Paternity (%) Dichromatism (G) (G) (%) Extra-Pair Paternity

Appendix Information on extra-pair paternity, minisatellite mutation rate (per band and generation), sexual dichromatism, testes mass, body mass, adult survival rate and minisatellite probes in birds. ______Species Extra-pair Mutation rate Sexual Testes mass Body mass Survival Probe References for mutation rates, probes and paternity (%) dichromatism (g) (g) (%) extra-pair paternity ______Acrocephalus arundinaceus 3.4 0.003830.0 0.46 27.2 65.0 33.15 1 Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 7.9 0.004730.0 0.17 13.0 37.3 33.15, 33.6 2 Acrocephalus vaughani 0.0 0.000000.0 - - 33.15 3 Agelaius phoeniceus 30.9 0.011172.5 0.54 60.0 53.0 33.6, M13, per, 18.15 4, 5 Anser caerulescens 5.0 0.001700.0 17.90 2450 83.0 per, M13 6 Anser rossi 2.4 0.003090.0 17.90 2450 83.0 per, M13 6 Aphelocoma coelulescens 0.0 0.005510.0 1.81 83.0 82.0 33.15, pSP2.5RI 7 Apus apus 4.6 0.014 0.0 1.13 25.0 79.0 33.15 8 Asio otus 0.0 0.001800.0 - 273.0 69.0 33.15 9 Branta leucopsis 0.0 0.005600.0 1.30 1750.0 94.8 33.15, 33.6 10, 11 Calidris maritima 1.2 0.007720.0 0.95 76.0 86.0 per 12 Campylorhynchus griseus 2.3 0.0030 0.0 0.11 58.0 74.0 33.15, 33.6 13 Campylorhynchus nuchalis 1.4 0.0030 0.0 0.11 58.0 57.0 33.15, 33.6 14 Cardinalis cardinalis 13.5 0.0122 2.0 0.47 42.3 59.0 M13, per 15 2

Catharacta lonnbergi 0.0 0.000000.0 1.05 1630.0 95.5 33.15, 33.6 16 Catharacta maccormicki 7.7 0.003100.0 - 1315.0 95.0 33.15 17 Cercomacra tyrannina 0.0 0.017140.0 - 16.4 - 33.15, 33.6 18 Coragyps atratus 0.0 0.004970.0 1.20 1710.0 90.6 33.15, 33.6, M13 19 Delichon urbica 17.0 0.007550.0 0.20 14.5 38.0 33.15, 33.6 20, 21

Dendroica caerulescens 27.2 0.012001.5 - 9.2 37.5 (GGAT)4 22 Dendroica petechia 33.1 0.005851.0 0.24 10.0 57.3 33.15, per 23-25 Emberiza calandra 4.6 0.001980.0 0.83 50.0 48.0 33.6 26 Falco columbarius 0.0 0.018201.0 0.61 163.0 71.0 33.15, 33.6 27 Ficedula hypoleuca 8.6 0.004971.5 0.04 12.1 49.9 33.15, M13, 3’HVR 28-31 Fringilla coelebs 17.0 0.007 2.0 0.78 21.9 56.5 33.6 32 Fulmarus glacialis 0.0 0.017 0.0 7.87 750.0 98.0 33.15 33 Gallinula chloropus 0.0 0.0025 0.0 1.47 340.0 77.0 33.15, cGgaMS02 34 Gavia immer 0.0 0.002030.0 8.31 3700.0 90.0 33.15 35 Grallina cyanoleuca 2.9 0.005551.0 - 128.0 80.7 33.6, per 36 Haematopus ostralegus 1.5 0.002840.0 0.54 500.0 84.0 33.6 37 Hirundo rustica 28.0 0.002621.0 0.55 18.6 37.4 33.15 38 Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos 0.0 0.001640.0 - 879.0 86.2 33.15, 3’HVR 39 Junco hyemalis 35.9 0.003130.0 0.29 21.0 56.5 33.15, 33.6 40 Lagopus lagopus 9.4 0.0082 1.0 1.50 700.0 35.0 33.15, 33.6, per 41 Lanius bucephalus 10.1 0.0044 0.0 0.25 38.0 - 33.6 42 Larus occidentalis 0.0 0.005170.0 2.03 1130.0 90.0 33.15, 33.6 43 3

