, 35 species of mussels and 184 Environmental Assessment, Little marcoinvertebrate taxa. Darby (Draft)
“With more than 1,400 total species, rivers and creeks are 2001 A Guide to Ohio Streams, Randy the rain forests of Ohio.” Sanders, Ohio Chapter of American Fisheries Society
“In just a few hundred yards of most streams, you can 2001 A Guide to Ohio Streams, Randy expect to find thousands of individual fish of 20 or more Sanders, Ohio Chapter of American species.” Fisheries Society
“…, wildlife biologists and ecologists have long recognized 2002 Benedict, McMahon, Green that the best way to preserve biological diversity and Infrastructure, Smart Growth for ecological processes is to the 21st Century. create an integrated conservation system to counter habitat www.sprawlwatch.org fragmentation.”
Ohio has 129 endangered animal species and 30 threatened 2002 www.endangeredspecie.com species. The most endangered and threatened groups are birds and mollusks.
Some mussels can live for more than 70 years. 2001 A Guide to Ohio Streams, Randy Sanders, Ohio Chapter of American
Ohio Greenways 14 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Fisheries Society
Nine Ohio species of animals are extinct and 31 species 2001 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Region which previously inhabited Ohio no longer exist here. 3. 2001. http://Midwest.fws.gov
The percentage of Ohio fish species which are classified as 1996 1996 Water Resource Inventory, rare, endangered, threatened or special interest may be as Ohio EPA. MAS/1966-10-3 high as 40%.
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Ohio Greenways 15 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Ohio’s Biodiversity Year Source
As the impervious cover (roads, parking lots, roof tops) 2001 Center for Watershed Protection, increases, the number and diversity of aquatic species Why Watersheds decreases. http://www.cwp.org/water.htm From 1960 to 1990, Ohio’s land consumptions grew at a rate 1997 Ohio Farmland Preservation Task of five times the rate of population growth. Force, 1997. Findings and Recommendations. As more agricultural, forest, grassland and wetlands are 1995 “Land Use and Development,” converted to urban uses, environmental risks to future Ohio State Of The Environment generations increase. Report, The Ohio Comparative Risk Project, Ohio EPA, December 1995
“Over the past 200 years, habitat in most of Ohio has been 1995 Ohio Comparative Risk Project, converted from nearly a continuous cover of natural, Ohio: State of the Environment deciduous forest to a mosaic of agriculture, suburban/urban Report. Ohio EPA, Columbus, OH and fragmented woodlands. Original prairie habitat has been lost as a functional ecosystem.”
Nine of 11 species of the grassland-nesting birds studied 1996 Swanson, Nesting Ecology and have significantly declining populations. Habitat Nesting Habitat Requirements of degradation is a key factor. Ohio's Grassland-Nesting Birds: A Literature Review, ODNR http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resour ce/othrdata/ohionest/ohionest.htm #contents
The need for good management of all areas dedicated to 1981 Duebbert, et all, Establishment of wildlife habitat is emphasized by the rate of destruction and Seeded Grasslands for Wildlife degradation of grassland habitats. Desirable wildlife Habitat in the Prairie Pothole populations can be benefited by establishment and Region, US Fish & Wildlife Service maintenance of high-quality stands of seeded grasslands. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resour ce/tools/grasland/contents.htm
“Perhaps the most practical reason for maintaining biological 1998 ODNR, Ohio’s Biological Diversity, diversity is our economic dependence on wild species, brochure. especially for food, medicine, shelter and industrial uses.”
Ohio’s forest products industry employs over 70,000 people; 1994 Ervin, et al, Forests of Ohio, The growing, processing and manufacturing wood products Ohio State University. produces over $7 billion annually.
Researchers have found that the populations of many 1998 Environmental Law Institute, neotropical migrants (birds which migrate to the tropical Ohio’s Biodiversity: Strategies and regions in winter) are in severe decline. Much of this decline Tools for Conservation is attributed to habitat fragmentation.
Ohio Greenways 16 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org In 2001, 2.9 million Ohioans spent $880 million watching 2002 US Fish and Wildlife Survey wildlife. (2001).” 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife- Associated Recreation.” State Overview. June, 2002
OMB: 1018-0088 (Continued. . .)
Ohio Greenways 17 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Ohio’s Biodiversity Year Source
At least 32 of the 36 species of Great Lakes fish studied 1995 EPA and Environment Canada, The depend on coastal wetlands for their successful Great Lakes Atlas and Resource reproduction. In addition to providing a desirable habitat for Book aquatic life, wetlands prevent damage from erosion and http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/ind flooding, as well as controlling point and nonpoint source ex.html pollution.
“Of all sources of permanent and temporary standing water, 2003 John Rockenbaugh, SWCD Wildlife healthy emergent wetlands-marshes pose the greatest Specialist, Union Soil and Water hazard and obstacle for mosquito reproduction.” Conservation District, “Health Wetlands, A Mosquito’s Worst Enemy.” [email protected] g The Ohio Hills is one of the highest priorities for conservation 2003 Bird Conservation Plan for Ohio attention among Northeastern physiographic areas due to its Hills, Executive Summary, high concentration of high priority and declining species. American Bird Conservancy http://www.blm.gov/wildlife/pl_22s um.htm “Habitat management is a key to the success of restoring 2003 Kendra Wecker, ODNR, Division of endangered species. For example, the protected habitat at Wildlife Crane Creek is essential to our osprey reintroduction program in Ottawa County.” [email protected]
Exotic invasive species are one of the top three causes for 1998 Environmental Law Institute, biological diversity loss in Ohio. (Exotic invasives are Ohio’s Biodiversity: Strategies and species which are introduced from outside the ecosystem Tools for Conservation and aggressively choke out native communities.)
In an unusual test of conservation strategy called wildlife 2002 Science News, Of Note, October corridors, strips of habitat boosted insect movement, plant 26, 2002, Vol. 162. pollination, and seed dispersal among patches of the same www.sciencenews.org ecosystem.
Conservation is the state of harmony between man and nature. Aldo Leopold
Ohio Greenways 18 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Disturbing Trends Year Source Healthy / Safety
Physical inactivity contributes to 300,000 preventable deaths 2002 President’s Council on Fitness, a year in the United States. Some 40% of deaths in the U.S. Department of Health and United States are caused by behavior patterns that could be Human Services, Fact Sheet, modified. A sedentary lifestyle is a major risk factor across Physical Activity and Health. the spectrum of preventable diseases that lower the quality http://fitness.gov/physical_activity_ of life and kill Americans. fact_sheet.html
Obesity-related diseases are the second-leading cause of 2001 Tanner, Lindsey, Associated Press. premature deaths, the number one being smoking. “More Americans Considered Obese,” Akron Beacon Journal. September 13, 2001. Ali Mokdad, CDC epidemiologist.
The percentage of Americans who were overweight or obese 2001 Tanner, Lindsey, Associated Press. in 2000 was 56.4%. This is up from 45% in 1991. “More Americans Considered Obese,” Akron Beacon Journal. September 13, 2001. 2000 governmental survey.
The percentage of Americans who were obese in 2000 was 2001 Tanner, Lindsey, Associated Press. 19.8% (nearly 40 million people). This is up from 12% in “More Americans Considered 1991. Ohio is one of 22 states above 20%. Obese,” Akron Beacon Journal. September 13, 2001. 2000 governmental survey. 2001 Journal of the American Medical Association.
Researchers in child obesity estimate that the incidence of 1999 Michael Goran, USC Health obesity in children is approximately 1 in 5 and may be as Magazine. Winter 1999. high as 1 in 2 for certain populations.
Personal wellness? Overweight ages 6-11: 2001 National Center for Health 1974: 4% Statistics, Center for Disease 1980: 7% Control and Prevention 2001. 1994: 11% 1999: 13%
In 1998, 42,963 Ohioans died of cardiovascular disease 1999 Ohio Department of Health (40.7% of all deaths that year). www.odh.state.oh.us/
The rising number of obese and overweight Americans has 2001 Tanner, Lindsey, Associated Press. contributed to a parallel rise in diabetes: 15 million cases “More Americans Considered diagnosed in 2000 compared to 9 million in 1991. Obese,” Akron Beacon Journal. September 13, 2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
One in three US children born in 2000 will become diabetic 2003 Janet McConnaughey, Associated unless many more people start eating less and exercising Press, The Plain Dealer, Diabetic
Ohio Greenways 19 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org more. problem in US will worsen, CDC warns, Sunday, June 15, 2003.
Walking and bicycling by children ages 5 – 15 years dropped 1996 US Surgeon Generals Report, 40% from 1977 to 1995. Physical Activity and Health
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Ohio Greenways 20 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Disturbing Trends Year Source Health/Safety
Only 6% of schools require physical education for high 2001 Neergaard, Lauran, Associated school seniors. Press. “Obesity may top smoking death rate,” Akron Beacon Journal. December 14, 2001. Statistical data from Surgeon General David Satcher.
