Tribal Development Strategy for Mp Dpip Ii

IPP331 Tribal Development Framework/DPIP II 1 V2 Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project-II

Dated: 21.12.2008

Prepared by:

State Project Support Unit-MPDPIP

Panchayat and Rural Development Department

Government of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal

Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project –II for official use only Tribal Development Framework/DPIP II 2

Abbreviations

A/V – Audio Visual

AAY – Antyodaya Ann Yojna

ANC – Ante Natal Checkups

ANM – Auxiliary Nurse Midwife

BPL – Below Poverty Line

CBO – Community Based Organization

CC Road – Cement Concrete Road

CEO – Chief Executive Officers

CEO-JP - Chief Executive Officers – Janpad Panchayat

CEO-ZP - Chief Executive Officers – Zila Panchayat

CHC – Community Health Center

CIG – Common Interest Group

Deptt.- Department

DPSU – District Project Support Unit

DRDA – District Rural Development Agency

EAS – Employment Assurance Scheme

EC – Executive Committee

EPVG – Extremely Poor and Vulnerable Group

FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization

FGD – Focused Group Discussion

GB – General Body

GDP – Gross Domestic Product

GEN - General

GoMP – Government of Madhya Pradesh

HDI – Human Development Index

HH – House Hold

HQ – Head Quarters

IAY – Indira Awaas Yojna

ICDS – Integrated Child Development Scheme

IEC – Information Education and Communication

IFAD – International Fund for Agriculture Development

IMR – Infant Mortality Rate

IRDP – Integrated Rural Development Program

IT – Information Technology

JFM – Joint Forest Management

JRY – Jawahar Rozgar Yojna

KCC – Kisan Credit Card

Kg - Kilogram

Km, KM - Kilometers

M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation

M&L – Monitoring and Learning

MADA – Modified Area development Approach

MDM – Mid-Day- Meal

MFF – Microfinance Federation

MFI – Micro Finance Institution

MMR – Maternal Mortality Rate

MP – Madhya Pradesh

MP DPIP – Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project

MP HDR – Madhya Pradesh Human Development Report

MPRLP – Madhya Pradesh Rural Livelihood Project

NABARD – National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NFBS – National Family Benefit Scheme

NGO – Non-Government Organization

NH – National Highway

NOAP – National Old Age Pension

NREGS – National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

NRHM – National Rural Health Mission

NSDP – Net State Domestic Product

NSS – National Sample Survey

NTFP – Non-Timber Forest Produce

OBC – Other Backward Class

P&RD – Panchayat and Rural Development

PDS – Public Distribution System

PFT – Project Facilitation Team

PHC – Primary Health Center

PHED – Public Health and Engineering Department

PMGSY – Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna

PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal

PRI – Panchyati Raj Institution

PTG – Primitive Tribal Group

RCH – Reproductive and Child Health

RGWM – Rajiv Gandhi Watershed Mission

RLEGP – Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program

RRB – Regional Rural Bank

SC – Scheduled Caste

SDP – State Domestic Product

SEZ – Special Economic Zone

SGDP – State Gross Domestic Product

SGRY- Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna

SGSY- Swarnajayanti Grameen Swarozgar Yojna

SHC – Sub-Health Center

SHG – Self Help Group

SHG LP – Self Help Group Livelihood Plan

SPSU – State Project Support Unit

SSA – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

ST – Scheduled Tribe

TDP – Tribal Development Plan

TSC – Total Sanitation Campaign

TSP – Tribal Sub-Plan

TV – Tele Vision

UNDP – United Nations Development Program

VDC – Village Development Committee

VRP – Village Resource Person

WCD –Watershed development Committee

WDC – Women and Child Development Department

I. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR MP DPIP II

1.1 Introduction

Madhya Pradesh has significant population of Scheduled Tribes1 (STs). As per the 2001 Census, the STs Population stood at 23.3% of the total population and occupied approximately 40% of the land in the state. The STs are dominantly present in 5 districts and have not-so-significant to significant presence in 40 other districts. The state is home to three primitive tribal groups (PTGs) as well.

This strategy document outlines the context of tribal population’s socio-economic and development status in Madhya Pradesh and presents a plan to address these within the framework of the MP DPIP Phase II.

The 14 districts selected under the MP DPIP II fall outside the Scheduled Areas and exhibit dispersed concentration of the tribal populations. Demographically, as mentioned elsewhere, except for Sidhi district where tribal population is around 29 %, all other project districts reported to have below 15% of tribal populations against the total number of inhabitants there. Nonetheless, the tribal population, given their current status as among the poorest, marginalized and vulnerable, these districts warrant specific attention to bring in social, economic and political changes to make their lives better.

This tribal development strategy document is recognition by the state government of the fact that benefits from programs and schemes intended for the tribal do not reach them automatically. Thus, deliberate, strategic measures and proactive regimes have to combine with relevant programs in order to ensure that benefits actually accrue to the vulnerable sections such as the tribals.

Accordingly, this document sets out an agenda of action for the DPIP II and identifies measures and provisions intended to protect and enhance the participation of and benefit to the tribal communities in the selected project districts. The Social assessment commissioned by the SPMU has highlighted the fact that the tribals in the project districts are amongst the poorest and marginalized communities. Further, the assessment has analyzed the special predicament of these communities and possibilities of interventions in their favour within the framework of the project. This document further delineates the broad principles and programmatic intervention with specific activities, institutional arrangement for their implementation, monitoring and budget.

This Tribal Development Framework (TDF) for the MP DPIP II has been prepared on the basis of the learning acquired from the experiences of the DPIP I, various documentation works undertaken during the same phase and the report and recommendations of the Social Assessment commissioned and carried out by the SPMU, MP DPIP II. The TDF,

1 See Annex 1 for list of the Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project –II for official use only Tribal Development Framework/DPIP II 8 like the Social assessment, adopted the inclusive and participatory consultative processes and it has ‘Informed Consent’ of all key stakeholders including the tribal communities, civil society and media besides various line departments of the Government of Madhya Pradesh.

Under the Disclosure Policy, the Social Assessment report and the Tribal Development Framework has been disclosed and discussed with the key stakeholders as mentioned above. During the Social assessment, village level consultations were conducted in all cases social and resource maps were developed through inclusive and participatory processes. Out of the 10 villages studied for the purpose, six villages had a tribal population of more than 60% of the total population. Further, two consultations with the key stakeholders including the representatives of tribal communities were organized – one in Sagar and the other in Bhopal. This TDF document has incorporated all suggestions and recommendations made during the two consultations. Further, as per the Communication Strategy of the project, all such documents will be put on the project website to reach out to all concerned and interested people.

1.2 The Context of the Tribal Communities in Madhya Pradesh: An Overview

The state of Madhya Pradesh is home to the largest number of tribal anywhere in the country. Not only are the tribals, large in numbers, they are also extremely diverse in location, origins, socio-cultural history, language, livelihood and level of development.

With the exception of some isolated tribes which continue to be in the food gathering stage, settled cultivation is the dominant mode of occupation for tribals. However forests continue to be a significant source of livelihood. This is a result of the historical pattern of settlement whereby the tribal communities reside in forested areas. The areas of tribal concentration in Madhya Pradesh can be classified as under:

North Eastern Zone: Comprising of Shahdol, Sidhi and areas of other adjoining district the primarily hilly north eastern zone is the abode to the Oraons, Korwa, Kol, Kamar and Panika tribes. The area has number of primitive tribes such as Korwa-s and smaller groups of Baiga and Bhaina-s.

Central Zone: Mandla, Chhindwara, Seoni, Balaghat and Mandla together with parts of other districts form this pocket of tribal concentration. The area is also hilly and well forested in parts. Gond, Korku, Kol and Baiga are the prominent tribal groups of this zone.

