Animal Form and Function

Animal Form and Function A Study of the Organ Systems

Name ______

Period ______

(Draw and color one of the eleven systems in the body outline above)

1 Introduction Cells are ______Examples of different types of cells are ______

Tissues are ______Describe the types of tissues and give an example: Epithelial Tissue = ______Ex. ______Identify the different types of connective Connective Tissue = ______tissue: fibrous connective tissue, Ex. ______cartilage, adipose tissue, bone, blood, Nervous Tissue = ______and loose connective tissue Ex. ______Muscle Tissue = ______Ex. ______Organs are ______

Give me five examples of organs: 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______

Organs Systems are ______

Match the Organ to the System Identify the three different types of Hypothalamus - ______muscle tissue: smooth, cardiac, Pancreas - ______and skeletal. Tibia - ______Pituitary - ______2 Bronchi - ______

3 Animal Form and Function A Study of the Organ Systems Muscular System Function:

______

Major Structures: ______Works closely with the ______Place the following words in the diagrams – system to______endoskeleton and exoskeleton use once, with the help of ______flexor and extensor use twice.

4 Organization of Skeletal Muscle ______= fibers cell membrane ______= cells cytoplasm, containing ______, ______and ______for energy. Each muscle fiber itself contains cylindrical organelles known as ______Myofibrils made up of ______proteins which run the length of the muscle fiber and are Important in muscle contraction known as the ______. What is a strain? ______What is a sprain? ______What are ligaments?______What are tendons?______

5 Animal Form and Function A Study of the Organ Systems Skeletal System Three types of skeletal systems 1. ______2. ______3. ______Function:

______Types of Cells: ______Works closely with the ______system to______In the outline to the right draw and label the following structures: clavicle, femur, fibula, humerus, patella, pelvis, radius, ribs, scapula, skull, sternum, tibia & ulna What are the Haversian Canals? ______

6 ______Using the diagram above, name 3 types of joints and give an example of each. 1. ______/______2. ______/______3. ______/______

7 Animal Form and Function A Study of the Organ Systems Nervous System Function: ______On the diagram below draw the CNS ______and PNS using two different colors. ______Major Structures: CNS = ______PNS = ______3 Types of Neurons:______Works closely with the ______and the five senses to ______.

Using the letters label the neuron above and indicate the direction of the impulse: A = dendrite, B = nodes of Ranvier, C = cell body, D = Schwann cell, E = axon, F = myelin sheath, G = synaptic terminal and H = nucleus.

In your own words describe the four steps of a synapse then on the diagram to the right CLEARLY place the number where the steps occur.

1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______8 ______Place the number next to the correct part, provide a 1 word functions & color each of the four lobes a different color Hypothalamus Medulla Cerebellum Corpus Collosum Thalamus Cerebrum Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Senses Affiliated Organ Cerebro-spinal Fluid

Read the paperRecord on reflexes your &Stroop record the test3. steps.6. times 1. & make a conclusion2. 7. ______1st ______/2nd ______1. 2. ______5.

T ______4. 8. ______a 3. ______p Place the following words e 4. ______

in the boxes: motor neuron, e

5. ______effector, sensory neuron, a interneuron, receptor, r What other reflex test do doctors use? ______stimulus, spinal cord and

h gray matter ______e

RECORD YOUR AVG TIME AND RATING ON THE e REACTION GAME: ______

9 Animal Form and Function A Study of the Organ Systems Circulatory System T a p e H e a r t H e r e Function: ______Label & use 2 colors 8. ______Major Structures: ______1. 9. ______2. 10. Types of Cells: ______3. 11. ______4. 12. Using the stethoscope, listen to your heartbeat and record. Explain the sound: 5. 13. 1st Sound (LUB): ______6. 14.