Only 19% of all high school students are physically active in 1996 “A Report of the Surgeon General: a physical education class for at least 20 minutes, five days Physical Activity and Health.” U.S. a week Department of Health and Human Services.
100 bicyclists and pedestrians were killed in Ohio in 2001. 2001 Govenor's Highway Safety Office 2001 http://www.dot.state.oh.us/divplan/ SysPlan/crash.htm
In the US, 6,000 pedestrians and bicyclists are killed each 2000 Federal Highway Administration, year in traffic accidents; 90,000 are injured. Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Research Page http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pedbik e/pedbike.htm
Approximately 13% of the 41,000 vehicular deaths in the US 2003 US Dept. of Transportation, were pedestrians and bicyclists. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatality Analysis Reporting System 2001 http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov
1996: At least partly because safe places for walking and 1998 Bicycle Federation of America. cycling were scarce, 5,157 pedestrians in the United States “ProBike ProWalk 1998” were killed and 82,000 were injured. About 1 in 8 people Newsletter who died in traffic accidents were pedestrians. In some large cities, pedestrians accounted for nearly 50% of traffic deaths.
A lack of safe pedestrian walkways is a primary cause of 2000 McCann, Barbara and Bianca pedestrian injury and fatality. DeLille. “Mean Streets 2000: Pedestrian Safety, Health and Federal Transportation Spending.” htpp://www.transact.org
A 1999 study in South Carolina found that the lack of 1999 The Prevention Research Center of physical activity causes nearly 2,000 deaths annually and the University of South Carolina costs the state $157 million or more annually in hospital School of Public Health. “Good charges. Health: It’s Your Move –Physical Activity in South Carolina.” May 14, 1999.
Ohio Greenways 21 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org http://www.prevention.sph.sc.edu
In 1995, the total US cost attributed to obesity was $99.2 1998 Obesity Research 6: 97-106 (1998) billion; $12.7 billion to corporations. http://www.obesityresearch.org/
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Ohio Greenways 22 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Disturbing Trends Year Source Health/Safety
Diabetes alone accounts for $100 billion in health care 2001 Tanner, Lindsey, Associated Press. spending each year. “More Americans Considered Obese,” Akron Beacon Journal. September 13, 2001. Tommy Thompson, Health and Human Services Secretary
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the #1 killer of people in the 2003 American Heart Association, Heart US. 40% of all deaths are a consequence of CVD, costing Disease and Stroke Statistics, over $101.1 billion/yr. 2003 Update http://www.americanheart.org/
A recent study showed that total cost of the physical 2003 Chenoweth, et al, The Economic inactivity of 7.6 million Michigan adults was nearly $8.9 Cost of Physical Inactivity in billion in 2002. Of these costs, $8.6 billion are attributed to Michigan, Michigan Fitness workers’ compensation which equates to a loss of 162 Foundation. productive hours (about 20 days) per worker. www.michiganfitness.org
The neglect of pedestrian and bicycling safety has made 2003 Pucher, Promoting Safe Walking walking and cycling dangerous ways of getting around and Cycling to improve Public American Cities. Health: Lesson from the Netherlands & Germany, American Journal of Public Health September 2003, Vol 93, No. 9. According the Overall Health Ranking Score based on 2003 George Benjamin, MD, American statistics gathered from the federal government and other Publid Health Association, sources, Ohio ranked 26th. This rank reflects a score which is America’s Health: State Health 2.2% above the national norm. (Minnesota, highest ranked Rankings, presented at American state, scored 24.3; Mississippi, lowest ranked state scored Public Health Association Annual -22.0 %.) Meeting, Nov. 15-19.
Ohio Greenways 23 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Space Projects Year Source Health / Safety Solutions
Recommendation of Surgeon General David Stacher: 2001 Neergaard, Lauran, Associated “Communities must create safe playgrounds, sidewalks or Press. “Obesity may top smoking walking trails, particularly in inner cities. Employers should death rate,” Akron Beacon Journal. provide time for workers to get physical activity on the job. December 14, 2001. Statistical Healthier workers mean employers’ insurance and data from Surgeon General David absenteeism costs will drop.” Satcher.
Several studies have found that nature and outdoor settings 2000 “Selling Greenways,” Ohio help reduce stress. Natural environments elicit positive Department of Natural Resources, feelings, reduce fear, are interesting to look at and even help News and Views, Soil and Water block stressful thoughts. The most beneficial natural Conservation Newsletter. environments are those composed primarily of vegetation and water.
A study conducted by Brown University stated that the 1999 “The Benefits are Endless” (1999) nation could save $20 billion per year in the United States if Ohio Parks and Recreation every sedentary American walked an hour a day. Association,. www.opraonline.org
If 1 in 20 sedentary adults become and stay physically active 2003 Chenoweth, et al, The Economic over the next four years, Michigan will avoid $575 million per Cost of Physical Inactivity in year. This equates to jobs for over 15,400 employees. Michigan, Michigan Fitness Foundation. www.michiganfitness.org
According to the Surgeon General, regular physical activity 1996 “A Report of the Surgeon General: relieves symptoms of depression and anxiety and generally Physical Activity and Health.” U.S. improves mood. Department of Health and Human Services.
Increased physical activity can improve cardiovascular 2000 President’s Council on Physical health even in overweight people. Fitness and Sports Research Digest, December 2000
Even modest physical activity, such as walking, can reduce 1996 “A Report of the Surgeon General: the risk of coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, colon Physical Activity and Health.” U.S. cancer, diabetes and even depression. Department of Health and Human Services.
A British Medical Association study: The extra time spent 2000 McCann, Barbara and Bianca walking or cycling to a destination versus driving in a car is DeLille. “Mean Streets 2000: more than offset by the health benefits of cardiovascular Pedestrian Safety, Health and exercise, because it extends life expectancy more than the Federal Transportation Spending.” extra time it takes to walk or ride a bike. htpp://www.transact.org
Columbus Mayor Coleman proposed to disban the Columbus 2002 Suzanne Hoholik, Columbus Traffic and Transportation Commission in order to create the Dispatch, December 10, 2002 Transportation and Pedestrian Commission which would
Ohio Greenways 24 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org focus on children and pedestrians.
"The built environment is our most important habitat," notes 2003 Robert Woods Johnson Foundation, Allen Dearry, Ph.D., associate director of the National New Study Finds Link Between the Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Community Design and Weight, Institutes of Health. "It plays a significant role in chronic Physical Activity and High Blood health conditions such as obesity, asthma and Pressure cardiovascular disease. Communities, biomedical scientists, http://www.rwjf.org/news/releaseD planners, policy makers and others need to identify the etail.jsp?id=1060184036801 mechanisms by which the built environment impacts health and develop appropriate interventions to reduce or eliminate its harmful effects."
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Ohio Greenways 25 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Space Projects Year Source Health / Safety Solutions
In a recent study, 78% of American adults said that if there 2003 U.S.A. Today, The way cities and were safe, convenient places to walk, they would walk more suburbs are developed could be for fun (46% “a lot” more). bad for your health http://www.usatoday.com/usatonli ne/20030423/5094277s.htm
A 1998 study of 372 trails conducted by the Rails to Trails 1998 Rail Trails and Safe Communities Conservancy showed that the incidence of crime on urban, Rails to Trails Conservancy 1998 suburban and rural trails was very low compared with national crime rates. www.railtrails.org
84% of adults want governments to include pedestrian and 2003 For the Surface Transportation bicycle paths in transportation plans; 59% want Policy Project, Belden, Russonello governments to increase funding for sidewalks and paths. & Stewart, American Attitudes toward Walking and Creating Better Walking Communities
A study of the Katy Trail in Missouri showed that 55% of 1999 St. Louis University people using the trail increased their amount of walking School of Public Health since they began using the trail. Ross Brownson "Promoting physical activity in rural communities: walking trail access, use, and effects", American Journal of Preventive Medicine, in press.
As a result of several studies, the CDC’s Task Force on 2001 Center for Disease Control and Community Preventive Services found that trails and other Prevention, Increasing Physical facilities which remove barriers to exercise are highly Activity, A Report on effective in increasing frequency of physical activity and Recommendations of the Task increasing aerobic fitness. Force on Community Preventive Services,, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 26, 2001 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview /mmwrhtml/rr5018a1.htm
The CDC’s Task Force on Community Preventive Service 2001 Center for Disease Control and recommends the creation of or enhanced access to places Prevention, Increasing Physical for physical activity with educational outreach. Activity, A Report on Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services,, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, October 26, 2001 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview /mmwrhtml/rr5018a1.htm
A Nebraska study of trails indicated that 1998 State of Nebraska Trail Study Most people walked or rode their bicycle when they lived Nebraska Team 1998
Ohio Greenways 26 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org within a mile of a trail. 88% participated in physical activities at least 3 days per week. 80% believed walking and biking paths were important. 29% increased their physical activity since using the trail. 74% support more paths and trails.