Western Zone: This zone comprises Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone, Khandwa, Ratlam and parts of adjacent districts. Some parts of the area have seen sharp degradation but forest tracts survive in Ratlam and Dhar. Bhils, Bhilala, Patlia and Barela are the main tribal communities of the state.

North West Zone: Sahariyas are the main tribal groups in the districts of Shivpuri, Morena, Guna and other parts of adjoining districts. Proportion of tribal population is low compared to other zones. The area has rich forest cover remaining in some belts of Shivpuri and Guna.

Numerically the Gonds are the largest tribe of MP followed by Bhils. Kol, Kawar and Oraon are the other significant tribes. There are a few sections, such as among Gonds and Korkus, who, by virtue of their location and entitlement, have derived benefits of settled agriculture under favorable conditions and have also sought to assert a higher social identity. However for most tribal, settlements are along hill tracts, forests or marginal lands; social status and economic endowment are low and precarious.

The HDR for MP illustrates that for the state as a whole 24.7% of all land holdings are owned by tribal cultivators and this constitutes 25.2% of the total land under cultivation. Considering that the tribal population accounts for 23.3% of the total population this distribution may appear to be equitable. This is however not correct since the state averages are pushed up by the land ownership patterns in a few tribal dominant districts such as Jhabua, Shahdol, Dhar and Ratlam – though all outside the project area. Further, in all cases the quality of lands held and tilled by tribal is the least productive. This is a result of the historical pattern of settlement where tribal have come to inhabit the marginal lands in hills around cultivated tracts. Proportion of cultivated land to total geographical area is low in tribal areas. Incidence of irrigation is also low. Even in tribal areas, often the best quality lands are held by non tribal.

Following are the main development indicators that highlight the problems and challenges facing the tribal communities in the state including the 14 project districts.

1.3 Literacy

The level of literacy especially in STs is low in all the DPIP districts. Average literacy rates vary from a high of 64.4 percent in Narsimhapur district to a low of 29.1 percent in Chhatarpur. In fact the Sahariya (PTG) belt of Shivpuri and Guna has the lowest literacy rates among female. Only the district of Narsimhapur has female literacy more than 50 percent.

1.4 Forestry and Tribal

The forests of the state are rich in timber and non-timber forest produce. These have been traditionally collected, processed and sold by the tribal and form an important source of cash income for them. Estimates indicate that nearly 100 million person days of employment are generated in the forestry sector and the largest share (70%) of these accrues to the tribal residents of the forest areas. Yet the forests present a precarious livelihood source for the tribal.

With legal trade in timber highly restricted, most employment generation in forestry takes place through collection and sale of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). The five most important NTFPs are nationalized with Madhya Pradesh State Minor Forest Produce Co- operative Federation having monopoly rights of collection. The federation undertakes collection of nationalized NTFPs through primary cooperative societies. The most important NTFP from livelihood generation point of view is tendu patta. Head loading of firewood around towns is frequent and provides critical income to poor households.

The State Government has accepted the responsibility of meeting the forest produce requirements of people living around forest areas. This is called 'nistaar'. Under nistaar, the Forest Department supplies fuel and fodder requirements of villagers at lower rates. The latest Nistar policy of the government promulgated in 1994 restricts this facility to villagers located within five km of forest boundary.

Forests continue to be an important source of livelihood for tribal in spite of increasing degradation. In DPIP areas, but for the two districts of Shajapur and Rajgarh, rest all 12 districts have more than 10 percent area under forest cover.

In fact half the districts have more than 20 percent area under forest. The tribal population in DPIP districts is concentrated in areas with forest. Forests provide subsistence items like grass/ grazing for domestic animals and firewood. They also provide cash income through sale of NTFPs collected by the tribal.

1.5 Labor and Employment

The census 2001 reveals that for the state as a whole, the STs constitute 24% of the main worker force. They are predominantly engaged in activities in primary sector - agriculture, animal husbandry, and forestry related activities. Given the low productive asset base in terms of land and livestock and few options for self employment, wage labor forms an important component of the tribal’s economy in the state. The overwhelming source of wage labor for tribal is agriculture operations. In addition forestry, mining and quarrying, and construction are the other important consumers of tribal labor.

The quest for wage labor has guided the tribal poor to urban centers and regions of high agriculture production which provide opportunities for wage labor. Thus the Western tribal belts of Jhabua Ratlam witness heavy migration to Gujarat on one side and Malwa on the other after the monsoons are over. Young women also migrate (though in lesser numbers) alongside adult men leaving behind the elderly and children in homesteads. Employment is available in agriculture, public works, and construction. The wage labor available is casual and completely determined by vagaries of market forces.

Active participation by women in manual labor is a feature of rural societies everywhere. This is even more so for tribal society which is unhindered by caste taboos that place

Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project –II for official use only Tribal Development Framework/DPIP II 11 restrictions on women’s mobility for wage labor. It is common to find tribal women going out on their own for wage labor on public works and to towns. While men folk cut and gather fuel, it is often the women who bring it into urban centers for sales.

1.6 Legal and Policy Framework for Tribal Communities in MP

The Constitution of India makes special provisions for tribal. It lists out predominantly tribal areas in Section 1 of Schedule 244 that are referred to as Scheduled Areas. Similarly Schedule 342 gives state-wise list of communities to be designated as Scheduled Tribes. Following widespread cases of atrocities against members of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, the Center has passed Prevention of Atrocities (SC and ST) Act. This Act stipulates stringent punishment to those who commit atrocities against any tribal.

In addition to the above significant act the main State Acts intended to protect the interests of tribal in MP are as follows:

1.6.1 Forest Rights Act2: The law concerns the rights of forest dwelling communities to land and other resources, denied to them over decades. The act is aimed at giving ownership rights over forestland to traditional forest dwellers. As the act came into force much recently in 2007 the effectiveness and impacts of the act could not be seen or felt in any of the districts where the social assessment was carried out.

The Act grants four types of rights:

Title rights - i.e. ownership - to land that is being farmed by tribals or forest dwellers as on December 13, 2005, subject to a maximum of 4 hectares; ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family as on that date, meaning that no new lands are granted ;

Use rights - to minor forest produce (also including ownership), to grazing areas, to pastoralist routes, etc.;

Relief and development rights - to rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection;

Forest management rights - to protect forests and wildlife.

The implementation status report shows that only around 8000 land deeds have been handed over to the tribals whereas more than 200,000 applications are pending in various district offices of the state.

2 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006

1.6.2 MP Land Revenue Code 1959 : This Act governs tenancy regulation in MP. Section 170 (A) & (B) of this Code place restrictions on transfer of agricultural land owned by tribal to non tribal. The transfer is completely prohibited in TSP Areas. In non TSP areas, transfer is possible only with the permission of the District Collector.

1.6.3 MP Excise Act : Sections in this Act permit tribal to brew liquor for their personal consumption and for use at social occasions. The relaxation is given keeping in mind the traditional place of liquor in the social life of tribal.

1.6.4 MP Money Lending Act : This Act regulates activities of moneylenders with a view to protect interests of weaker sections of society. It puts a limit on interest rate that can be charged and the total interest that can be charged. It makes registration obligatory. It further limits powers of civil court to issue decree in money lending cases and instead provides for relief for the debtor.

