Review More Early Years Part II

Review – More Early Years Part II Global History and Geography Name: ______E. Napp Date: ______

Part I: Practicing the NYS Regents Multiple-Choice

1. 5. Which geographic feature has helped • Keeping field notes from excavation sites isolate China? • Analyzing radiocarbon dating test results (1) Andes Mountains • Examining and cataloging artifacts (2) Kalahari Desert (3) Himalaya Mountains Which social scientist directly engages in these (4) Great Rift Valley activities? (1) political scientist (3) historian 6. The rule of Shi Huangdi, legalism, and the (2) archaeologist (4) sociologist tomb of terra cotta soldiers are most closely associated with the 2. Use of terracing is an example of a society’s (1) Maurya Empire (3) Persian Empire reaction to (2) Qin dynasty (4) Hellenistic culture (1) religious beliefs (2) social stratification 7. The development of which early civilization (3) geographic conditions was influenced most directly by the Tigris (4) political situations River, the Zagros Mountains, and the Syrian Desert? 3. What is a major feature of a traditional (1) Chinese (3) Egyptian economy? (2) Maya (4) Mesopotamian (1) nationalizing foreign-owned businesses (2) determining prices using a free market 8. Which religion includes the Four Noble (3) establishing quotas based on five-year Truths, the Eightfold Path, and nirvana? plans (1) Buddhism (3) Judaism (4) bartering for goods and services (2) Hinduism (4) Christianity

4. 9. Which geographic factor affected the • If a son has struck his father, they shall cut development of the Gupta Empire? off his hand. (1) volcanoes (3) monsoons • If a seignior has destroyed the eye of a (2) permafrost (4) island location member of the aristocracy, they shall destroy his eye. 10. The Russian Orthodox Church developed • If he has broken another seignior’s bone, as a result of Russia’s cultural interactions they shall break his bone. with which group? Which document contains these statements? (1) Byzantines (3) Vikings (1) Ten Commandments (2) Muslims (4) Huns (2) Code of Hammurabi (3) Edicts of Asoka (4) Twelve Tables 11. An economist who focused on ancient 17. Filial piety and the five relationships are societies would most likely study the most often associated with (1) development of trade (1) Hinduism (3) animism (2) evolution of family patterns (2) Daoism (4) Confucianism (3) effect of fire on the lives of the people (4) role of religion in river valley civilizations 18. Which development is most closely associated with the beginning of the Byzantine 12. Knowing the latitude of a location would Empire? be most helpful in determining (1) emergence of the Russian Orthodox (1) language (3) population Church (2) temperature (4) time (2) division of the Roman Empire (3) building of the Hagia Sophia 13. Which statement about the Neolithic (4) fall of Constantinople Revolution is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) Early peoples made greater cultural 19. In which economic system used by early advancements than did people of later civilizations are decisions about the civilizations. distribution of goods based primarily on (2) The Neolithic Revolution resulted in customs, beliefs, and habits? changes for nomadic peoples. (1) mixed (3) traditional (3) New technology was developed during the (2) free-market (4) command Neolithic Revolution. (4) Agricultural developments resulted in the 20. Which name identifies the region located establishment of permanent settlements. between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers? (1) Cape of Good Hope (3) Mesopotamia 14. The concept of zero, the expansion of the (2) Sinai Peninsula (4) Horn of Africa caste system, and the creation of the decimal system are most closely associated with the 21. • Stained glass windows assist people in (1) Inca Empire (3) Song dynasty understanding Biblical stories. (2) Tokugawa shogunate (4) Gupta Empire • Taller and larger cathedrals emphasize the grandeur and glory of God. 15. During the European Middle Ages, guilds These statements best describe elements of were created to (1) the Four Noble Truths (1) obtain better working conditions in (2) Chinese pagodas factories (3) Gothic architecture (2) standardize goods and prices (4) Greek ideas (3) regulate the money supply (4) increase competition 22. One similarity between the Nile River valley and savanna lands in Africa is that they 16. The best definition of subsistence both agriculture is (1) served as major barriers to the movement (1) supplying crops for overseas exports of people and goods (2) bartering crops for manufactured goods (2) provided necessary resources for (3) storing surplus food in case of famine settlement (4) producing just enough food for a family’s (3) are located on the western side of the use continent (4) had little effect on the lives of the people who lived in these regions Part II: Practicing the NYS Regents Content by completing the missing words – no word banks 

A) Animists practice nature worship. They believe that everything in the universe has a ______. This is exemplified by the practices of the Plains Indians in North America who would praise the spirit of the buffalo that they killed for giving its life to them so that they might ______. Animists also believed that ancestors watch over the living from the spirit world. This belief resulted in ancestor worship as a means of communicating with and showing respect to ______.