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Ohio Greenways 27 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Space Projects Year Source Health / Safety Solutions
A 1997 study of the Little Miami Scenic Trail showed that 1999 Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana surveyed visitors listed the top four user benefits as Regional Council of Governments, 1. No Motorized Vehicles. Trail Users Study, Little Miami 2. Natural Beauty of surroundings. Scenic Trail 3. Quiet Setting. 4. Safe Crossings at Roads.
Users of the Little Miami Scenic Trail identified “Health and 1999 Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana Fitness” as the most important public benefit of the trail. Regional Council of Governments, Trail Users Study, Little Miami Scenic Trail
In southeastern Missouri, 55% of trail users (who responded 2001 Ross C. Brownson. “Promoting and to the Bootheel and Ozark Health Projects Survey) are Evaluating Walking Trails In Rural exercising more now than before they had access to a trail. Missouri.” Saint Louis University School of Public Health.
Better facilities for walking and bicycling are a key factor in 2003 Pucher, Promoting Safe Walking reducing death and injury to pedestrians and bicyclists. and Cycling to improve Public Health: Lessonf from the Netherlands & Germany, American Journal of Public Health September 2003, Vol 93, No. 9.
After instituting a Safe Routes to School program, Marin 2003 Straunton, et al, Promoting Safe County, California increased students walking by 64% and Walking and Biking to School: The biking by 114%. Marin County Success Story, American Journal of Public Health September 2003, Vol 93, No. 9.
Nature views speed the recovery among postoperative 2000 Catalano R. Pickett, a taxonomy of patients. Over a 10 year period, postoperative research on place and health. In: cholecystectomy patients with a view of trees had Albrecht, et al, Handbook of Cocial statistically significantly shorter hospitalizations (7.96 days Studies in Health and Medicine. vs 8.70 days) less need for pain medication and fewer Thousand Oakes, Calif: Sage negative nurses’ notes than patients with a view of a brick Publications; 2000. wall. Nature contact has been associated with 2003 Howard Frumkin, “Healthy Places: Fewer sick call visits among prisoners. Exploring the Evidence,” American Improved attention among children with attention deficit Journal of Public Health September disorder. 2003, Vol 93, No. 9. Improved self-discipline among inner-city girls. Decreased mortality among senior citizens. Lower blood pressure and less anxiety among dental patients. Better pain control among bronchoscopy patients.
There is evidence that nature contact enhances emotional, 2003 Howard Frumkin, “Healthy Places:
Ohio Greenways 28 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org cognitive and values-related development in children, Exploring the Evidence,” American especially during middle-childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Public Health September 2003, Vol 93, No. 9.
Nature contact has been credited with reducing stress and 2003 Howard Frumkin, “Healthy Places: enhancing work performance. Exploring the Evidence,” American Journal of Public Health September 2003, Vol 93, No. 9.
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Open Space Projects Year Source Health / Safety Solutions
Regarding a major study of the influence on the built 2003 American Journal of Health environment on the regularity of physical exercise, Dr Sara Promotion Huston, one of the researchers, concludes “…people who http://cbc.ca/stories/2003/08/28/Co reported having access to places for exercise of various nsumers/exercise_030828 kinds and those who reported neighborhood trails were significantly more likely to be getting the recommended amount of physical activity."
Governor Bob Taft launched a special initiative, “Small 2002 Bob Taft, Governor, State of Ohio. Steps, Big Strides for Healthy Ohioans” in order to address May 15, 2000. the risks of unhealthy lifestyles. Two of seven unhealthy indicators, which he noted as the primary reason for his initiative, are the increased incidence of overweight and inactivity in children.
“I’m issuing a challenge today to all Ohioans to reverse this 2000 Bob Taft, Governor, State of Ohio. trend by exercising regularly and eating healthier. Let’s May 15, 2000 make Ohio one of the healthiest states in the nation!”
Ohio Greenways 29 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Space Projects Year Source Recreation Bonanza
The State of Ohio’s number one recommendation regarding 2003 Ohio Statewide Comprehensive Recreational Resource Protection: Recreation providers and Outdoor Recreation Plan, Ohio conservation organizations should strive to protect Ohio’s Department of Natural Resources, natural systems, native habitats and recreational resources 2003. through conservation assistance and the acquisition of key land and water resources.
Each year, over 175,000 trail users visit the Little Miami 1999 Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana Scenic Trail. Regional Council of Governments, 66% bike. Trail Users Study, Little Miami 25% walk or jog. Scenic Trail 8% in-line skate.
62% of the public believe that the recreation industry does a 2001 Outdoor Recreation in America good job of protecting the environment. 2001, American Recreation Coalition, www.funoutdoors.com/ARCPP2001 _files/frame.htm
Over 80% of the adjacent property owners use the Kokosing 1998 Fish, M. Jennifer. “An Analysis of Gap Trail in Knox County, Ohio. the Perceived Costs and Benefits of Residing Near a Rural and Recreational Greenway.” The Ohio State University, 1998.
In 1995, hunting, fishing and non-consumptive activities in 1995 Economic Impacts of Fish and Ohio generated more than $38 million in federal income tax Wildlife Associated Recreation. revenues and approximately $33 million in state income tax 1995. Original: Southwick revenues. Associates (1997). “The Economic Impact of Fish and Wildlife - Associated Recreation on Public lands in Ohio.” Research paper.
Estimated annual value of outdoor recreation to US economy 1996 Outdoor Coalition of America, = $40 billion. “Economic Benefits of Outdoor Recreation, “ State of the Industry Report (1997)
Retail sales in the outdoor recreation industry in 1997 were 1996 Outdoor Coalition of America, estimated at $4.7 billion. This is up $400 million from 1995. “Economic Benefits of Outdoor Recreation, “ State of the Industry Report (1997)
Park visitors spent over $12 million at Hamilton County Parks 1997 Ohio Parks and Recreation in Ohio. The parks offer high quality recreational facilities, so association. “The Benefits are the residents spend their leisure time locally, keeping Endless…” 1997. Newsletter. recreational money in the community. The Park District employs 162 full-time, 70 part-time and 611 seasonal
Ohio Greenways 30 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org workers, further adding to the local economy.
43 million US cyclists spend $5.3 billion annually. 2002 Bicycle Magazine, February 2002
In 1997, 1.4 million day-use visitors to the beach at Maumee 1998 Sohgen, The Value of Lake Erie Bay State Park spent $6.2 million. Beaches, AED, The Ohio State University FS-078
(Continued. . .) Open Space Projects Year Source Recreation Bonanza
In 2002, beach advisories due to high levels of bacteria cost 2003 Sohgen, The Value of Lake Erie Lake Erie communities $4.5 million in lost revenues. Beaches, AED, The Ohio State University [email protected]
Non-consumptive activities on public lands in Ohio generate 1997 Economic Impact of Fish and $50.2 million in retail sales, $35.5 million in salaries and Wildlife Associated Recreation. wages, 2000 jobs and $3.7 million in tax revenues. Original Citation: Southwick Associates (1997). “The Economic Impact of Fish and Wildlife - Associated Recreation on Publics Lands in Ohio.” Research Paper.
In a 2001 US Fish and Wildlife Survey: 2002 US Fish and Wildlife Survey (2001).” 2001 National Survey of People who fish, hunt and watch Ohio’s wildlife spend about Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife- $2.8 billion a year to do so. Of the 50 states, Ohio ranked: Associated Recreation.” State Overview. June, 2002. 3rd in hunting-related expenditures, $951 million. 5th in the number of people who watch wildlife, 2.9 OMB: 1018-0088 million. 7th in fishing-related expenditures, $944.6 million. 7th in the number of in-state anglers, 1.4 million. 7th in the number of in-state hunters, 490,000. 16th in money spent watching wildlife, $880 million.
Ohio has a total of 413,276 recreational vessels and 438 2002 The Ohio Department of Natural commercial vessels registered for a grand total of 413,714 Resources (ODNR). Division of numbered vessels. Watercraft’s Mission Statement, 2002. 86% of parents think outdoor recreation makes strong 2002 Sports Edge Newswire, May 29, families. Outdoor activities most often cited are camping, 2002 hiking, fishing and biking.