1.6.5 Panchayat Act (Extension to Schedules Areas) 1996 : PESA: This Act may be called the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996. The act empowers the Panchayats in the Scheduled Area to address the issues concerning the rights and entitlements of the Scheduled Tribes. As the name suggest it s applicable to the Scheduled Areas only, where as none of the DPIP districts fall under the Scheduled Area of Madhya Pradesh. (See Annex 6)

1.6.6 Designation of Tribal Areas as TSP, MADA and Clusters: An important policy that has governed tribal development administration is the designation of Tribal Sub Plan areas in the Vth Five year Plan. TSP areas include Scheduled areas and those tehsils in which tribal population exceeds 50% of the total. In order to cover villages that could not be included in TSP areas as per their definition the concept of MADA was introduced in the VI Plan. Under this clusters of villages with aggregate population of 10,000 and above that have 50% tribal population have been identified as MADA (Modified Area Development Approach) pockets. Finally, steps were taken in the VII Five Year Plan to cover isolated and scattered pockets of STs in the state through the identification of more pockets with tribal population of 50% in clusters of 5000 population. Madhya Pradesh now has 49 TSP areas, 39 MADA pockets and 5 Clusters. Each of these has a specific project and fund allocation which is handled and coordinated by the Department of Tribal Development and SC Welfare.

1.6.7 Madhya Pradesh Panchayati Raj and Gram Swarajya Adhiniyam, 1993 : The Madhya Pradesh Panchayati Raj Act, 1993, was enacted to create and amend existing laws for the establishment of Panchayat institutions. This Act was drafted in conformity to the objectives, substance and directives of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment. The Act was given Governor’s assent on 24th January 1994. The functions and taxation powers are elaborated in Annex 4.

2. Tribal Development and the Government Departments/agencies

The Ministry of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Welfare Department has two departments, namely, the Department of Tribal Welfare and the Department of SC Welfare. The Department of Tribal Welfare is the most prominent agency designated for development and welfare of tribal areas and communities in the state. The department is charged with the following main functions:

 To promote and protect the rights of the tribal communities in accordance with the spirit of the Constitution of India;

 To implement programs for educational and economic development among the tribals of the state;

 To act as a channelising agency of funds to various line departments and agencies for tribal development interventions; and

 To coordinate and monitor funds applications by various line departments in tribal areas.

The Ministry is headed by the Minister of ST and SC Welfare with Principal Secretary as the administrative head of the Department of Tribal (ST) Welfare. The Tribal Sub-Plan areas are headed by Assistant Commissioners. The state has further decentralized the department and has 174 tribal block development officers under the Zilla Parishads.

The Department invests in construction of school buildings, recruitment and administration of personnel/staff, management of hostels, scholarships and other incentives for improving access to schools in the tribal areas. Nearly 14,000 primary schools, 400 middle schools and 14 model schools are run directly by the Department in the 174 tribal development blocks all over the state.

In addition to education programs and schemes, the Department is the principal planning and coordination body for Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) through the ITDP and MADA projects in tribal areas and clusters. Through, its district level offices, the department monitors the flow and utilization of TSP/MADA funds that are allocated to various line departments.

2.1 Commissioner, Tribal Development: Core functions of the Commissioner, tribal development in the state are-

 All administrative functions related to officers and employees posted in commissioner ate scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and other backward classes welfare.

 Though there are separate heads of the department for scheduled castes and other backward classes, the cadre-management is performed by the Commissioner, Tribal Development.

 Implementation of the schemes under demand No.33, 41 and 52 related to scheduled tribe welfare.

 Implementation of educational schemes along with other support schemes to economic development and training for overall development of tribal communities.

2.2 The Madhya Pradesh Scheduled Tribes Commission was set up in the mid 1990s by the government to monitor application of state policy for the STs with head quarter in Bhopal. The main role of the Commission is that of a ‘watchdog’ protecting legal, development and human rights of the tribal communities and its principal functions include:

 Protecting Constitutional, human and legal rights of the STs in the state;

 Monitoring and vigilance of tribal development programs and providing feedback for theor improved implementation; and

 Making recommendations on reservation policy for public services and educational institutions.

The Commission has been accorded judicial powers of a civil court and it can initiate legal action through summons, investigations and demand for documentation.

2.3 The Madhya Pradesh Tribal Finance and Development Corporation (MPTFDC): The MPTFDC was set up as a non-profit company under the Section 25 of the Indian Companies Act in 1994 with the main purpose of providing institutional finance for educational and economic development of the tribals in the state. The Corporation implements development programs and schemes of the National Tribal Finance and Development Corporation and NABARD. It also acts as a channelising agency for the National Disabled Persons’ Finance and Development Corporation funding rehabilitation activities of physically disabled tribals.

The objectives of MP Finance and Development Corporation are as below:

 To do economic social and academic development of the tribals.

 To eradicate exploitation and to lift them above poverty line through development.

 To make the tribals available easy loans and realise them with interest to achieve the above objectives.

Its achievements are as below:

Under the schemes of national development implemented during the financial year, 29 tribal beneficiaries in photocopy training and 5 under printing press total 34 tribal beneficiaries have been trained.

Under the schemes of national handicapped finance and development corporation, 233 cases have been forwarded to national corporation. So far out of which sanction has been accorded to 61 cases. Total financial achievement is Rs. 668.63169 lacs and physical achievement is 402 and women beneficiaries 8.

2.4 Directorate of Tribal Areas Development Agency: This directorate has been established specially for preparation of Tribal Sub-Plan and monitoring the schemes implemented through various departments and Integrated Tribal Development Projects. A separate post of Director, Primitive Tribes has also been created for having effective control over schemes implemented through Primitive Tribal Development Agencies. Director T.A.D.P. has been assigned this Responsibility in addition to his/her work of Tribal Area Development.

2.5 Tribal Research Institute (TRI): The TRI of Madhya Pradesh was set up in 1954 with the purpose of carrying out comprehensive research and surveys related to tribal society, culture and development concerns and issues. The Institute is based in Bhopal and has done pioneering work in the areas of program evaluations and specific studies on the tribal communities. The Institute is under the administrative charge of the Department of Tribal Welfare, Government of Madhya Pradesh.

2.6 The M.P. Tribal Technical Education Board (MPTTEB) : Established in 1981 and renamed as Madhya Pradesh Council of Employment and Training (MAPCET) in the year 1981 after augmenting the objective for scheduled caste community of the state. This organization has been registered under M.P. Societies Registration Act 1973 and working under Tribal and Scheduled Caste Welfare Department, Govt. of M.P. The chairman of this Council is the Principal Secretary, Tribal Welfare Department, Govt. of M.P.

The main objective of the Council is to do every thing with a view to enhance employment opportunities of scheduled caste, scheduled tribes and for any other caste or community in accordance with the directions of state Govt.

3. Scheduled Tribes in DPIP Districts

The districts selected under DPIP for implementation are such that have a relatively small proportion of tribal. According to the Census of 2001 the total tribal population of the DPIP districts stood at 12,233,474 constituting 11 percent of the total population of these districts. Of the 14 districts selected under DPIP, only one (Sidhi) has proportion of tribal population more than 29 percent. (refer annexure 5 for district wise ST population) The DPIP districts fall primarily in two zones – Northern MP comprising of Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand, and Chambal divisions and Central regions comprising of Madhya Bharat and Mahakoshal areas. The main tribes in the DPIP districts include Gond, Sahariyas, Saur, Bhils and Kols.