______7. 15. 2nd Sound (DUB): ______Read “Relationships..” handout & describe how the circulatory and digestive systems Diastolic pressure is ______depend on each other. Using the diagram on Systolic pressure is ______the back, list 3 more systems that work w/ the circulatory system. ______What is your blood pressure ______/______What is your pulse rate and what does it mean? ______What level of the organ system hierarchy is Blood? ______1. ______Complete the following table 2. ______Component % Color 3. ______Plasma made up of Use the “Travels of a red blood cell” cards to complete the following. A red blood cell begins

Cellular Elements within the ______canals that are found Types Functions in your bone marrow. The next destination are 1. 1. ______and then they bring oxygen poor 2. 2. blood to the ______by way of the ______3. 3. ______. At which point they enter the ______atrium. Passing the ______valve and entering the ______ventricle passing through the ______valve going to the ______arteries. The red blood cell goes to the ______for loading up on oxygen. The red blood cell travels through the ______veins to the ______atrium passing the ______valve and into the final pumping chamber, ______ventricle. The last valve is the ______valve and it leads to the ______. The last part of your vascular system that carries oxygen to your body is the ______. 10 Animal Form and Function A Study of the Organ Systems Respiratory System Function:______Major Structures: ______Key Parts: ______Works closely with the ______system to ______Identify another function that is performed by the respiratory system and what parts of our body are used to perform that function. ______USING THE LUNG MODEL Which part of the model represents the The exchange of CO2 and O2 is what kind of passive transport? ______following and then describe the function: Trachea = ______What is your diagnosis and what ______are your recommendations? Patient #__ - ______Bronchi = ______Lung = ______Diaphragm = ______Patient #__ - ______What happens when you pull down on the large ______balloon? ______

______Read the article entitled “Everest/First Ascents: Altitude Danger Begins in Pheriche” and answer the eight questions.

1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. ____

11 Measuring Lung Capacity The amount of air that you move in and out of your lungs while breathing normally is called TIDAL VOLUME. This amount of air provides enough oxygen for a person who is resting. It is possible to inhale and exhale more forcefully - the maximum amount of air moved in and out of the lungs is called the VITAL CAPACITY. In this activity, you will be measuring the vital capacity and the tidal volume of your own lungs, this actual number can then be compared with a number derived from an equation that measures vital capacity. In effect, you are measuring an actual number, based on laboratory measurements, to a theoretical number, based on an equation. If you have any breathing difficulties (asthma or other condition), you should not participate in this activity, instead only take the data on your lab partner or group.

Materials - Balloons, metric ruler, meter stick, bathroom scale (optional)

How to Take Measurements with a Balloon 1. Measuring Tidal Volume -- Stretch a round balloon several times to stretch it out. Inhale normally and then exhale normally into the balloon. Do not force your breathing. Pinch the end of the balloon and measure its diameter. Repeat this so that you have 3 total measurements and can take the average and record in the data table.

2. Measuring Vital Capacity - Repeat the procedure, only this time inhale as much air as you can and exhale forcefully. Record three measurements in the data table. 3. Convert the diameters to a volume using the graph and record this in your table. 4. Estimated Vital Capacity - Research has shown that the capacity of a person's lungs is proportional to the surface area of his or her body. To find the surface area, you will need to know your height and weight. There are a couple of different ways to calculate your body surface area mathematically. Either use the equation below or go to a website that has an automatic calculator. (A Google search on "body surface area calculator will yield many pages that have these calculators)

Once you have calculated your surface area, a second equation will calculate your estimated vital capacity. Males: SA x 2500 Females SA x 2000

12 DATA TABLE Tidal Volume Vital Capacity Estimated Vital Capacity

Balloon Volume Balloon Volume Height (cm) Diameter (from graph) Diameter (from graph) Mass (kg) Trial Surface Area 1 Vital Capacity 2 3 Average ANALYSIS 1. Why is it important to measure tidal volume and vital capacity three times and then get an average?

2. How does your measured vital capacity compare to the vital capacity you estimated using the formula? Which do you think is more accurate and why?

3. How might an athlete's vital capacity compare to a non-athlete? Explain your reasoning.

APPLICATION 1. Examine the data table of a person who entered into a training program. This person's vital capacity was measured over a 60 day period. Use the data to construct a graph DATA GRAPH Day of Training Vital Capacity

0 4800

10 4840

20 4890

30 4930

40 4980

50 5180

60 5260

2. What happened to the person's vital

capacity over the course of the training period?