Respondents to a recent survey of the Muskingum 2003 For the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District expressed a high level of satisfaction Conservancy District. Ted Napier, with the public parks and the outdoor recreation facilities, Muskingum River Watershed slightly higher than their high satisfaction with flood control. Natural Resources, Development Needs Assessment Study Report,
Ohio Greenways 31 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org The Ohio State University
Number of visitors to the tow path trail in Cuyahoga Valley 2003 Downing, “10 years old, growing”, National Park = 1.5 – 2 million each year. Akron Beacon Journal, Sept. 19, 2003. Top five trail activities reported by Ohio households 2001 Daehler, Ohio Trails Participation Study Trail Activity % of Ohio Households Statewide Trail Plan Frequency in 2001 1. Walking for Pleasure 73% 68 http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/trailsfu 2. Nature Appreciation 44% nd/survey.htm 46 3. Day Hiking 43% 19 4. Bicycling on Hard Surface 44% 35 5. Jogging/exercise running 25% 82
Ohio Greenways 32 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Space Projects Year Source Recreation Bonanza
Top motivations for using Ohio Trails 2001 Daehler, Ohio Trails Participation Study 1. To exercise Statewide Trail Plan 2. To observe nature 3. To have fun http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/trailsfu 4. To relax nd/survey.htm 5. To be with family and friends 6. To have a safe trail experience
Ohioans rank top barriers to greater participation in Trail 2001 Daehler, Ohio Trails Participation Activities Study Statewide Trail Plan Barrier % Ohio Households Perceive the Barrier to be http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/trailsfu Important nd/survey.htm 1. Lack of time 44% 2. Lack of information about trails 38% 3. Trails are too far away 33% 4. There are not enough trails 30% 5. Family Responsibility 27% 6. Poor Health 15%
How long do Ohioans travel to enjoy their favorite trail 2001 Daehler, Ohio Trails Participation activity? Study Statewide Trail Plan Trail Activity Minutes to Trail http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/trailsfu (average of nd/survey.htm respondents) 1. Walking for Pleasure 18 2. Nature Appreciation 26 3. Day Hiking 33 4. Bicycling on Hard Surface 28 5. Jogging/exercise running 15
Ohio Greenways 33 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Tourism and Open Space Year Source
In 2001, travelers contributed $1.8 billion in state taxes and 2001 Ohio Division of Travel & Tourism. $1.7 billion in local taxes in Ohio. Fact Sheet -2001 www.ohiotourism.com
Tourism is the second largest portion of Ohio’s economy. 2001 Ohio Division of Travel & Tourism. Fact Sheet -2001 www.ohiotourism.com
Along the Ohio River Corridor, 10,000 businesses and over 1994 “What’s A River Worth?” - A 150,000 employees rely on the patronage of tourists and Valuation Survey of the Ohio River recreation visitors. This is 7-8% of all businesses in the Ohio Corridor. Research Paper, 1994. River Corridor.
Ohio travelers spent $23.1 billion in 2001 on 2001 Ohio Division of Travel & Tourism. accommodations, food, recreation, transportation and retail. Fact Sheet -2001 This spending directly supported 552,000 jobs. www.ohiotourism.com
Heritage Tourism is travel to experience the places and 2000 Heritage Tourism as Economic activities that authentically represent the stories and the Development, Ohio Department of people of the past. It is one of the five major types of Development, Division of Travel tourism in Ohio. It relies on historical, cultural and natural and Tourism, resources. http://www.ohiotourism.com/indust ry/heritage/what/index.html
Who are Heritage Tourists? 2000 Heritage Tourism as Economic 46% have Incomes > $50,000. Development, Ohio Department of 59% are College Graduates. Development, Division of Travel 56% are Married. and Tourism, 44% are Baby Boomers. http://www.ohiotourism.com/indust 36% have Children under 18. ry/heritage/what/index.html
One third of all Ohio Travelers added extra time to planned 2000 Heritage Tourism as Economic trips for cultural, arts, historic, or heritage activities. Development, Ohio Department of Development, Division of Travel and Tourism, http://www.ohiotourism.com/indust ry/heritage/what/index.html
Ohio State Parks generated over $2 Billion in 1999, including 2000 For ODNR, Strategic Research $202.3 million in goods and services. Group, Economic Impact of State $20.7 million in state taxes. Parks in Ohio $19.6 million in local taxes. 9,600 full-time / $156.6 million in wages for workers.
In 1999, 31 million visitors to Ohio’s State Parks spent an 2000 For ODNR, Strategic Research average of nearly $70 per trip. Group, Economic Impact of State Parks in Ohio
Each year, nature tourists spend $5.6 Million in Ottawa 2000 Lake Erie Tourism Plan, Fermatta
Ohio Greenways 34 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org County alone. Inc., 2000, http://www.coastalohio.com
In 1997, bird watchers at Magee Marsh spent $47.50 per day 2000 Lake Erie Tourism Plan, Fermatta in direct expenses. Inc., 2000, http://www.coastalohio.com
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Ohio Greenways 35 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Tourism and Open Space Year Source
Visitors to southern Nebraska for the annual migration of the 1999 US Ecotourism Statistical Fact Sandhill Cranes contribute $60 million to the local economy Sheet, www.ecotourism.org each year. (Walle 1997).
In 1999, two million bicycle tourists in Maine spent $36.3 2001 Bicycle Tourism in Maine, Maine million on day bicycle trips. Department of Transportation, April 2001 A 1998 survey of the 47 mainland states outside of Florida 1999 US Ecotourism Statistical Fact found that regardless of the destination of their vacation, Sheet, www.ecotourism.org respondents had an even chance (48.1%) of participating in nature-based activities during their trip (Bruskin Goldring 1998).
Nature-based tourists participated in the following vacation 1999 US Ecotourism Statistical Fact activities: Sheet, www.ecotourism.org 68% watch wildlife (including bird watching). 58% visit parks. 55% hike. 48% explore nature preserves.
“Welcome to Hocking Hills Region of Ohio, Ohio’s Scenic 2003 Hocking County Tourism Wonderland” Association http://www.hockinghills.com/
In 2000, tourism in the 29 counties of southeast Ohio 2001 Department of Development, captured 13.4 million day trip and 2.7 million overnight Division of Tourism stays. Tourism in the region centers primarily on nature tourism and heritage tourism.
As part of its economic development strategy, the City of 2003 City of Athens, Comprehensive Athens notes its community’s potential for nature-based Plan tourism. “To succeed in eco-tourism, the community as http://www.ci.athens.oh.us/ whole must embrace this strategy so that it is coordinated with able leadership and resources.”
Every year, the spectacular scenery and the home grown 2003 “Visitors flock to Ohio Village maple syrup attract 17,500 visitors to the maple sugar known as pancake town USA.” festivities in the small village of Burton, Ohio. Burton’s Akron Beacon Journal, Feb. 21, glacial deposits and Great Lakes regional climate make it 2003 ideal for the growth of sugar maple trees.
In 1998, nonresidents paid $1.2 million in sales taxes for 1999 Sharon Strouse, “Holmes County $120 million in purchased good and services to Holms Scenic Byways; The Value of the County. (Holmes County is in the heart of Amish Country Viewshed- Economic and related considered to be one of three top tourism attractions in aspects of Signage, Ohio State Ohio.) Extension, Holmes County [email protected]
Ohio Greenways 36 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Green Infrastructure Year Source
Green Infrastructure – An interconnected network of land 2001 Green Infrastructure Working and water that sustains our air and water resources by Group, maintaining and enhancing natural ecological processes. www.greeninfrastructure.net
World’s combined GDP: $18 trillion per year. Nature’s 1997 Costanza, Robert and others. “The economic value considering goods and services provided by Value of the Worlds Ecosystem ecosystems: $33 trillion per year. Services and Natural Capital.” Nature. Vol. 387. May 15, 1997.
As more agricultural, forest, grassland and wetlands are 1995 “Land Use and Development,” converted to irreversible urban uses, the risks to future Ohio State Of The Environment generations increases. Report, The Ohio Comparative Risk Project, Ohio EPA, December 1995
In Ohio, more than 85 million tons of soil erodes annually. 2001 The Trust for Public Land. Ohio Much of this soil ends up in lakes, rivers, and streams, Publications, 2001. degrading water quality and costing millions of dollars to remove.
The 2002 cost of dredging Ohio’s Lake Erie harbors alone = 2002 The Army Corps of Engineers, $5.6 Million. 2002 Dredging Report http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc /dredge/pdf/dredgerpts/drgawdpr. pdf
The annual cost of removing sediment from Ohio’s lakes, 1989 Ohio’s Challenge. Original streams, etc. was approximately $162 million in 1988. Citation: Hitzhuzen, Fred J. (n.d.) “Soil Erosion: A Downstream Economic Perspective.” Ohio State University
Reducing soil erosion could reduce the cost of dredging 1999 Sohngen,” The Economics of harbors and lakes by $0.87 per ton. Vegetated Filter Strips”, Ohio State University Extension. AE- 0006-99
Sediment adds $.32 per ton in treatment costs; 10% 1999 Sohngen, “The Economics of reduction in sedimentation would result in a 4% savings in Vegetated Filter Strips”, Ohio overall treatment costs. State University Extension. AE- 0006-99
Erosion reduction provided by floodplains = $3,200 annual 1977 Florida Preservation 2000 per acre value. Land Acquisition Advisory Council, Florida DEP
Open space projects, especially those which preserve 1996 Scott Faber, “On Borrowed Land: floodplains, can reduce flood damage. 1993 Mississippi flood Public Policies for Floodplains”, cost 38 lives and $16 billion in damage Lincoln Land Institute
Ohio Greenways 37 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org (Continued. . .)