Table : Scheduled Tribe (ST) Population in the DPIP Districts :

%age of STs Total Scheduled S No. District ST Population to Total Population Areas? Population

1. Chhatarpur 51593 1474723 3.50% None

2. Damoh 136175 1083949 12.56% None

3. Guna 203742 1666767 12.22% None

4. Narsimhapur 126139 957646 13.17% None

5. Panna 131796 856558 15.39% None

6. Raisen 177139 1125154 15.74% None

7. Rajgarh 47370 1254085 3.78% None

8. Rewa 254061 1973306 12.87% None

9. Sagar 196472 2021987 9.72% None

10. Shajapur 35302 1290685 2.74% None

11. Shivpuri 161393 1441950 11.19% None

12. Sidhi 547375 1831152 29.89% Partial

13. Tikamgarh 51957 1202998 4.32% None

14. Vidisha 59323 1214857 4.88% None

Source: compiled from the Census, 2001 and www.tribal.nic.in

The fact that the tribal population in DPIP districts is scattered and lower in concentration has important bearing on their social context as well as on the potential for their economic advancement. While economic status of tribal is universally poor, their low proportion in DPIP districts subjects them to social oppression as well. In multi caste settlements, the tribal minority faces social oppression resulting from its position at the bottom of social ladder. The tribal community in tribal majority areas does not face this type of social pressure as it is the dominant community in these areas.

3.1 Occupational profile of STs in DPIP districts

Occupational classification of main workers in Census 2001 reveals that Agriculture labor is the primary occupation for majority of tribal population. In 12 of the 14 districts, agriculture laborers outnumber cultivators. In Rewa, almost 80 percent of tribal main workers3 have been reported as agriculture labor. Only in 2 districts cultivators outnumber agriculture labor and the difference is small.

Work Participation rate of ST in different category of work in rural areas of the DPIP District

District Non Worker Agriculture Other Worker HH Cultivator HH HH HH Industries HH

T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F

Shivpuri 51. 49. 53. 37. 42. 32. 50. 44. 58. 11. 4 4 4 9 8 3 9 5 3 9.9 7 8 1.2 1.1 1.4

50. 47. 54. 44. 49. 37. 48. 42. 56. Guna 6 3 1 2 5 6 7 4 6 6.5 7.4 5.2 0.6 0.7 0.6

50. 47. 53. 44. 48. 40. 41. 48. 11. 14. Tikamgarh 5 9 2 8 6 4 1 35 3 8 2 9.1 2.2 2.2 2.2

Chhatarpu 54. 50. 36. 43. 26. 44. 38. 53. 16. 16. 16. r 9 1 60 5 8 6 9 5 6 4 1 9 2.1 1.6 2.9

52. 48. 56. 30. 36. 23. 46. 39. 54. 22. 22. 21. Panna 6 5 9 7 8 1 3 9 3 4 7 9 0.6 0.6 0.7

49. 44. 54. 24. 11. 59. 62. 11. 10. 16. Sagar 7 9 8 19 5 8 9 58 3 11 9 9.8 2 5.6 1

Damoh 49. 45. 53. 26. 34. 15. 48. 46. 51. 12. 12. 11. 13 6.3 21.

3 Census enumeration in India classifies workers into main workers and marginal workers. If a person has spent more than 180 days in an occupation, he is considered as a main worker engaged in that occupation.

4 7 4 2 7 9 5 1 5 3 9 5 1

49. 48. 50. 12. 13. 11. 75. 84. 10. Rewa 4 2 6 3 4 1 80 9 8 7.2 3 3.7 0.5 0.5 0.5

52. 55. 51. 55. 47. 42. 36. 49. Sidhi 1 49 3 9 7 4 6 7 5 4.9 6.8 2.6 0.6 0.8 0.5

47. 45. 49. 26. 29. 22. 60. 52. 69. 12. 17. Shajapur 3 6 1 5 7 8 5 3 9 8 7 7.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

46. 45. 40. 42. 37. 47. 55. 10. 14. Rajgarh 9 8 48 2 9 3 9 41 7 1 6 5.1 1.7 1.6 2

51. 45. 57. 74. 68. 82. 11. 13. Vidisha 3 4 7 13 17 7.3 6 9 5 5 3 9.1 0.9 0.8 1.1

55. 62. 28. 34. 20. 58. 52. 67. 11. 12. 10. Raisen 7 49 7 9 9 1 3 1 3 6 2 6 1.3 0.8 2

Narsimhap 48. 43. 53. 28. 34. 21. 62. 56. 71. ur 6 8 6 6 1 7 7 1 1 7.9 9.3 6.2 0.7 0.5 0.9

50. 47. 54. 31. 36. 25. 54. 49. 61. 11. 12. 9.0 2.5 1.6 3.7 Average 7 2 5 5 3 4 8 1 8 2 9 6 6 6 2

Source Census 2001

3.2 Land and Livelihood

Land, both private and public, remains the main source of livelihood in rural areas but less for the tribals. The status of agriculture and allied activities described in Social Assessment reflects the precarious situation under which farming is carried out by the tribal communities. Land holdings are small, fragmented and unable to meet subsistence requirements of the household/family. The table below gives proportion of tribal landholdings and the total area operated by them in DPIP II project districts

Share of STs in Land Holding and Cultivated Land in DPIP Districts

District (rural areas) ST share of Land Holding ST share of Cultivated % Land

Narsimhpur 10.0 12.1

Guna 12.4 8.2

Rajgarh 3.4 2.5

Shajapur 2.7 1.6

Vidisha 4.0 1.7

Sagar 8.0 5.4

Shivpuri 10.5 7.3

Damoh 11.8 9.7

Rewa 4.6 2.5

Raisen 11.4 8.6

Sidhi 32.0 28.6

Panna 11.6 9.1

Chatarpur 3.7 3.0

The table above shows that in most of the districts less number of tribal families own land compared to other social groups. The ST share of cultivated land is also very low.

3.3 Overview of the Self Help Groups of Madhya Pradesh

While there is a definite pattern in terms of the stages of growth of SHGs across the state, much more fragile and weak among the tribal communities than others, the time frame for reaching maturity varies with the socio-cultural setting of the region, as well as the experience and approach of the promoting agency. As the process of organization is a social process, seeking to change existing caste, class and Gender hierarchies in the society, it may not always be possible to hasten the pace of the process. It has taken groups anything between 4 to 9 years to reach the stage of minimization of support from the promoting agency and its withdrawal. Women only groups are better able to address the specific needs and problems of the women members. SHGs formed only for the sake of savings and credit activities are less sustainable than those engaged in a range of activities that include production and action on social issues apart from savings and credit.

A clear regional pattern is visible with groups in Northern and Central M.P mainly engaged only in savings and credit, while those in parts of Jabalpur Division are more holistic in their activities. Motivation for group formation and the profile of the leader is

Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project –II for official use only Tribal Development Framework/DPIP II 20 a major determinant of the strength of the group. Here again a regional pattern is visible, with the leader and members of the groups being of a similar socio-economic and cultural background, while in Sagar, Chhatarpur and Gwalior divisions, where society is highly stratified and patriarchal norms strong, leadership rests with the dominant sections of the society. They view SHGs as a means of accessing government resources for their village at best and a way of strengthening their own dominance in the rural community at the other extreme. The SHGs here are formed mainly of the upper caste women, either clandestinely or with the active intervention of the male members. The scope for women to express their viewpoint especially on sensitive social issues such as drunkenness is limited. Further, in many cases Government schemes earmarked for women are accessed by men using the SHG as the conduit for doing so. The issue of women’s self reliance and empowerment in this region seems to be a non-issue in a majority of SHGs.

Savings are made both in cash and kind, the latter particularly in the tribal parts of the State. The average savings are much higher in Narsinghpur and Rajgarh than other parts of the State. Savings in urban areas are much higher than in rural areas. The role of the facilitator is critical in strengthening group processes and truly instilling the concept of self-help. Their effectiveness in disseminating information, upgrading skills and facilitating linkages, contributes towards the extent of self reliance of the group. Training, capacity-building support and networking of groups is essential for their long- term sustainability.