3. What probably caused the change?

4. How might vital capacity be important to a musician?

13 Animal Form and Function A Study of the Organ Systems Digestive System

Function: ______12 ______

Major Structures: ______

Key Parts: ______

Works closely with the ______system to ______. 13 Match the number with the correct organ then indicate the type of digestion ME=mechanical and CH=Chemical. Then briefly describe the function. Indicate the pH if applicable and the enzyme produced by that organ. Rectum, Small Intestine (Ileum), Mouth/Oral Cavity, Salivary Glands, Large Intestine (colon), Pharynx, Esophagus/Gullet, Anus, Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas, Stomach and Pyloric Sphincter # ORGAN ME/CH FUNCTION pH FLUIDS SECRETED 1 2 12 7 8 13 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 DEFINE/Describe: Bolus =______Peristalsis = ______Villi or microvilli = ______

14 Digestive System Puzzle Square: Arrange the cut out squares so that the touching sides match.

The enzyme pancreatic amylase is manufactured and secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine. Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into a smaller sugar. Pepsin is an enzyme that is released by the stomach and functions to break down proteins into amino acids. The following graph shows the pH at which both pepsin and pancreatic amylase can function in the body. If the pH of the body falls above or below the graphs for each enzyme respectively, that enzyme will denature and no longer function. The higher the curve of the graph, the more productive the enzyme. Which of the following statements is true with respect to Figure 1? 1) _____ : Pepsin and pancreatic amylase could never function together in the same part of the body at the same time. 2) _____: Pancreatic amylase could function in the stomach with a pH of 1-2. 3) _____ : The optimal pH for the functioning of pepsin is approximately 8.5 to 9. 4) _____: Pancreatic amylase is used in the small intestine. Normally, the small intestine must be slightly acidic in order for it to function. 15 Animal Form and Function A Study of the Organ Systems Excretory System Function: ______Add the ______following labels to Major Structures: the ______diagram ______Kidney, Key Parts: urinary ______bladder, ureters, ______urethra, Works closely with the ______system to renal ______. artery, and vena Label the diagram of a kidney and color as indicated: capsule- cava orange; renal artery – red; renal vein – yellow; cortex - green; medulla - pink; pelvis - brown; ureter – blue; pyramids - purple Excretion

Filtration Structure Function (use the words from the diagrams) ______Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body ______Carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidney ______The inner region of the kidney ______The outer region of the kidney ______Carries oxygenated blood to the kidney ______The part of the kidney that collects the urine before it passes down the ureter ______The tough fibrous coat around the kidney ______Stores urine before it is removed from body ______The tube that carries urine away from the kidney ______Converts blood to urine

Organism Specialized Excretory Organ Label the Protists ______R nephron diagram e 1=Collecting duct, Cnidarians ______a 2=renal artery, b 3=loop of Henle, Platyhelminthes ______s 4=distal o convoluted tubule, Annelids r 5=glomerulus, ______p t 6=proximal Insects i convoluted tubule, ______o 7=Bowman’s Desert Animal n capsule Kangaroo Rat 16 Urinalysis Simulation Physical Properties Analysis – Color, Clarity, Specific Gravity Record the color of the specimen as pale yellow, yellow, brownish yellow, or red. Record the clarity of the urine specimen as clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, or turbid. Specific gravity has already been recorded for you. Physical Properties of Urine Analysis Urine Sample Color Clarity Specific Gravity Control ~1.000 Patient A ~1.014 Patient B ~1.019 Patient C ~1.030

Place the urine colors from the above data table in the “Before” columns.

To test for glucose you added Benedict’s solution to 3 ml of urine for each patient and then heated the tubes for 2 minutes in a hot water bath. The test tubes in the beaker labeled “Benedicts” are the samples after heating. Record the color change in your data table. A color change to orange, red, or brown indicates the presence of sugar.