Loxioides bailleui 0.0 0.015740.0 0.12 42.8 63.0 33.15, M13 44 Luscinia svecica 20.0 0.016952.0 0.24 17.0 66.0 33.15 45 Malurus cyaneus 62.1 0.007114.5 0.48 9.8 65.5 33.15, per 46 Merops apiaster 0.7 0.0041 0.0 0.18 50.6 47.5 33.15 47 Notiomystis cincta 35.3 0.011670.0 - 35.0 - 33.15, CA 48 Oceanodroma leucorhoa 0.0 0.007790.0 0.17 52.4 93.7 33.15, 33.6 49 Oenanthe oenanthe 11.0 0.003321.5 0.71 26.0 55.0 33.15 50 Parus caeruleus 8.3 0.004480.5 0.40 10.8 41.6 33.15, M13, per 51-54 Parus cristatus 12.4 0.009 0.0 0.25 10.9 53.7 33.15 55 Parus major 8.8 0.004591.0 0.13 18.8 48.6 33.15, 33.6, M13, per 51, 54, 56 Passer domesticus 13.6 0.009091.5 0.42 28.2 55.0 pSPT 19.6 57 Passerculus sandwichensis 23.1 0.024250.0 0.64 17.4 48.5 33.15 58 Passerina cyanea 34.9 0.012062.5 0.62 14.6 47.6 33.15, 33.6, M13 59 Petroica australis 0.0 0.002021.0 0.15 35.0 52.9 33.15, 33.6 60 Phalacrocorax aristotelis 17.9 0.005410.0 7.82 1790.0 88.0 33.15 61 Phalaropus tricolor 0.0 0.01802-1.0 0.77 50.0 88.5 33.15 62 Phylloscopus trochilus 33.0 0.011970.0 0.18 8.8 36.1 per 63 Pica pica 4.9 0.019000.0 - 220.0 69.0 33.15 64 Picoides borealis 1.3 0.000001.0 0.14 43.7 73.5 per, OPT-5, OPT-6 65 Porphyrio porphyrio 0.0 0.001380.0 7.33 670.0 75.0 per, 3’HVR, pV47-2 66 Progne subis 21.4 0.004950.5 0.48 51.0 43.1 33.6 67, 68 Prunella collaris 0.0 0.005510.0 1.12 40.0 50.8 33.15, 33.6 69 4

Prunella modularis 0.8 0.001310.0 0.90 21.0 47.2 33.15 70 Psaltriparus minimus 0.0 0.002 0.0 0.07 5.7 - 33.15, 33.6, per 71 Puffinus tenuirostris 10.8 0.0225 0.0 - 590.0 95.0 33.6 72 Riparia riparia 14.4 0.004780.0 0.12 14.0 36.2 33.6 73 Sayornis phoebe 11.8 0.003980.0 0.22 19.2 31.2 33.15, per 74 Sericornis frontinalis 5.7 0.0056 0.0 0.37 11.0 82.2 33.15, per 75 Sialia mexicana 16.9 0.012 2.5 0.87 29.5 44.9 33.15, 33.6 76 Sialia sialis 8.4 0.012882.5 0.46 31.7 49.0 33.15, per 77 Spheniscus humboldti 0.0 0.0145 0.0 - 5000.0 - 33.15, 33.6 78 Sturnus vulgaris 9.2 0.003370.5 0.45 80.0 47.0 33.15, 33.6 79, 80 Tachycineta bicolor 59.5 0.018180.0 0.70 19.9 39.8 33.15, per 81-83 Taeniopygia guttata 2.4 0.003212.5 0.05 10.0 22.0 33.15, 33.6 84 Tribonyx mortierii 0.0 0.018000.0 6.54 1334.0 93.2 per 85 Troglodytes aedon 8.4 0.001370.0 0.17 9.0 29.6 M13, per 86 Turdoides squamiceps 0.0 0.000710.0 0.33 75.0 82.7 33.15, 33.6 87 Turdus grayi 37.8 0.008310.0 0.99 74.7 65.0 33.15 88 Upupa epops 7.6 0.021131.0 - 60.2 41.1 33.15 89 Vireo solitarius 2.7 0.000000.0 0.12 15.5 55.3 33.15 90 Wilsonia citrina 26.7 0.008981.5 0.27 9.3 54.7 33.15, 33.6 91, 92 ______