Costs incurred in forming and strengthening an SHG are difficult to estimate, as they are functions of the social and economic context in which the group is being formed. In certain areas, considerable amount of non-monetary support may be required by the groups in order to face opposition to them.

Key challenges faced in forming a strong SHG among the tribals:

 Very low to highly inconsistent ‘saving’ - unable to contribute on a regular basis

 Poor literacy – deprives them from becoming aware of the advantages

 Not adequate efforts from the CSOs and the government to build awareness and knowledge on SHGs and the advantages

 Poor access to grassroots level community institutions – various factors of social exclusion deny them from their entitlements and rights – keeps them on the periphery of development opportunities.

4. Tribal Development Programs4 in DPIP II Districts

4 See Annex 2 for key government programs on development and poverty eradication

As noted earlier the 14 project districts fall outside the region of high tribal concentration in the state. With the exception of Sidhi district, the other DPIP districts are non-TSP areas. Because of lower and scattered tribal population several pockets of the districts are designated as Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) pockets or Special Clusters (see table below).

TSP/MADA/Clusters in DPIP Districts

TSP District Block Number of Villages

1. Sidhi Kusumi, 364 Simaval, Rampur, Majholi, Gopadbanas, Singroli

MADA District MADA Pocket Blocks Number of Villages

1 Shivpuri Shivpuri, Pohri Shivpuri, Pohri 89

2 Rewa Mauganj Mauganj, 49 Hanumana

3 Raisen Silvani, Silvani, 161 Bareilly Bareilly

4 Narsihmpur Narsihmpur Narsihmpur, 181 Gotegaon, Kareli, Bavai Chichi

5 Damoh Jabera, Jabera, 147 Tendukheda Tendukheda

6 Sagar Devrikaran Rehli, Devri, 215 Kesli

7 Guna Guna Guna, Bamhori 120

8 Panna Pavai Shahnagar, 119 Pavai

Cluster District Cluster Block Number of

Villages

1 Chhatarpur Kishangarh Vijavar 42

2 Shivpuri Kotla Badarvas,, 42 Kolaras

The tribal development department’s programs in the DPIP districts, as in other parts of the state, emphasize most significantly on education. The Department runs schools (except in 4 low tribal population districts of Rajgarh, Shahjapur, Chatarpur and Tikamgarh), hostels and extends incentives to the tribal students with special emphasis on girl students.

4.1 The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 provided enhancement of livelihood security of the households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

4.2 Backward Regions Grant Fund [BRGF]: The Backward Regions Grant Fund is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. The fund will provide financial resources for supplementing and converging existing developmental inflows into 250 identified districts, so as to:

 Bridge critical gaps in local infrastructure and other development requirements that are not being adequately met through existing inflows.

 Strengthen, to this end Panchayat and Municipality level governance with more appropriate capacity building, to facilitate participatory planning, decision making, implementation and monitoring, to reflect local felt needs,

 Provide professional support to local bodies for planning, implementation and monitoring their plans

 Improve the performance and delivery of critical functions assigned to Panchayats, and counter possible efficiency and equity losses on account of inadequate local capacity.

The Programme has two components namely, a district component covering 250 districts and Special plans for Bihar and the KBK districts of Orissa. A total provision of Rs. 5000 crore had been made for the two components in the Budget of 2006-07. Out of this allocation Rs. 1250 crore had been provided in the Demand for Grants of the Ministry of Finance for the Special Plans dealt with by the Planning Commission. The remaining

amount of Rs. 3750 crore had been placed at the disposal of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj for the District Component, covering 250 districts. The allocation of Rs. 3750 crore consisted of two funding windows (a) capacity building fund of Rs. 250 crore and (b) development grants of Rs. 3500 crore for the financial year 2006-07. This allocation was reduced to Rs.1925 crore at the Revised Estimates stage. The allocation during 2007-08 was Rs.4670 Crore comprising Rs.250 Crore for capacity building and Rs.4420 Crore for development grant. This budgetary allocation was reduced to Rs.3600 Crore at the stage of Revised Estimates.

The existing Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY) has been subsumed into the BRGF Programme. The erstwhile districts under RSVY will receive their full allocation of Rs. 45 crore per district as per norms of RSVY. Thereafter, they will shift to the BRGF mode of funding. An amount of Rs. 1925 crore was released under the BRGF Programme during the Financial Year 2006-07. In 2007-08 Rs. 3597.50 crore has been released as on 31.3.2008

MADHYA PRADESH (BRGF Districts); DPIP II Districts are highlighted

1 Balaghat 2 Barwani

3 Betul 4 Chhatarpur

5 Damoh 6 Dhar

7 Dindori 8 Guna

9 Jhabua 10 Katni

11 Khandwa 12 Khargone

13 Mandla 14 Panna

15 Rajgarh 16 Rewa

17 Satna 18 Seoni

19 Sahdol 20 Sheopur

21 Shivpuri 22 Sidhi

23 Tikamgarh 24 Umaria

Source: www.brgf.nic.in/

5. The Tribal Development Framework : DPIP Phase II

This Tribal Development Framework (TDF) for the MP DPIP II has been prepared on the basis of the learning acquired from the experiences of the DPIP I, various documentation works undertaken during the same phase and the report and recommendations of the Social Assessment commissioned and carried out by the SPMU, MP DPIP II. The TDF, like the Social assessment, adopted the inclusive and participatory consultative processes and it has ‘Informed Consent’ of all key stakeholders including the tribal communities, civil society and media besides various line departments of the Government of Madhya Pradesh.

Under the Disclosure Policy, the Social Assessment report and the Tribal Development Framework has been disclosed and discussed with the key stakeholders as mentioned above. During the Social assessment, village level consultations were conducted in all cases social and resource maps were developed through inclusive and participatory processes. Out of the 10 villages5 studied for the purpose, six villages had a tribal population of more than 60% of the total population. Further, two consultations with the key stakeholders including the representatives of tribal communities were organized – one in Sagar and the other in Bhopal. This TDF document has incorporated all suggestions and recommendations made during the two consultations. Further, as per the Communication Strategy of the project, all such documents will be put on the project website to reach out to all concerned and interested people.

The project envisages a three tier institutional structure at the community level for carving out a path for empowerment of rural poor households with focused strategy and appropriately trained and oriented staff along with the community based facilitators will be put in place to work with the tribal communities. The PFT shall enter a village and began the identification of the poorest and most vulnerable through a village PRA process.

The Project recognizes the fact that it will need to have focused strategy, implementation plan and arrangements and necessary human and financial resources to invest in the tribal SHGs and other project based community organizations and interventions to achieve the stated objectives and accomplish the results at outcome level.

SHG : The identified community members (men as well as women) shall be mobilized and facilitated by the PFTs to organize into a SHG. The project beneficiary shall also receive appropriate capacity building for livelihood and facilitation for preparing a livelihood plan. After completion of 6 months the SHGs shall be graded. The SHGs successfully passing the

5 Bagloan (60.8%) and Chattisgarh (98.8%) in Shivpuri, Panira (84.1%) in Narsinghpur and Pateriamall (83.2%), Dhonda (74.8%) and Bhilampur (63.1%) in Damoh District.

1st grading shall be facilitated for bank linkage by the PFT. Simultaneously, the SHGs, to the extent feasible, would receive facilitative support from the project to link to any other livelihood initiatives operational in the given village. In tribal villages, specifically, the project shall be proactive to leverage the potentials provided by the NREGA.