B) In Hinduism, salvation is achieved through a spiritual oneness of the soul, atman, with the ultimate reality of the universe, Brahman. To achieve this goal, the soul must obtain moksha, or liberation from the samsara, the endless cycle of birth, death, and ______. As a result of these basic teachings, Hindus believe in reincarnation, which is influenced by ______(material actions resulting from the consequences of previous actions), and dharma (fulfilling one's duty in life). Because all forms of animal life possess souls, Hindus believe in ahimsa, or that all life is sacred and should not be harmed. In fact, one animal which Hindus consider to be extremely sacred is the ______. The peaceful and contented existence of cows is considered virtuous by Hindus and would represent a rewarding reincarnation for a soul. For this reason, most Hindus are ______so that they do not harm other living beings. The belief in reincarnation, karma, and dharma also provides the religious justification for the existence of the rigid social structure known as the ______System.

C) Mohammed's leadership, the basic teachings of Islam were established, which are known as the Five ______of Islam. Every Muslim is expected to follow these rules in order to lead an ethical life: Confession of Faith: The belief that "there is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is His ______."

1. Prayer: Muslims must ______five times per day, facing towards Mecca. 2. Charity: Muslims must ______alms to the poor, and support the local Mosque by donating a portion of their income. 3. Fasting: During the Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim calendar, all Muslims must fast during ______hours, except the very young or sick. 4. Pilgrimage: If possible financially, each Muslim must make a hajj, or holy pilgrimage, to the city of ______.

D) The Chinese term Tao can be translated into English, meaning "the way." It is a philosophy which teaches that ______has a "way" in which it moves, and that people should passively accept the "way" of nature, rather than resist it. One concept related to this is that of wu-wei, which means "not doing." This means that people should not act unnaturally by doing things, but rather should openly accept the natural way. An emphasis is placed on the link between people and ______. Taoism teaches that this link lessened the need for rules and order, and leads one to a better understanding of the world. E) During the Paleolithic Period, which lasts from the beginnings of human life until about 10,000 BCE, people were ______. They lived in groups of 20 -30, and spent most of their time hunting and ______. In these groups, work was divided between men and women, with the men hunting game ______, and women gathering fruits, berries, and other edibles. These early peoples developed simple tools such as, spears and axes made from bone, wood, and stone. Human beings lived in this manner from earliest times until about 10,000 BCE, when they started to cultivate ______and ______animals. This is known as the ______Revolution.

F) The Ancient Greeks were the first to use ______as a form of government. Under Pericles, ______citizens in Athens participated in the daily running of government. This form of direct democracy excluded all non-citizens, such as ______and slaves. Today, many governments around the world practice some form of democracy.

G) The Hellenistic golden age occurs under the leadership of ______the Great, who conquered an empire stretching from the Greek mainland all the way to the ______River Valley. Hellenistic society was a blending of ______, Egyptian, Persian, and many other cultures that gave rise to advancements in math, science, art, and literature.

H) The Zhou overthrew the Shang and setup their own dynasty in 1027 BCE. They explained their actions by claiming the ______of Heaven, or divine right of rule. The Mandate of Heaven was later used to explain the Dynastic ______. A dynasty would remain in power only as long as it was providing good government. When a dynasty went into decline, and began to abuse its power, it was said to ______the Mandate of Heaven, or the favor of the gods. A strong leader would usually emerge to claim the Mandate, and establish a new dynasty. The dynastic cycle would then ______again.

I) Under the Han Dynasty, Confucianism became the official belief system of China. The dynasty also setup a Civil Service Exam based on Confucianism. This exam was required to enter service in the ______. The Confucian system of government was used in China for most of the last 2000 years.

