Ch. 22-World War I and the 1920S-Lessons

Ch. 22-World War I and the 1920s-Lessons

Primary Source Activity The Zimmermann Telegram 1. The proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico would go into effect when the United States entered World War I, should that occur. 2. Germany promises Mexico financial support and help in reclaiming or reconquering Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 3. The “you” refers to the German ambassador in Mexico. The sentence means that the German ambassador is in charge of working out the details of the agreement with Mexico. 4. The telegram most likely ends with a mention of possible peace between Germany and England to calm Mexico’s fears of attacks by England or to boost confidence in Germany’s military strength. Critical Thinking 5. Given the contents of the telegram, it appears Germany was very confident the United States would enter World War I. Because most of the fighting in World War I took place in Europe, Germany would have had little to gain from an alliance with Mexico otherwise.

Lesson 1-Texans and the War Expedition to Mexico Main Idea: The United States becomes involved in the Mexican Revolution. Detail: Pancho Villa is angered by U.S. support for the Mexican government. Detail: Pancho Villa leads men across the U.S.-Mexico border to raid Columbus, New Mexico. Detail: President Wilson orders General Pershing to pursue and capture Villa. Detail: The Mexican government is angered by the presence of U.S. troops in Mexico The United States Enters World War I 1. Much of Europe was involved in a terrible war that began in 1914. 2. In early 1917, German submarines sank more ships carrying American passengers. 3. In January 1917, German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a coded telegram to Mexico asking the Mexican president to side with Germany against the U.S. if war broke out. 4. President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany in April 1917. 5. Nearly all the American soldiers who flew military planes during the war trained at Kelly Field in San Antonio.

World War I and the 1920s 6. False; The 36th Division was made up primarily of members of the Texas National Guard. 7. True 8. True 9. False; Mexicans living in Texas who were not American citizens were not required to serve in the military. 10. True

World War I and the 1920s

Samuel M. Sampler: single-handedly knocked out a German machine gun position David E. Hayden: tended to wounded comrades while under fi re and carried a fellow American soldier to safety Colonel Edward M. House: helped write the terms of the peace treaty that followed the war Albert Sidney Burleson: served as postmaster general of the United States; directed the wartime operation of the national telephone and telegraph system

Thomas Watt Gregory: served as the U.S. attorney general under President Wilson 11. Some Texans gained a broadened view of the world and were exposed to other cultures and points of view. Some received more education and training, and many received their first medical and dental care during their service. 12. African Americans experienced less prejudice in Europe than in the United States.

The Home Front 1. Texans bought war bonds to help the U.S. government pay for the war. 2. Many Texans did not eat wheat on Mondays and Wednesdays because wheat was in short supply during the war and it was rationed to make sure soldiers overseas had enough to eat. 3. Many Texas women worked as nurses and farmers and in factories. 4. German American farmers in the town of Brandenburg changed the town’s name to Old Glory to demonstrate their loyalty to the United States. 5. Sauerkraut was renamed “liberty cabbage” and frankfurters briefly became “liberty sausages.”

Lesson 2 – The Roaring Twenties Changing Lifestyles Cause: The economy boomed during the 1920s. Effect: Many people had extra money to spend. Cause: Companies began marketing products nationwide. Effect: Advertisers used clever methods to create demand for products Cause: Students in Texas learned about radio transmissions using wireless technology Effect: By 1922, commercial radio stations had spread across Texas.

1. Commercial radio stations could be found in Amarillo, Dallas, Fort Worth, Galveston, Houston, San Antonio, and Waco. Texans contributed to the development of jazz and other American musical styles. Blues guitarists Henry Thomas, “Blind” Lemon Jefferson, and Huddy “Leadbelly” Ledbetter helped shape the blues tradition. Marion Slaughter recorded the first country record to sell a million copies. Mexican American musicians Santiago Jiménez and La Familia Mendoza became recording stars in the United States and Mexico. The San Antonio area became a popular site for filming movies.

Social Values and Political Issues 1. True 2. False; Annie Webb Blanton was chosen as state superintendent of public instruction. 3. True 4. True 5. False; Relatively few women became doctors, lawyers, engineers, or ministers

6. Racial and ethnic tensions increased in the 1920s. 7. Many African Americans worked as unskilled laborers, and many African American women worked domestic jobs 8. Mexican Americans contributed to Texas’s economy by helping the state’s agricultural industry to grow. 9. Nativism is the belief that original residents should be favored over immigrants. 10. The Ku Klux Klan is a secret organization first formed during Reconstruction whose members believe in white supremacy. 11. The State Bar of Texas, Chambers of Commerce, the American Legion, and the Daughters of the American Revolution were social and civic groups that opposed the Klan publicly. 12. Miriam “Ma” Ferguson won the race for governor of Texas on an anti-Klan platform. Dan Moody, another anti-Klan politician, succeeded her as governor.

Lesson 3 Oil and Industry Wartime and Peacetime Economy Cause: The demand for cotton fell when World War I ended. Effect/Cause: The price of cotton fell. Effect: Farmers grew more cotton to try to increase their income.

1. False; By 1930, more than half of all farmers were tenant farmers. 2. True

3. True

4. False; The demand for horses and cattle collapsed when the war ended.

5. True

Recovering From Postwar Depression 1. Many rural Texans headed for the cities in search of work. 2. Petroleum refining became the key growth industry in Texas from 1900 through World War I. 3. After the war, the clothing manufacturing industry expanded, primarily in Dallas. 4. While demand for cotton and cattle fell, American automakers were selling more and more cars. 5. By the end of the 1920s, more than one-fourth of all manufacturing workers in the Houston area worked in oil industry jobs. 6. The number of cars in Texas increased dramatically during the 1920s, and traffic laws were needed to control the large numbers of vehicles and their drivers. 7. The Texas Highway Department was created to take advantage of federal money for states to build roads and highways.