VDC: Also the cluster of such SHGs at a village level will be federated as Village Development Committee (VDC). The PFT shall groom and strengthen the VDC and grade them after successful completion of 3 months. The matured VDCs shall be eligible to receive the seed grant capital from the project, which then be passed on to the matured SHG in 3 tranches on the basis of their livelihood plan and maturity. The VDC shall also monitor and support the SHGs for effective use and recovery of the seed grant.

CF: The Village Development Committees would also be federated as a Cluster federation (CF) at cluster of 30-40 villages. The Cluster Federation shall mobilize funds from banks, Govt. schemes and venture capitalists to cater the surplus credit needs of the SHG. Insurance and remittances is also seen as an important service.

Producers Organization: The core community institution model that the project will invest in and build upon for sustainability will be a vertically integrated, community owned, producer organization at the neighborhood, village, and cluster/block level. These will take on business activities such as marketing as well as deliver relevant services to members such as skill training and agro-extension.

Ajeevika Kendra: One 'Ajeevika Kendra' is formed over every 2 Gram Panchayats (GPs) and is managed by a local resource person known as 'Ajeevika Mitra' – in the given local context, preference will be given to have a tribal as the Ajeevika Mitra. The main focus of these centres is to identify and register unemployed or under employed workforce. On the basis of the skill requirement of the employer-industry the identified aspirants shall be mobilized through 'Ajeevika Kendras', to receive skill training from partner training institutes that also ensures employment in service sector.

5.1 Objective:

The objective of the Tribal Development Framework (TDF) is to support the social and economic empowerment of the ST community in the project areas.

5.2 Process:

The key process that the DPIP II proposes to adopt will be to develop a list of poor families/households in the project hamlets/villages generated through the BPL Listing and the Wealth Ranking that the DPIP II will initiate. Further, the DPIP II will map all government sponsored development and welfare programs and schemes and establish their links to the BPL and the Wealth ranking listing.

Then the process of social inclusion of the Tribal shall be ensured through the following:

 Forming tribal women’s institutions e.g. SHGs, homogeneous Village Development Committee (where ever possible) and having tribal composition in the producer aggregations. The project shall endeavor to reduce possibilities of `elite capture’ and to create more space for mutual support;

 Facilitating identification of activities/sectors where tribal communities would be able to participate effectively, especially relating to land and forest resource based options;

 Allowing time in the project design for a phase wise start-up of the livelihoods related investments by identifying the most needy and vulnerable group so that project can give them preference.

 Explicit space in the project / recognition in the M&E system, of people working with indigenous peoples.

5.3 Scope:

Although all the blocks and villages are to be covered in this phase, the DPSU will, in accordance with the project objectives, prioritize and sequence the pockets of tribal concentration for efficient coverage and outreach.

5.4 Plan Components:

The TDP strives to make a positive discrimination in favor of the STs, through reducing conditions that affected/hindered their participation in Phase I, and increasing the facilitating factors for their participation. The components will be suitably modified and detailed in the Key Elements - A. Community Institutions building; B. Community Livelihood Fund; C. Employment Promotion Support and D. Project Implementation & Management.

5.5 Key Elements of Tribal Strategy:

The following are the key elements of the strategy for tribal development within the project that hold good over and above the fundamental strategies of DPIP (participation, equity and decentralization):

 Fair participation and representation at all levels of the project with a view to influence its decisions and outcomes for the tribal constituents through their informed consents.

 Ensuring protection of social, economic and cultural interests of tribal communities in project interventions.

 Overcoming structural constraints to poverty and deprivation among tribals through direct socio-economic interventions of the project as well as induced actions under other available public resources and legal provisions of the Government.

 Optimizing productivity of communal and privately held land, water, forest and livestock resources among tribal with a view to primarily ensure food security and generate sustainable surplus.

 Establish linkages and leverage opportunities provided by the NREGA and the BRGF and other schemes related to tribal development and welfare..

 Enhancing options for labor and improving conditions surrounding returns from labor as a growing basis for livelihood activity for largest number of tribal families in the region.

 Rigorous capacity building of tribal village level organizations and its leadership to plan, prioritize and place demands on the project services and resources.

Thus the tribal development strategy covers two inter-related aspects:

Institutional relating to participation, representation, decision making and resource allocation to tribal development,

Sectoral issues relating to project activities, interventions and investments relevant to tribal’s development within DPIP.

Given the absolute poverty in which the DPIP districts’ tribal population lives, multifaceted responses are needed to overcome their complex socio-economic constraints. To an extent these were also identified as part of the Social Assessments (SA-s) conducted as part of the DPIP preparation. Identification of key bottlenecks and overall directions for change for the poor and disadvantaged groups in DPIP districts was attempted in some of the SA-s. The proposed strategy has also drawn upon that analysis wherever feasible.

5.6 Coverage, Participation and Representation: Recognizing that STs as a group run the risk of marginalization and invisibility from project governance, the following is proposed:

5.6.1 At the village level the tribal strategy will ensure that:

DPIP is able to cover and facilitate the participation of at least 60% all the tribal BPL families in a settlement.

In those villages where the ST population is above 30% of the total, efforts will be put to prioritize formation of SHGs with the tribal women.

In villages with 50% tribal population the VDC’s Chairmanship will be preferred for an ST though emphasis will be more upon democratic process and create space for emergence of leadership from the community irrespective of the leader’s affinity to any caste, ethnicity and religion.

Facilitate and strengthen processes that would help establishment of SHGs’ linkages with other livelihood initiatives operational in the village(s). The NREGA will be one definite opportunity that would be optimally exploited by the project.

Number of proposals approved, investments made in tribal SHGs, the quality of tribal’s SHGs participation will count as key indicators of a VDC’s performance and will influence the decision on its future allocations from the project.

Facilitate and advocate for timely implementation of the provisions of the Forest Rights act, 2006 and monitor how many tribal families are getting the land deeds in the project districts.

5.6.2 At the district level, it is envisaged that:

Successful coverage of tribal population, investments in tribal SHGs/VDCs and their performance will be monitored and reported. These will form part of staff / PFT performance appraisals and will be linked to incentives and reward systems.

An annual meeting of all tribal SHG / VDC representatives from within the district will be organized by the project in order to collectively review the progress and deliberate upon the problems being faced by the project and its tribal partners.

The project office will remain alert to moves to subvert equal participation of tribal SHGs in DPIP. This will be carried out through extensive review with PFTs and the monitoring of norms specified under village level measures above.

In order to ensure adequate pooling of experience and formulation of shared strategies to work with tribal communities, it may be useful for the project teams to interact at the regional level and discuss on what is working well and what needs special attention for improvement. It is proposed that to facilitate this, the project will constitute three regions each having 3-5 contiguous districts. The DPIP State Unit would then convene a six monthly regional meeting of district officers charged with overseeing and monitoring tribal development activities. These meetings will be used to review the progress with tribal SHGs, exchange experiences and share strategies relevant to tribal development.

5.6.3 At the state level, the DPIP State Unit will:

Monitor the project’s tribal development strategy and programs in and across various districts.

Produce an annual public report, together with comparative expenditure, on the impact of DPIP on tribal’s lives and livelihood in the DPIP district.

Facilitate and advocate with the Department of Tribal (ST) Welfare for timely implementation of the provisions of the Forest Rights act, 2006 and monitor how many tribal families are getting the land deeds in the project districts.

Endeavour to learn from grassroots experiences and adopt new ways to achieve results at outcome levels for bringing in change for a just and equitable society through mainstreaming of gender and eliminating discrimination against the women, STs and the Dalits.

5.7 Focus on Employability skills and Support for opportunistic migration: Low literacy, poor productivity of the land and near absence of any alternate livelihood pushes the poor tribal to migrate to towns and cities to earn and survive. The project proposes to provide appropriate training for skill development along with support to find suitable jobs to such tribal people for sustainable livelihoods.