References to the Appendix 5

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Survival estimates are from the following references: Armstrong DP: Does familiarity affect behavioural interactions following translocation? A test using New Zealand robins. Biol. Cons. 1995 71:281-288 Birkhead TR: The magpies. London: T. & A. D. Poyser 1991 Cooke F, Rockwell RF, Lank DB: The Snow Geese of La Pérouse Bay. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1995 Cramp S (Editor): Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1980 Davies NB, Hartley IR, Hatchwell BJ, Desrochers A, Skeer J, Nebel D: The polygynadrous mating system of the alpine accentor Prunella collaris. I. Ecological causes and reproductive conflict. Anim. Behav. 1995 49:769-788 Dierschke V: Einfluss der Gefiederverölung auf die Überlebungsrate und Körpermasse von Meerstrandläufers Calidris maritima. Vogelwelt 1994 115:253-255 Fancy SG, Reynolds MH, Pratt TK, Wilson KA, Banko PC, Jacobi JD: Population structure and survival of palila. Condor 1995 97:528-535 Glutz von Blotzheim UN, Bauer KM (Editors): Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Vols. 9, 11, 14. Wiesbaden: AULA Verlag 1980, 1988, 1997 Hall M: The importance of pair duration and biparental care to reproductive success in the monogamous Australian magpie- lark. Aust. J. Zool. 1999 47:439-454 17

Higgins PJ, Davies SJJF (Editors): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic birds, Vols. 2, 3. Melbourne: Oxford University Press 1993, 1996 Larsson K, Forslund P, Gustafsson L, Ebbinge BS: From the high Arctic to the Baltic: The successful establishment of a Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis population on Gotland, Sweden. Ornis Scand. 1988 19:182-189 Lessells K, Krebs JR: Age and breeding performance of European bee-eaters. Auk 1989 106:375-382 Magrath RD, Yezerinac SM: Facultative helping does not influence reproductive success or survival in cooperatively breeding white-browed scrubwrens. J. Anim. Ecol. 1997 66:658-670 Marchant S, Higgins PJ (Editors): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Vol. 1A. Melbourne: Oxford University Press 1990 Martin TE: Avian life history evolution in relation to nest sites, nest predation, and food. Ecol. Monogr. 1995 65:101-127 Martin TE, Clobert J: Nest predation and avian life-history evolution in Europe versus North America: a possible role of humans? Am. Nat. 1996 147:1028-1046 Martín-Vivaldi, M. unpublished data. Ogilvie M (Editor): BWP Update. Vol. 1, No. 1-2. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1997 Poole A, Gill F (Editors): The birds of North America. Nos. 1-440. Philadelphia: The Birds of North America Inc 1992- 1999 18

Stacey PB, Koenig WD (Editors): Cooperative breeding in birds: Long-term studies of ecology and behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1990 Stutchbury BJM, Morton ES, Piper WH: Extra-pair mating system of a synchronously breeding tropical songbird. J. Avian Biol. 1998 29:72-78 Whittingham LA, Dunn PO, Magrath RD: Relatedness, polyandry and extra-group paternity in the cooperatively breeding white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1997 40:261-270 Williams M: Social and demographic characteristics of blue duck Hymenolaimus malachorhynchos. Wildfowl 1991 42:65- 86 Woolfenden GE, Fitzpatrick JW: The Florida Scrub Jay. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1994 Zahavi A: Arabian babbler. In: Lifetime reproduction in birds (Edited by Newton I). London: Academic Press 1989, pp. 253-275 Zann R, Runciman D: Survivorship, dispersal and sex ratios of Zebra Finches Taeniopygia guttata in southeast Australia. Ibis 1994 136:136-146