To test for protein you added Biuret solution to 3 mL of urine for each patient. The tubes in the beaker labeled “Biuret” are the samples after adding Biuret’s solution. Record the color change in your data table. A change from blue to purple indicates the presence of protein. Chemical Properties GLUCOSE PROTEIN of Urine Analysis Color before Color after Color before Color after Urine Sample heating heating adding Biuret adding Biuret Control Patient A Patient B Patient C Indicate the test(s) that provides a diagnosis for the following diseases:

•Urinary tract infection ______•Diabetes mellitus ______•Kidney disease ______2. What is a potential diagnosis for patient A? ______

3. What is a potential diagnosis for patient B? ______

4. What is a potential diagnosis for patient C? ______

5. Which patient had the highest concentration of dissolved substances? ______

6. Why was a control used in each test?______

17 Animal Form and Function A Study of the Organ Systems Lymphatic/Immune System Function: ______

Major Structures: Place the letter next to the name of the structure

Works closely with the ______system to ______.

Blood cells are produced in ______and Erythrocytes are called ______and Leukocytes are called______. C H The two types of Lymphocytes are ______and ______. Lines of Defense 1st: Non-specific barrier, innate, broad external defense Types:______2nd: ______- leukocytes attack pathogens but no memory 3rd: Specific, acquired defense w/memory, true immunity  specific defense w/ memory:______& ______ responds to ______Inflammatory Response – local non-specific trigger when tissue is damaged What is an ANTIGEN? ______1. ______For example specific pathogen or toxin or cancer cell ______What is an ANTIBODY? ______2. ______B-Cells – mature in ______- ______response attacks pathogens 3. ______circulating in blood and lymph. They produce ______. Types - ______and ______. ______4. ______T-Cells – mature in ______. ______response recognize and attack ______. Three ______types of T cells are ______. __ Vaccination: a form of active immunity when a weakened or inactive pathogen is given to ______. Passive Immunity - ______. HIV – infects and destroys ______cells which then do not activate ______& ______Why do you take an antihistamine? ______18 Immune System Defender Game Immune Responses http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity/ www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immuneresponses/abou t.html What happens in your body when you are wounded? __ What happens when our body is attacked by foreign substances? ______What cell types are involved in the immune system? ______What is immunity? ______How do immune cells remove bacteria? ______How do vaccines work? ______Some immune cells alert other immune cells about ______invading bacteria. Which ones? ______How does our body get rid of bacteria and viruses? ______19 ______Animal Form and Function

A Study of the Organ Systems 12 Endocrine System Function: ______

Define Hormone:______.

2 Works closely with the ______system which ______of ______and ______system to deliver them.

Place the correct number next to the structure _____ Hypothalamus _____ Uterus

_____ Thyroid _____ Kidney

_____ Parathyroid _____ Thymus _____ Adrenal _____ Pancreas

_____ Testes _____ Ovary

_____ Pituitary _____ Pineal

GLAND/LOCATION______FEEDBACK:HORMONE MORE GETS YOU LESSFUNCTION______FEEDBACK: MORE GETS YOU MORE Hypothalamus Control center for autonomic functions. Connects with the endocrine (hypothalamus) and nervous systems to maintain homeostasis and influence emotional responses. Pituitary Contraction of uterus; tells kidneys to reabsorb water; protein synthesis & growth in bones; production and release of breast milk; stimulate production of ova & sperm; Stimulates the thyroid gland; tells adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids Thyroid Stimulate and maintain Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), which is the amount of energy the body uses; ↓ blood Ca2+ level Parathyroid Raises blood calcium level Pancreas Cluster of cells, islets of Langerhans, contain beta cells secrete insulin and ↓ blood glucose levels; alpha cells secrete glucagon and ↑ blood glucose levels Adrenal Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activities; prepares the body for “fright, fight or flight”; promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys Ovaries Stimulate uterine lining growth, development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics Testes Support sperm formation, development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics 20 Here are several problems that describe feedback loops. Read each problem, decide if each is a positive or a negative feedback loop, and record your answers on your worksheets.