Ohio Greenways 38 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Green Infrastructure Year Source
In Ohio, 1998-2002 total flood costs for local and state 2003 Emergency Management governments were $65.5 million. Assistance Listing of the Government Distribution http://www.state.oh.us/odps/divisi on/ema/PDFs/DisastersInOhio.pdf
Flood claims paid to Ohio property owners 1998-2002 = 2003 Nancy Olson of Region V of $22.3 million. Federal Emergency Management Agency, in the period, 1998-2002, $22.3 Million was paid to Ohioans for claims. Nancy Olson, (312)408-5576; [email protected]
A single hundred year flood cost Northeast Ohio over $100 2003 Helms, “Area flood damage may million. hit $100 million”, Cuyahoga Falls News Press, July 27, 2003, Vol 76, No. 11
The Federal Disaster Act of 2000 requires local communities 2002 Ohio Natural Hazard Mitigation to plan for mitigation of floodplain loss in order to be eligible Planning Guidebook, ODNR, OEMA for FEMA assistance. The deadline for this planning is November 2004. Open space projects, especially those which can demonstrate reducing storm water run off, will aid communities in meeting these requirements.
High levees built next to a river channel are very expensive. 1997 New York Times. “ California A far less expensive method is to set-back the levees and let Floods Change Thinking on Need the river occupy its natural floodplain. This floodplain can to tame Rivers.” Feb. 4, 1997. also serve as farmland or parkland.
Open space projects which preserve or increase forest cover 1999 “The Benefits are Endless” (1999) dramatically affect air and water quality. Ohio Parks and Recreation Association, The Hamilton County Park District protects approximately six www.opraonline.org million trees within its 12,000+ acres. These trees have the ability to absorb 240 million pounds of air pollutants each growing season. The oxygen meets the daily needs of over 75,000 people.
Studies by the American Forest Association have shown that 1996 Tom Schueler, (1996). “Essay: The homes and businesses that retain trees save 20-25% in their Economics of Watershed energy bills for heating and cooling compared to homes and Protection.” Center for Watershed business where trees are cleared. Protection.
Studies show that one rural tree can intercept up to 50 1995 Economic Impact of Protecting pounds of particulates every year. Rivers, Trains and Greenway Corridors, 1995. Original Citation: McPherson, E.G (1991).
Ohio Greenways 39 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org “Economic Modeling for Large – Scale Tree Plantings.” Energy Efficiency and the Environment Forging the Link.
The absence of trees increases dust levels (a common 1996 Tom Schueler, (1996). “Essay: The allergen) by 4-100 times. Economics of Watershed Protection”, Center for Watershed Protection.
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Ohio Greenways 40 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Green Infrastructure Year Source
Trees can significantly reduce cooling costs. 2000 Jerry Wager, “Selling Greenways”, The heat island effect (lack of tree cover/concrete News & Views, ODNR, Division of absorption) accounts for 3-8% of air conditioning cost SWC and 12% of all air pollution. Volume 35, No.1 Chicago will save 5-10% in electric costs due to its expanded tree canopy. Milwaukee saved $25 per household ($655,000 total) in cooling costs in one year through its urban forestry program.
A single mature tree can provide cooling energy equivalent 1995 Federed, C.A. (1971). “Effects of to 5 average room air conditioning units running for 20 hours Trees in Modifying Urban Micro a day. Climates. Trees and Forests in an Urbanizing Environment. Amherst MA: University of Massachusetts. Ext. Service.
Air pollution kills 70,000 people in US each year. 2000 Air Pollution Deadlier Than Previously Thought, Harvard Press http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/pres s/releases/press.gif
Tree cover significantly reduces air pollution. Tree canopy 1998 Regional Ecosystem Analysis, lost in the Akron-Canton region between 1973 and 1997 Akron-Canton Metropolitan Area. would have removed about 35 million pounds of pollutants CITYgreen®, American Forests annually, at a value of approximately $8.3 million. www.americanforests.org
An Office of Management and Budget Study concludes that 2003 In the Nation, Akron Beacon the health and social benefits of enforcing new clean air Journal, September 27, 2003 regulations are five to seven times greater in economic terms than were the cost of compliance.
In 1997, the total stormwater retention capacity of urban 1998 Regional Ecosystem Analysis, forest cover in the Akron-Canton region was worth $1.1 Akron-Canton Metropolitan Area. billion, down from $1.5 billion in 1973. CITYgreen®, American Forests www.americanforests.org
Forest cover can intercept up to 50% of a given rain event. 2001 Center for Watershed Protection, Why Watersheds http://www.cwp.org/water.htm
When streams are buffered by surrounding forests, the 1996 US Forest Service, Conserving the amount of nitrogen in runoff washing into the streams is Forests of the Chesapeake, reduced by 2.5 to 4 times while phosphorus drops by 1.5 to NA-TP-03-96 3 times.
The goal of watershed conservation is to keep the most 2001 Center for Watershed Protection, important and vulnerable parts of the watershed Why Watersheds undisturbed. http://www.cwp.org/water.htm
Ohio Greenways 41 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Impervious cover (roadways, parking lots, roof tops) conveys 2001 Center for Watershed Protection, 16 times more stormwater than forest cover. Why Watersheds http://www.cwp.org/water.htm
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Ohio Greenways 42 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Green Infrastructure Year Source
As impervious surfaces increase in the watershed, stream 2001 Center for Watershed Protection, health decreases. Once a watershed has more than 25% Why Watersheds impervious cover, it is considered damaged. http://www.cwp.org/water.htm
Watershed protection also protects the surface and ground 1997 Richard M. Stapleton (1997). water sources of drinking water supply. “Protecting the Source.” The Trust for Public Land, Watershed Protection Publications.
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that nearly 1997 Richard M. Stapleton (1997). one million Americans become ill every year because of “Protecting the Source.” The Trust polluted drinking water and 900 Americans will die from for Public Land, Watershed polluted drinking water. Protection Publications.
The estimated cost of infrastructure improvements to 1997 Richard M. Stapleton (1997). provide save drinking water nationwide was more than $138 “Protecting the Source,” The Trust billion. for Public Land, Watershed Protection Publications.
New York City will pay $1.5 billion to purchase headwater 1997 Richard M. Stapleton (1997). land for source water protection to avoid $6 - $8 billion in “Protecting the Source,” The Trust filtration costs. for Public Land, Watershed Protection Publications.
Cost of purchasing the Sterling Forest watershed to protect 1999 “Safeguarding the Environment.” the water supply for one quarter of New Jersey’s citizens: The Trust for Public Land. $5.5 million. Economic Benefit Report, 1999.
The Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewer District has allotted $15 2002 Great Lakes Basin Report of the million over 15 years to purchase land or easements to Great Lakes Fisheries Council, July protect water quality and prevent flooding. The study which 2002 proposed the purchase noted that cost benefit could be as high as 8-to-1.
A wetlands region in South Carolina provides valuable water 1995 Economic Impact of Protecting quality functions such as sediment, toxicant and excess Rivers, Trains and Greenway nutrient removal. The cost substitute for such services would Corridors, 1995. Original Citation: be a treatment plant costing approximately $5 million. Caputo, Darryl F. (1979). “Open Space Pays: The Socioenvironomics of Open Space Preservation.” Green Acres Program, New Jersey EPA. Morristown, NJ: New Jersey Conservation Foundation.
Which will cost more: stormwater control projects or a 1995 “Economic Impact of Protecting greenway system? In Kansas: Rivers, Trails and Greenway Stormwater control projects $120 million ($600,000 x Corridors”, 1995. No original 200) OR source citation provided.
Ohio Greenways 43 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Greenway systems $600,000.
Open space projects offer natural solutions for pest control 2000 Sierra Club. “Sprawl Report and pollution, which can help save local governments money 2000.”www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/r on such expenditures. eport00/
When North Star Steel, currently rated by its customers as 1995 Gene Markley, Vice President, the top flat roll steel supplier in North America, was looking Northwest Ohio Rail Trail to site their operations in Delta, Ohio, lack of water service Association, Inc. was a primary road block. The Northwest Ohio Rail Trail Association (NORTA) Fulton County and North Star htpp://www.wabashcannonballtrail negotiated an easement, and NORTA accepted an up-front .org payment of $110,000, which has paid for some maintenance and construction issues on NORTA's portion of the 63-mile Wabash Cannonball Trail.
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Ohio Greenways 44 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Green Infrastructure Year Source
Greene County, Ohio owns over 60 miles of unused rail 2003 Jim Schneider, “Not Just Another corridors. Forty-five miles are currently in use as Pretty Rail-Trail”. recreational, non-motorized trails, with another 10.5 miles slated for construction. Sewer and water mains occupy [email protected] about 30 miles of the corridor. Some of the subterranean utilities were laid before the trail; some after. Utilizing the rail corridor for sewer and water eliminates easement costs and provides future development access routes for these utilities. In addition, Greene County Parks negotiated a one- time payment of $300,000 for an 18-mile fiber optic easement under a trail.