5.8 Tribal Service Providers – The project shall promote capacity building of indigenous peoples to take on the roles of service providers, supervisors etc.

5.9 Improving extension services and input provision: Agriculture extension services are poorly spread in the DPIP districts and these are at their thinnest in locations where tribal cultivate their marginal lands. There is little technology dissemination and adoption by farmers and basic provisioning of seeds and inputs is absent. In order to help overcome input and extension advise related constraints in tribal’s agriculture, DPIP will seek out and support proposals from SHGs of tribal resource poor farmers interested in undertaking any of the following or allied activities.6

Identification and hiring in of village based para-extension workers (PEWs) by SHGs for providing counseling and technical guidance to tribal farmers. These PEWs will need to be equipped with basic technical information and will serve as the link between farmers and sources of inputs and technology.

SHGs may formulate Livelihood proposals for group based provision of draught power and agriculture implements which shall be supported by DPIP through VDCs.

6 It may be noted that the list is an indicative one which needs to be added to keeping in mind local needs and demands of the farming system.

Producers Company managed decentralized seeds and fertilizer retail and distribution outlets undertaking collective procurement and timely distribution thus overcoming cost disadvantages.

5.10 Food Security: Maximizing food security among tribal families will receive highest attention from the project and will form the core of its support to agriculture and allied interventions by the farmers organized as SHGs. In order to protect the tribal populations from food shortage and hence turning to “distress” purchases in lean seasons the DPIP will remain alert to opportunities in the following areas and will respond favorably to VDC/SHG proposals and actions in the following direction:

5.10.1 Revitalizing PDS in tribal villages. This will entail liaison by the DPIP project teams together with lobbying by SHGs and VDCs on local administration.

5.10.2 Establishment of community managed grain banks also to be used for purposes of seed supply.

5.10.3 Bulk purchase and stocking of food grain through the use of gram kosh (village fund) generated by SHGs.

5.11 Forestry: Two types of interventions are possible to increase and secure more income from forests. These relate to a) collection and sale of NTFPs, and b) expansion of areas under joint forest management.

5.12 Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP): A large number of NTFPs are collected by tribals across the state as in the DPIP districts. The most important of the NTFPs are nationalized and these include tendu patta, sal seed, gum and harra. Collection and marketing of nationalized products is carried out by the Madhya Pradesh State Minor Forest Produce Cooperative Federation. The important non nationalized forest products include Chironji, Mahua flower, Bahera, and Safed Moosli, all of which are found in the DPIP areas of tribal concentration. Typically the market rates for these products come down at the time of collection and increase immediately after it. The DPIP shall promote such organizations of community where NTFP comes out as a common and major livelihood option. All support from the project innovation shall be provided for administrative purposes and capacity building and linkages of such federations and Community based organizations.

DPIP will extend the support to tribal SHGs for enhancing returns from forestry activities through the following kind of interventions:

Advancing seed capital to SHGs wishing to stock and store local NTFPs at the time of collection. This will ensure that collectors are able to release their produce at a more favorable time and gain better prices.

Making linkages for technical advice and providing financial support for value addition of NTFPs through simple processing

6 Ascertaining market linkages for NTFPs

Market interventions surrounding NTFPs inherently carry some risk and to minimize this, it is proposed that NTFP based proposals will be encouraged selectively and appraised carefully by the project for their viability. The project may make pilot grants to SHGs in the initial year with a clear emphasis on improving learning and experience building in NTFP operations both at the project and SHG level.

7 Joint Forest Management

The Forest Department and tribal communities in forest areas have had an adversary relationship for long. The conflict has its roots in alienation of tribal residing in and around forests from this land. It is only recently that the JFM initiative shows signs of resolving this conflict. JFM leads to increase in incomes in the short run by allowing more secure access to NTFPs and in the long run by sale of timber. This is a promising initiative and has good potential. By 1998, a total of 8,301 JFM committees covering more than 38 lakh hectares had been formed in the state. A number of success stories have been reported from different parts of the state. The initiative is ready for replication across a wider area.

JFM will be a good activity to support under DPIP if SHGs show interest. Only four of the fourteen DPIP districts feature in the list of FPC7s formed till 1998. DPIP field teams could support SHGs in formation of FPCs in their respective villages where these are not present. If physical activities are necessary to restore the degraded lands, funds for undertaking these should be accessed from other sources.

If JFM emerges as a priority intervention in an area, it will be ensured that the members of DPIP field teams are trained in the subject. The project will closely liaise with the Forest Department in order to gain sanction and registration of FPCs.

8 Land alienation, security of tenure and ownership

All land based interventions such as proposed in DPIP assume that the tribal families have secure access and entitlement to land. The district level analysis shows however this is not true in many cases and the tribal (together with other vulnerable groups such as SCs) operate land under persistent threat of dispossession from powerful landed upper caste elite, insecure tenure arrangements, unfair share cropping systems pitted against the tenants. These unlawful practices are a manifestation of the social inequities and they serve to keep the rural poor in chronic poverty and deprivation. Further, these erode the

7 Forest Protection Committee (FPC)

Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project –II for official use only Tribal Development Framework/DPIP II 32 stakes that the poor have in improvement of their land resources and present the biggest challenge to long term change in their status.

Government programs aimed at poverty alleviation generally fight shy of undertaking action on these points. They instead seek to strengthen the economic well being of their target groups. It is clear however that economic interventions undertaken in isolation will not help. Investments on improving land and water may be rendered futile in case of insecure title and ownership. Thus a poverty alleviation strategy that focuses on strengthening land based livelihoods will be incomplete if it does not address these issues. The main reason why Government programs do not take up these issues is their potential for generation of conflict between different sections of people. Some of these issues are clearly beyond their scope. For example redistribution of land on any significant scale is not possible by administrative fiat but requires political will and strong organizations of rural poor.

Yet there are issues that can be addressed by a sympathetic and sensitive DPIP project staff. Allotment of government land to rural landless is one such area. Access to Government revenue records can be made easy by a process of awareness raising and training of the Village Development Committees in revenue record keeping and activating VDCs to address such social issues by using peer pressure on the Patwaris for proper demarcation of the land allotted to the tribal could be on of the very effective strategy to address this. Action on these fronts is possible without any serious intra community conflict. This could be part of the communications strategy of DPIP. It will help build the credibility of DPIP in its target segment and establish it as a different program from other Government programs. It is therefore proposed that –

At the minimum, the PFTs will be required to survey instances of land alienation and exploitative tenure practices pitted against tribal farmers in their clusters. This data may be used in formulating realistic plans for investments under DPIP and for longer term action by the project for working on these issues. The PFT will align such activities in light of the provisions under the Forest Rights act, 2006.

The project teams may liaise with local administration for land allotment to landless laborers and assist SHGs and VDCs in making representations for the same.

9 Employment

The analysis of occupational classifications of tribal population in the state as a whole and for DPIP districts in particular clearly demonstrates that wage labor is a major component of the livelihood for tribals. Limited land resources and virtual landlessness among large sections makes it imperative for them to seek wage labor on farms and in cities or industrial areas in the state. Reports indicate that while Gond and Sahariya tribes own some land, Kols are largely landless. In the Kol dominated Rewa district for

Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project –II for official use only Tribal Development Framework/DPIP II 33 example, more than 80 percent of tribal have reported agricultural labor as their primary occupation. As mentioned elsewhere, the Project will endeavor to leverage opportunities provided by the NREGA.