Problem #1: When you become dehydrated, and the osmolality of the blood increases (meaning your blood has more salt and less water), osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause the posterior pituitary to secrete anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH acts on the kidney to increase the reabsorption of water, and put the water back into your bloodstream. This helps prevent the osmolality of the blood from increasing even further. If you drink lots of water, ADH production decreases, and the kidneys remove water from the blood, again maintaining the osmolality of the blood. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Problem #2: During childbirth, the fetus is pushed against the uterine opening, causing it to stretch. Receptors that detect the stretching send signals to the brain. The brain sends both neural and hormonal signals which increase both the contraction force and the contraction frequency in the smooth muscles of the uterus. This continues until the baby is delivered through the birth canal. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Problem #3: An increase of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to a decrease in blood pH. The drop in blood pH is detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery. These receptors send nerve impulses to the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata in the brain, which then stimulates increased breathing. Increased breathing helps remove carbon dioxide from the blood, returning blood pH to normal levels. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Problem #4: After eating a meal, your blood glucose level increases. Islet cells in your pancreas detect the rise in blood sugar, and release insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin binds to receptors on cells throughout the body, allowing the cells to take up glucose from the blood. This lowers blood glucose levels back to a normal level. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Problem #5: When thyroxine levels in the body are low, the hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH acts on the anterior pituitary causing the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH, in turn, acts on the thyroid gland, causing secretion of thyroxine. Increased levels of thyroxine act on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, decreasing the release of both TRH and TSH. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

21 Animal Form and Function A Study of the Organ Systems

Integumentary System EPIDERMIS -consists of ___ layers of __ kinds of Main Function: ______cells ______How often do cells undergo cell division ______Keratin is______Major Structures: ______Melanin is ______Why does a small scratch not bleed?______Works closely with the ______system ______. ______

FACTS: The Skin is the human body's DERMIS- ______layer composed of collagen, ______. The word elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophage, fat cells hair, INTEGUMENT comes from LATIN and glands, nerve and blood vessels. means ______is the layer below the Dermis OTHER FUNCTIONS Two Glands are ______and ______1. Serves as a ______against HAIR is produced by ______and it infection and injury. ______and ______the body. 2. Helps to regulate ______. What causes hair to grow?______3. Removes ______from the body. ______4. Provides ______against Why does hair get oily?______ultraviolet radiation from the sun. NAILS – grow from the ______5. Produces ______and are located ______of fingers & toes. 1 Fat, Collagen, Fibroblasts Why are nails pink?______

2 Hair Which nails grow faster fingers or toes?(circle) 3 Subcutaneous Tissue Number the diagram. 4 Dermis 5 Nerve

6 Arteriole 7 Muscle 8 Sebaceous Gland 9 Epidermis 10 Sensory Nerve Ending 11 Capillaries 12 Sweat Gland

22 23 Animal Form and Function A Study of the Animal Form and Function Reproductive System Function: ______

Major Structures: ______

Types of Cells: ______

Works closely with the ______system to ______.

Match the correct structure with the function Structure Function coiled tube attached to testicle; stores sperm; connected to the vas deferens an expanding muscular sac that collects urine Fold of the body wall which contains the gonads O"-shaped gland; surrounds the urethra below the bladder, secreting a fluid into the semen pair of glands that secrete the fluid of semen into the ejaculatory duct Produce gametes & hormones Muscular duct running from epididymis & out of the scrotum Drains both the excretory & reproductive systems

24 Match the correct structure with the function.

Structure Function Structure Function pair of tubes that transport muscular tube that connects the cervix eggs from ovary to uterus of the womb to the vulva pair of organs that produces eggs, estrogen and progesterone one of the small ovarian sacs containing an immature ovum hollow muscular organ that nourishes and develops embryo before birth yellow mass of tissue that forms in the ovary after ovulation & secretes progesterone mucous membrane that lines the womb & increases in thickness during menstruation narrow passage leading to the vagina