“Every mile of unused rail corridor in Greene County has 2003 Jim Schneider, “Not Just Another been acquired by county and local governments for Pretty Rail-Trail” transportation uses.” [email protected]
After a devastating tornado in 2000, the trails in Greene 2003 Jim Schneider, “Not Just Another County provided the first clear routes for emergency relief. Pretty Rail-Trail”.
In Wisconsin, a 10-foot wide perpetual easement was given 1993 Ryan, Karen Lee, ed. (1993). to US Telecom, which paved a 48-mile trail valued at “Trails for the Twenty-First $375,000 in exchange for use of the corridor. Century”, Rails - to - Trails Conservancy. In Virginia, an agreement was made with AT&T for 30 miles 1994 “Economic Impact of Protecting of fiber optics routing along a rail-trail. AT&T pays an annual River, Trails and Greenway fee to cover the capital improvements for the trail. Corridors” (1994). Information verified by Ohio Greenways telephone communication with Paul McCray, Park Manager, Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority.
When open lands are managed as a natural buffer area 1996 Tom Schueler. “Essay: The rather than turf, corporate land owners can save between Economics of Watershed $270 to $640 per acre in annual mowing and maintenance Protection.” Center for Watershed costs. Protection (1996).
Haphazard development often requires huge investments in 2002 Benedict, McMahon, Green roads, Infrastructure, Smart Growth for sewers, schools and other public infrastructure. the 21st Century. www.sprawlwatch.org
In 1995, 48% of polled Ohioans strongly agreed and 30% 1996 EcoCity Cleveland (1996). somewhat agreed that unmanaged growth of shopping September/ October. Vol.5, No.12. centers, subdivisions and strip malls is consuming Ohio’s P.13. landscape and must be slowed down.
Ohio Greenways 45 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org In Lake County, Ohio, for every $1 received in property 1996 EcoCity Cleveland, 1996. “Moving taxes, the community paid $1.54 to provide services to to the Cornfields: A Reader on residential properties. For farm and forestland, for every $1 Urban Sprawl.” Special Publication. received, only 34 cents was paid out for services.
From 1982 to 1997, the population of northeast US grew 2001 Fulton, Pendall, Nguyen, Harrison. 6.9%. In the same period, urbanized lands increased by Who Sprawls Most: How Growth 39.1% in the same region. Patterns Differ Across the US., Brookings Institution. Survey Series. www.brook.edu/es/ urban/publications/ffulton.pdf
Open Spaces Make Good Neighbors Year Source
The majority of the Kokosing Gap Trail residents in Knox 1998 Fish, M. Jennifer. “An Analysis of County Ohio, believe the trail has a positive impact on the the Perceived Costs and Benefits community’s economy. of Residing Near a Rural and Recreational Greenway.” The Ohio State University, 1998.
Less than 10% of the adjacent landowners to Kokosing Gap 1998 Fish, M. Jennifer. “An Analysis of Trail believe that the railroad right-of-way should have been the Perceived Costs and Benefits developed for a use other than a recreational trail. of Residing Near a Rural and Recreational Greenway.” The Ohio State University, 1998.
Nearly 79% of the adjacent landowners to the Kokosing Gap 1998 Fish, M. Jennifer. “An Analysis of Trail believe that the benefits of the trail outweigh the the Perceived Costs and Benefits overall cost of the trail. of Residing Near a Rural and Recreational Greenway.” The Ohio State University, 1998.
A minority of adjacent landowners to the Kokosing Gap Trail 1998 Fish, M. Jennifer. “An Analysis of note negative impacts: the Perceived Costs and Benefits 11% - increased liter. of Residing Near a Rural and 19% - increased trespassing. Recreational Greenway.” The Ohio 37% - increased traffic on roads. State University, 1998.
65% of the adjacent landowners to the Kokosing Gap Trail 1998 Fish, M. Jennifer. “An Analysis of believe that the trail has increased community pride. the Perceived Costs and Benefits of Residing Near a Rural and Recreational Greenway.” The Ohio State University, 1998.
The majority of adjacent landowners to the Little Miami 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum Scenic Trail believed that the trail increased the resale value Consultants, Inc. for Ohio of their property. Greenways, Little Miami Scenic Trail, Economic Study [email protected]
88% of adjacent landowners to the Little Miami Scenic Trail 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum
Ohio Greenways 46 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org feel that the trail has improved the quality of their Consultants, Inc. for Ohio neighborhood. Greenways, Little Miami Scenic Trail, Economic Study [email protected]
79% of adjacent landowners to the Little Miami Scenic Trail 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum would recommend living near a trail to other landowners. Consultants, Inc. for Ohio Greenways, Little Miami Scenic Trail, Economic Study [email protected]
93% of adjacent landowners to the Little Miami Scenic Trail 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum feel that living next to the trail is better than living near the Consultants, Inc. for Ohio inactive rail road right of way. Greenways, Little Miami Scenic Trail, Economic Study [email protected]
84% of adjacent landowners to the Little Miami Scenic Trail 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum said that living near the trail was better than they expected Consultants, Inc. for Ohio it to be. Greenways, Little Miami Scenic Trail, Economic Study [email protected]
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Ohio Greenways 47 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Spaces Make Good Neighbors Year Source
“The Little Miami Scenic Trail runs right through my 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum property. It’s like owning your own Central Park,” an Consultants, Inc. for Ohio adjacent land owner to the Little Miami Scenic Trail Greenways, Little Miami Scenic Trail, Economic Study [email protected]
From 1990 to 1998, compared with the rest of Sarasota, 2003 Carter, et al, Zoning Out Crime Florida, the North Trail Corridor, a district designed to be and Improving Community Health pedestrian friendly and aesthetically pleasing, experienced in Sarasota, Florida: “Crime decreases in Prevention Through Environmental calls for police service. Design,” American Journal of crimes against persons and property. Public Health September 2003, Vol prostitution. 93, No. 9.
Of 372 rail-trails studied in 1997, only 3% reported major 1998 Tracey & Morris, Rail-Trails and crimes. Safe Communities, the Experience of 372 Trails, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, 1998.
“The trail does not encourage crime, and in fact, probably 1998 Tracey & Morris, Rail-Trails and deters crime since there are many people, tourists and local Safe Communities, the Experience citizens using the trail for many activities at various hours of of 372 Trails, Rails-to-Trails the day.” Pat Conlin, Sheriff, Green County, WI Conservancy, 1998.
A study of 36 urban rail-trails found that the crime rate was 1998 Tracey & Morris, Rail-Trails and very low compared to the national crime rate for urban Safe Communities, the Experience areas. Of the 81 suburban and 255 rural rail-trails in the of 372 Trails, Rails-to-Trails study area, even fewer major crimes were reported than in Conservancy, 1998. the urban areas. These reports were lower than national averages for suburban and rural areas.
“Since the trail was constructed and opened for use we have 1998 Tracey & Morris, Rail-Trails and found that the trail has not caused any inconvenience to Safe Communities, the Experience property owners along the trail. The residents seem to enjoy of 372 Trails, Rails-to-Trails having the trail near their homes.” Charles R. Tennant, Chief Conservancy, 1998. of Police, Elizabeth Township, Buena Vista, PA
Only 5% of the 36 urban trails in a 1997 study area reported 1998 Tracey & Morris, Rail-Trails and any incidents of trespassing. Safe Communities, the Experience of 372 Trails, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, 1998.
Four studies of rail-trails found that, while some residents 1998 Tracey & Morris, Rail-Trails and were apprehensive about rail-trail projects, most did not Safe Communities, the Experience experience problems after the trail’s opening. In fact, many of 372 Trails, Rails-to-Trails became trail users. Conservancy, 1998.
A study of 125 rail-trails found that 85% of the projects met 1998 Susan Doherty, Rail-Trails and either no opposition or opposition that was readily dismissed Community Sentiment, Rails-to-
Ohio Greenways 48 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org after routine landowner and citizen concerns were Trails Conservancy, 1998. addressed.
Many trail opponents find their fears about the trail do not 1998 Susan Doherty, Rail-Trails and materialize. Community Sentiment, Rails-to- Trails Conservancy, 1998.
Ohio Greenways 49 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Space Projects Year Source Diversifying Local Economy
Hearthstone, a 20 room country inn, strategically chose a 2003 Hearthstone, Inc. location directly on the bike trail in Cedarville, Ohio. http://www.hearthstone-inn.com According to Stewart Zaharek, manager, the bike trail is a significant component of the inn’s marketing plan.