J) The Roman Empire divided under the Emperor Diocletian in the late 200s CE. The Eastern half of the empire became known as the ______Empire, as its new capital was built on the site of the old Greek city Byzantium. The Byzantine Empire preserved much of the Greco-Roman culture, and helped spread it across a vast region. The capital city of ______became a crossroads of trade between Europe and Asia. The interdependent nature of the contact between cultures encouraged cultural diffusion. The empire's biggest influence was on ______. Byzantine ______spread the Orthodox Christian religion to Russia, and also adapted the Greek ______to provided the Slavic speaking peoples a written language called Cyrillic, after the monk Cyril who helped create it. Russia and Eastern Europe also adapted art and literature from the Byzantines, as well as architecture. In return, these areas became important trading partners for the Byzantines. Part III: Practicing the Analysis of NYS Regents Documents

. . . Wherever they went, the Moslems brought with them their love of art, beauty, and learning. From about the eighth to the eleventh century, their culture was superior in many ways to that of western Christendom. Some of the finest centers of Moslem life were established in Spain. In Cordova, the streets were solidly paved, while at the same time in Paris people waded ankle-deep in mud after a rain. Cordovan public lamps lighted roads for as far as ten miles; yet seven hundred years later there was still not a single public lamp in London! Some Spanish Moslems had homes with marble balconies and courts with lovely waterfalls. Bedrooms were vaulted with stained glass and speckled with gold. And metal pipes carried water into marble baths. Nearly every mosque had a public school in which the children of the poor were taught. Many Moslem libraries were excellent; the catalogue of one caliph’s library filled forty volumes. In addition, the followers of Mohammed achieved much in science, particularly in chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. . . .

Source: Daniel Roselle, A World History: A Cultural Approach, Ginn and Company (adapted)

According to Daniel Roselle, what are two ways Islam improved the lives of people in Spain?

______

. . . The Buddha is reported to have exhorted [urged] his monks to “go and travel around for the welfare of the multitudes, for the happiness of the multitudes, out of sympathy for the world, for the benefit, welfare, and happiness of gods and humans. No two should go in the same direction.” Although this last admonition [caution] seems not to have been heeded [obeyed], it is true that Buddhist “missions” were not large and well-organized movements, and instead often took the form of itinerant monks (or groups of monks) traveling by land and sea in the company of traders and royal emissaries. According to traditional accounts, the first foreign mission was to the island of Sri Lanka, and was led by the son of Asoka. . . .

Source: Donald S. Lopez, Jr., “Buddhism in Practice,” Asian Religions in Practice, Princeton University Press, 1999

According to this excerpt from “Buddhism in Practice,” how did Buddhism spread from its place of origin in ancient India to other parts of Asia?

______. . . The aridity of the North African steppe turns to desolation in the Sahara, the most extensive desert in the world. In popular imagination the Sahara is seen as a wilderness of sand dunes; yet it is a region of most varied landscapes, ranging from the great massifs [highlands] of Ahaggar and Tibesti with their extraordinary rock formations and their lofty volcanic peaks to vast stretches of gravelly plains or broad belts of constantly shifting dunes. The desert is not completely waterless––in certain parts, particularly on the northern fringes, excellent supplies of subterranean water support the rich culture of the oases—nor is it completely bereft of [without] vegetation. Men have thus found it possible to gain a livelihood in the Sahara whether as cultivators in the oases or pastoralists [herders] in other areas. . . .

Source: Robin Hallett, Africa to 1875: A Modern History, The University of Michigan Press, 1970

What is one feature of the Sahara Desert, according to Robin Hallett? ______

. . .Only in the northern mountain region do temperatures fall below freezing. The hot season comes on in March, with temperatures ranging from 80 to 90 degrees along the coasts to well over 100 degrees in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The rainy season, brought on by the southwest monsoon carrying moisture off the Indian Ocean, spans the months of June through September. Moisture here means as many as 450 inches of rainfall in certain spots along the west coast and in the state of Assam in the extreme northeast. In the interior and along the east coast, the summer monsoon has already lost most of its moisture, and rainfall may average only 40 to 80 inches. Moisture from the Bay of Bengal brings about 120 inches of rain to the northeastern portion of India and Bangladesh. Monsoons, winds that blow for a whole season, come twice a year. The northeast or winter monsoon blows from land to sea in most of the subcontinent and brings little rain. . . .

Source: James I. Clark, India: The Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, McDougal, Littell & Company

According to James I. Clark, what is a monsoon? ______In the European feudal system under manorialism, what is the most significant economic commodity? (1) livestock (3) gold and silver (2) land (4) sugar and spices

Part IV: Practicing with Crossword Puzzles of the NYS Regents with Word Banks

Word Bank: Geographer, Mauryan, Feudal, Crusades, Written Communication, Greece, Japan, Republic, Buddhism, Byzantine Empire

Word Bank:

Confucianism, Islam, Legal, Greece, Feudalism, River Valleys, Barter, Slash and Burn, Sahara, Trade 