Posted on the Discover Ohio website: “Join Indiana Bob at 2003 Discover Ohio, Ohio Parks.Net the area's largest and most experienced canoe livery and http://www.ohioparks.net/canoeing rent a canoe or kayak for a 3, 6 or 9 mile adventure through _ohio_/ the heart of the Ohio-Erie Canal National Heritage Corridor,” Canoe Massillon.
The rugged cliffs of the secluded wilderness areas of 2003 Outdoor Adventures Southeastern Ohio inspired the inauguration of Outdoor http://www.climbhocking.com/ Adventures, a rock climbing and rappelling school.
Thornburgh Station, a 4.5-acre, $10 million restaurant, 2002 Properties Magazine, Inc. office/retail, and recreation complex is defined by http://www.propertiesmag.com/arc owner/manager, Frank Sinito, as “A gateway to the hives/2002-02/station.htm Cuyahoga Valley National Park through the Cleveland Metroparks' Erie Canal Reservation.”
“We are home to nationally-recognized scenic bike trails, 2003 Home Page, Greene County exciting NASCAR racing, explosive outdoor drama, Convention and Visitors Bureau spectacular canoeing, hiking, and skydiving.” http://www.greenecountyohio.org/
In the city of Loveland, Ohio, a study found that the bike trail 1993 Institute for Policy Research, was the single most important reason people were visiting University of Cincinnati (1993). downtown Loveland. People using the trail spend, on 1993 City of Loveland Survey. average, $7 per visit in the town. Most of shoppers at the Andrew E. Smith and Annette city’s antique stores discover the stores while riding the bike Georgin. trail and come back to shop.
The Capricorn Refresh Shop along the Little Miami Scenic 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum Trail in Morrow reports that its business patronage and Consultants, Inc. for Ohio revenues have increased 100% and more than 20% Greenways, Little Miami Scenic respectively due to the trail. Trail, Economic Study [email protected]
Five out of seven businesses which opened over a three year 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum period in a study area of the Little Miami Scenic Trail cite the Consultants, Inc. for Ohio trail as the main reason for opening their business. Greenways, Little Miami Scenic Trail, Economic Study [email protected]
One out of every three business in a study area of the Little 1999 Pflum, Klausmeier & Gehrum Miami Scenic Trail believed that the trail increased their Consultants, Inc. for Ohio
Ohio Greenways 50 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org patronage by more than 20%. Greenways, Little Miami Scenic Trail, Economic Study [email protected]
Visitors to the Little Miami Scenic Trail spend $13.54 per 1999 Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana person per visit or $2.4 million per year on trip-related Regional Council of Governments, expenses. When equipment purchases are added to the Trail Users Study, Little Miami equation, total annual trip-related contribution of Little Miami Scenic Trail [email protected] Scenic Trail users to Ohio’s economy= $3.7 million.
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Ohio Greenways 51 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Space Projects Year Source Diversifying Local Economy
It’s a family business affair: Debbie Lehman and husband 2003 Downing, “10 years old, growing”, Ernie own two enterprises which cater to Towpath Trail users Akron Beacon Journal, Sept. 19, in Massillon: the Blue Heron Deli and Ernie’s Bicycle Shop. 2003.
“The recreational boom along the trail is fueling mini- 2003 Downing, “10 years old, growing”, economic spurts in Valley View, Peninsula, Akron’s Merriman Akron Beacon Journal, Sept. 19, Valley, Clinton, Canal Fulton, Massillon and Navarre. “ 2003.
About the towpath trail and his business, Ernie Lehman says, 2003 Downing, “10 years old, growing”, “It’s been huge for us.” Akron Beacon Journal, Sept. 19, 2003.
Alexandra's Bed and Breakfast Inn, a historic home in 2003 Alexander Bed and Breakfast Madison County, gives its first line of advertising as, http://www.alexandrasbb.com/ “Located on the Rails to Trails Bike Path near Columbus, Dayton and Springfield”.
A storefront area of Dunedin, Florida, was suffering a 35% 1997 ISTEA and Trails: Enhancement vacancy rate. The Pinellas Trail was introduced to the town Funding for Bicycling and Walking. and in 1997 the storefront occupancy rose to 100% and 1997. Original Citation: Rails - to - business boomed. Trails Conservancy (1997). “ISTEA and TRAILS: Enhancement Funding for Bicycling and Walking.” Pamphlet.
Ohio Greenways 52 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Space Projects Year Source Enhancing Ohio’s Quality of Life
A community survey in Columbus, Ohio, found that 95 % of 1997 “The Benefits are Endless…” Ohio respondents believe the Metroparks contributed to the Parks and Recreation Association quality of life in central Ohio and 77% believe the Metroparks newsletter, 1997. improve their own quality of life. “I believe we are sitting on a gold mine quite frankly. The 2002 Higgins, John, Beacon Journal staff canal stimulated and caused development of Canal Fulton, writer. “Housing Anchors Near and it will be responsible for the rebirth of Canal Fulton.” Canal,” Akron Beacon Journal. Fred Etheridge of Schalmo Builders. March 18, 2002.
With the development of the Pipe Stone Golf Course, 1998 “Ohio Parks and Recreation-The property values in the southeastern areas of the City of Benefits are Endless…and we can Miamisburg, Ohio, increased from $2,500 per acre in 1989 to prove it!” Issue no. 2. Statement $28,000 per acre in 1997. by John K. Welthofer, City Manager, Miamisburg, Ohio.
1996 City of Kettering Survey : 1999 “The Benefits are Endless” (1999) 95.8% said parks make their communities more Ohio Parks and Recreation attractive places. Association,. 89.3% stated that parks protect open space from www.opraonline.org development.
In Whetstone Park, Columbus, Ohio, a nearby park and river 1995 Economic Impacts of Protecting account for 7.35% of the selling price of properties. Rivers, Trails and Greenway Corridors 1995. Original citation: Kimmel, Margarat M. (1985). “Parks and Property Values: An Empirical Study in Dayton and Columbus, Ohio.” Thesis. Oxford, OH, Miami University, Institute of Environmental Science.
In Cox Arboretum, Dayton, Ohio, the proximity of a park 1995 Economic Impacts of Protecting accounted for approximately 5% of the average residential Rivers, Trails and Greenway selling price. Corridors 1995. Original citation: Kimmel, Margarat M. (1985). “Parks and Property Values: An Empirical Study in Dayton and Columbus, Ohio.” Thesis. Oxford, OH, Miami University, Institute of Environmental Science. According to the National Park Service, “The highest 1998 “Ohio Parks and Recreation-The increase in property values occurs in cases where parks Benefits are Endless…and we can highlight open space with some recreational access and prove it!” Issue no. 2. Statement limited use.” by John K. Welthofer, City Manager, Miamisburg, Ohio.
Bath Township in Northeast Ohio used open space 2003 Elaina Goodrich, Bath Township: preservation as a planning tool to preserve the community’s How open space preservation
Ohio Greenways 53 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org rural character. By 2003, the township had used this drove community planning, Ohio strategy to write $1.7 million worth of successful grants. Greenways Forum 2003.
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Open Space Projects Year Source Enhancing Ohio’s Quality of Life
In Columbus, Ohio, homes facing a park were found to sell 1995 Economic Impacts of Protecting for between 7-23% more than homes one block away. Rivers, Trails and Greenway Corridors 1995. Original citation: Weincher, John C. and Robert H. Zerbst (1973). “The Externalities of Neighborhood Parks: An Empirical Investigation.” Land Economics 49(1):99-105.
In a recent community survey performed by Sapperstein 1999 “The Benefits are Endless” (1999) Associates, nearly all of the respondents (93%) believe that Ohio Parks and Recreation the Columbus and Franklin County Metro Parks contribute to Association, the quality of life in central Ohio. Most (77%) also believe www.opraonline.org that the Metro Parks contribute to their own quality of life.
The appraisal value of houses with natural streams is three 2001 “Life at the Water’s Edge: Living in times higher than those with channelized streams. Harmony with Your Backyard Stream.” Cuyahoga River Remedial Action Plan; Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District; Summit Soil and Water Conservation District.
The sale price of riverfront property along the Upper 2001 News and Views (2001). A Cuyahoga River was enhanced nearly 20% by the fact that Newsletter published by the ODNR the lots to be developed had conservation easements placed Division of Soil and Water on the riparian areas by the seller, according to Conservation. representatives from Standard Lafarge, a local mining company.
The residents New Albany and Westerville, Ohio are 2001 Central Ohio Communities examples of suburbs that are willing to pay more for parks Scramble to Save Green Spaces, and open space. Columbus Dispatch. August 14,2001
“We want to live by wildlife and woods and open space,” Jim 2001 Central Ohio Communities McGregor, Mayor, City of Gahannna. Scramble to Save Green Spaces, Columbus Dispatch. August 14,2001
In the last 50 years, Mill Creek has been the largest “new 2002 Higgins, John, “Housing anchors neighborhood” of single-family houses built within city limits near canal,” Akron Beacon Journal.
Ohio Greenways 54 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org in Cleveland, Ohio. Mill Creek was planned and marketed March 18, 2002. with the nearby trail in mind.
A study conducted by the Ohio State University of the 2000 Fred Hitzhusen, et al for Rivers Muskingum River suggests that the extension of the current Unlimited, Muskingum River bike trail could provide a benefit cost ratio of 6:49. Economic Valuation: Phase II Executive Summary http://www.riversunlimited.org/eco nomics/index.htm
One developer in San Diego County found he could increase 1995 Economic Impacts of Protecting the sale price of his houses by 25% by scaling back his Rivers, Trails and Greenway development 15% and adding natural open space corridors Corridors, National Park Service, visible from every home. 1995. Statistics from Bob Copper, Director, San Diego County Department of Parks and Recreation. July 1993. (Continued…) Open Space Projects Year Source Enhancing Ohio’s Quality of Life
Mean Values of homes sold in Marion County, Indiana, and in 2003 Central Indiana’s Future: Greenway Corridors in 1999 Understanding the Region and Category Homes Sold Identifying Choices, Greg Lindsey, Average Value director; Seth Payton, policy (% of total # sold) analyst; Joyce Man, faculty fellow; All properties sold 9,348 John Ottensmann, associate $111,689 director, associate director, Center (100%) for Urban Policy and the Homes sold in greenway corridors 2,157 Environment. $122,692 http://www.urbancenter.iupui.edu/r (23%) Homes sold in trail corridotrs 1,253 eports/03-C19%20greenways.pdf $114,240 (13%) Homes sold in conservation corridors 1,087 $140,586 (11.6%)
A 1999 study of home sales in Marion County, Indiana 2003 Central Indiana’s Future: concluded: Understanding the Region and For the 334 homes sold within one-half mile of the Monon Identifying Choices, Greg Lindsey, Trail, the estimated premium was $13, 039 per sale. director; Seth Payton, policy Total value of the Monon trail premium for all 334 home analyst; Joyce Man, faculty fellow; sales = $4.4M. John Ottensmann, associate Total increase in property values associated with the director, associate director, Center presence of the Monon Trail in Marion County = $115.7 for Urban Policy and the M. Environment. http://www.urbancenter.iupui.edu/r eports/03-C19%20greenways.pdf
A 1999 study of home sales in Marion County, Indiana 2003 Central Indiana’s Future: concluded: Understanding the Region and For the 1,087 sales in conservation corridors, the Identifying Choices, Greg Lindsey,
Ohio Greenways 55 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org estimated premium was $2,239. director; Seth Payton, policy Total value of the conservation premium on 1,087 home analyst; Joyce Man, faculty fellow; sales = $2.4 M. John Ottensmann, associate Total increase in property values associated with the director, associate director, Center presence of conservation corridors in Marion County = for Urban Policy and the $53.5 M. Environment. http://www.urbancenter.iupui.edu/r eports/03-C19%20greenways.pdf
“It may not have sand and crashing waves, but the Monon 2003 Central Indiana’s Future: Trail is the equivalent of beachfront property in the Understanding the Region and Indianapolis area.” Identifying Choices, Greg Lindsey, Bill Ruthhart director; Seth Payton, policy Indianapolis Star analyst; Joyce Man, faculty fellow; November 23, 2003 John Ottensmann, associate director, associate director, Center for Urban Policy and the Environment. http://www.urbancenter.iupui.edu/r eports/03-C19%20greenways.pdf
A study found that a greenway in Boulder, Colorado, 1995 Economic Impacts of Protecting increased property values in the surrounding neighborhood Rivers, Trails and Greenway by $5.4 million. Additional tax revenues from higher property Corridors 1995. Original citation: values were $500,000 annually. This increase covered the Correll, Lillydahl, and Singell $1.5 million purchase price for the greenway in just 3 years. (1978). “The Effects of Greenbelts on Residential Property Values: Some Findings on the Political Economy of Space.” Land Economics.
Ohio Greenways 56 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Space Projects Year Source Enhancing Ohio’s Quality of Life
A land developer from Front Royal, Virginia, donated a 50- 1990 “Pathways Across America”, foot wide, seven-mile long easement for the Big Blue Trail in American Hiking Society, 1990. northern Virginia. The developer recognized the amenity value of the trail and advertised that the trail would cross approximately 50 parcels. All tracts were sold within four months.
In Boulder, Colorado, housing prices declined approximately 1995 Economic Impacts of Protecting $4.20 for each foot of distance from a greenway up to 3,200 Rivers, Trails and Greenway feet. In one neighborhood this figure was $10.20 for each Corridors 1995. Original citation: foot of distance from a greenway. Correll, Lillydahl, and Singell (1978). “The Effects of Greenbelts on Residential Property Values: Some Findings on the Political Economy of Space”, Land Economics.
In Philadelphia’s Pennypack Park, the Regional Science 1990 Fox, Tom. “Urban Open Space: An Research Institute found that property value decreases the Investment that Pays,” The farther away it is from open space. At 40 feet, the park Neighborhood Open Space accounted for 33% of the land value, 9% of the value at Coalition, New York. 1990. 1,000 feet and 4.2% of the value at 2,500 feet.
In a Nebraska survey, realtors evaluated the impact of a trail 2002 Greer, Donald L., Ph.D. “Omaha on the sale of a home: Recreational Trails: Their Use and 65.7% easier to sell. Effects on Property Values and 1.5% harder to sell Public Safety. “ University of 15.3% no effect. Nebraska at Omaha. June, 2002. 17.5% not sure.
Maryland’s Northern Central Rail-Trail cost $191,893 to build 1994 Maryland Greenways Commission and generated $303,750 in state tax revenue. (1994). “Analysis of Economic Impacts of the Northern Central Rail Trail.” Prepared by PFK Consulting for the Maryland Greenways Commission.
The public involvement in greenway projects offers 1998 Fish, M. Jennifer. “An Analysis of opportunities for sharing and receiving information, for the Perceived Costs and Benefits broadening support of activities through increased of Residing Near a Rural and awareness and for making the residents feel a sense of Recreational Greenway.” The Ohio ownership in a project. State University, 1998.
Creating an artistic public gathering place, especially where 2003 Jan C. Semenza, The Intersection public involvement is encouraged in planning, fosters social of Urban Planning, Art, and Public capital and social cohesion that may reverse alienation and Health: The Sunnyside Piazza, isolation. American Journal of Public Health September 2003, Vol 93, No. 9.
Ohio Greenways 57 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Each year, 1.5 to 2 million people walk, jog, hike and pedal 2003 Downing, “10 years old, growing”, the 20 mile towpath in Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Akron Beacon Journal, Sept. 19, 2003.
“The Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail was never supposed to 2003 Our Opinion, Ten Years on the be one of the biggest attractions in these parts, but that is Towpath, Akron Beacon Journal, how things have turned out.” September 26, 2003
A $6 million federal investment in the Ohio & Erie Canal 2003 Our Opinion, Ten Years on the National Heritage Corridor has sparked $268 million in public Towpath, Akron Beacon Journal, and private development. September 26, 2003
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Ohio Greenways 58 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org Open Space Projects Year Source Enhancing Ohio’s Quality of Life
Respondents to Consumers’ Survey on Smart Choices for 2002 National Association of Home Home Buyers Builders, Consumers’ Survey on rated the importance of community amenities. Smart Choices for Home Buyers Amenity % important * http://www.nahb.org Rank Highway Access 44% 1st Walking/jogging/bike trails 36% 2nd Sidewalk on both sides 28% 3rd Park areas 26% 4th Playgrounds 21 % 5th Shops within walking distance 19% 6th Golf course 6% 12th
*Responded very important to important
Among 22 community amenities, park areas and 2001 National Association of Home walking/jogging trails were the top rated amenities with 62% Builders, What 21st Century and 58% of the respondents, respectively, saying that these Home Buyers Want features would have an influence on their purchase. http://www.nahb.org
Natural undeveloped lands ranked top on respondents’ list of 2002 National Association of Home open spaces preferences. Builders, Consumers’ Survey on Smart Choices for Home Buyers http://www.nahb.org
Key Recommendation of the Michigan Land Use Leadership 2003 Michigan Land Use Leadership Council appointed by Governor Granholm: Council, Michigan’s Lands, Preserving agricultural land, forestland, wildlife habitat and Michigan’s Furture scenic resources that form the basis of Michigan’s land http://www.michiganlanduse.org resource–based industries by enhancing existing programs and creating new incentives for private land owners to maintain these valuable undeveloped open spaces.
Providing $1 million of produce, Cleveland’s 200 urban 2004 Adele DiMarco Kious, Preserving community food gardens provide a 1000% return on the Community Gardens in Cleveland, City’s annual investment of $100,000. EcoCity Cleveland. http://www.ecocitycleveland.org
Ohio Greenways 59 (330)657-2055 [email protected] www.ohiogreenways.org