Migration, often caused by push factors, is a common strategy for survival among the rural poor people including the tribals. Migrant workers toil under harsh and difficult conditions. While Government legislation exists to ensure minimum wages for labour, this is observed more in breach. Within the purview of the Employment Oriented Training Policy the project shall try to identify, encourage and train the tribal beneficiary for a better planned and opportunistic migration and help them secure skill based jobs. The Project will support this through post placement services.

10 Access to Credit

Lack of access to institutional and formal credit suitable to the needs of poor families is a major economic constraint as also identified by the social assessment team and highly recommended that the DPIP will need to overcome this. The needs of the poor are small, unpredictable, urgent and consumption oriented and are not catered to by banks. As a result of this they have a high dependence on private moneylenders who extract high interest rates and also enforce other insidious conditions of repayment (lien on crop produce, mortgage etc). Lack of credit also inhibits ability to invest in productive purposes hence poverty remains persistent among vulnerable groups such as tribals. In the phase –II of DPIP funds shall be extended to SHGs as credit or loans through the VDCs, the program shall assist in promotion of appropriate institutional linkages for SHG and the VDCs. Recognizing that lack of access to credit is a major barrier for poor in general and the tribal in particular, DPIP will specifically:

11 Encourage and promote SHG activity among tribal women.

The DPIP II will facilitate and provide resources to processes that would help strengthen control of the tribal women SHG members over their credit/income and be the true decision makers. The Project will also work on building leadership qualities and skills among the tribal women members of the SHGs.

The Project will foster linkages of SHGs with banks for group loans for consumption and production purposes.

The Project recognizes the need for additional resources, skills, time and other resources that would be needed to work with the tribal SHGs to achieve the stated objectives.

12 Promotion of Alternative Livelihoods: Low employment opportunities in sectors outside of agriculture and forestry activities mark the depressed economy of tribal communities in the selected districts. DPIP will seek and support innovative and lucrative

Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project –II for official use only Tribal Development Framework/DPIP II 34 proposals from tribal SHGs that assist in their better integration the local non-farm based economy and created sustainable self employment opportunities. Though more detailed locale specific feasibility studies may be required in relation to SHG Livelihood plans the following sub-sectors show promise as a whole:

 Eco tourism.

 Small manufacturing and repairs.

 Rural transportation.

 Highway centered retail and dining businesses.

13. Additional Provision as Part of the TDF

The critical processes related to the prior arrangements and mechanisms that need to be set in place, for implementation of the TDF, are described below.

Grievance Redressal: In the process of strengthening the SHGs and VDCs, on Credit flow and management, stress will be made to cover social and convergence issues. Conflict resolution and grievance redressal procedures will be built in to enable the community not only to resolve the issues related to credit management and social issues, but also grievances related to various schemes and entitlements. Apart from this, contact numbers and official addresses will be displayed at an appropriate place in each project village and made public for convenient access to people.

Social outcomes: The project aims to empower the poor tribal people so that they can access and utilize their rights and entitlements. The economic empowerment will help them to invest more in their children's education and health besides improving their well being. The community based entrepreneurship through the SHGs and the federations will help them in negotiating with individual, family and community level problems. All these will strengthen community based institutions like the Gram Panchayats and the Gram Sabhas which in turn would enhance quality of basic services and make the service-providers accountable to them. Further, these would help the tribal people

14 Operational Arrangements for social inclusion of Tribal

Staffing: The Tribal Development Framework will be facilitated, anchored, and monitored by the Social Empowerment Coordinator under the overall supervision and guidance of the Project Director.

All PFT members working in areas where tribal population exceeds 10% will be sensitized on tribal issues and will undergo a comprehensive training to implement the TDP.

Since the scheduled tribes inhabiting the different project districts exhibit striking diversity in ethnic origins, cultural heritage, social institutions, religious traditions, dialects, festivals and economic pursuits, an in depth understanding of the socio-cultural, economic, political and religious life of the tribal will be imparted to all the project functionaries, right from the district level to the village level. This would run concurrently with the rest of the Project.

The Project, staff, the facilitating teams and the community will adhere to the following non-negotiable of the project:

Transparency: All the activities undertaken will entail decisions to be taken involving all those directly concerned in the project activities. The process followed would be open, clear and accessible to all.

Participation: The project will ensure participation of all stakeholders. Each decision taken would follow a participatory process and there would be no imposition at any level.

Team Work and Accountability: At each level the responsibilities will be mutually and collectively owned. Each stakeholder is responsible for actions taken.

Demand driven: The project will endeavor the stakeholders to have each activity including group building, activity undertaken and preparation and implementation of livelihoods plan based on their demand and through their informed consents.

Facilitation: The project implementers would play only a catalytic role and strive to hand over the responsibility to the community to the maximum extent possible. There shall be faith in Poor’s capability to undertake, decide and control the activities of the project.

Process Oriented: The whole project implementation has a unique/standard process for every stage. These standards will be followed by all the stakeholders.

15 Project Phasing

In the first year the project will focus on establishing systems and process to achieve intensive coverage of institution and capacity building. The strategy includes exposure visits to best practices in Madhya Pradesh and outside state for SHG members & leaders as well as the project Staff and use of resources developed under similar Projects in States like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Bihar. The following table depicts the phasing strategy for Community Institution building and project interventions.

Table: Community Institution Building and Project Interventions (Phasing Strategy).

PARTICULARS 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Total Year

Village Entry 3000 4000 2793 - - 9793

SHG Formation 9000 15000 10000 5000 - 35000 (New )

Restructuring of 3000 4000 2000 1000 - 10000 CIGs as SHGs

VDC Formation 2700 3000 800 - - 6500

Producer 25 0 5 5 - 35 Organization

Estt. of Ajeevika 200 800 800 200 - 2000 Kendra

Skill Up grading 5000 10000 10000 10000 5000 40000 and Training

Placement 10000 15000 15000 10000 10000 60000 facilitation services

16 Implementation Arrangements

For implementing the Tribal Development Framework, the project will have a Gender and Social Empowerment Coordinator anchoring this aspect under the project at the Sate Project Support Unit in coordination with the District Gender and Social Empowerment Coordinator. All PFT members, VRPs and Para workers will be sensitized on Tribal issues and the PFT members will undergo a comprehensive training to implement the Tribal Development Framework.

Implémentation arrangements, Organisation and Management :

Table : Project level, nodal agent and their functions

Level Nodal Agent Functions

Project State level Providing necessary guidance and support to the Level Executive Project. Committee

State level Gender and Social Coordination with DPSUs and other line depts. Empowerment Coordinator Support DPSUs and PFTs in social mobilization and capacity building of Tribal, women and vulnerable community members and their institutions facilitated by the project.

Support DPSUs and PFTs in generating and grounding community livelihood Investment Plans.

Monitoring the Tribal Development Plan and the Gender Action Plan

District District Gender Coordination with PFTs and Federations and other line Level Coordinator depts.. Staff.

Support PFTs in social mobilization and capacity building of Women and their institutions.

Support Federation of the women in generating and grounding livelihood plans.

Guidance in resolving issues related to entitlements of women

Grievance redressal

Project PFT Coordinator / Coordinate VRPs and Federations with social inclusion Facilitatio Member and livelihood activities n Team Consultant - Social work Mobilization of women to form into SHGs, Formation of women EC of federations

Assist in the preparation of livelihood Investment plan and demand driven sub-projects

Facilitate implementation of the plans.

Registering Grievances

Village VRPs and Para Mobilization and Facilitation. level workers Coordination with other activities of the project.

Monitoring and reporting.

Registering Grievances

17 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

Monitoring will be ongoing and periodic, done internally by the Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation Unit and Gender and Social Empowerment Coordinator at the SPSU level, supported by District Gender Coordinator and MIS Officers and PFT. The M and E system will comprise of the following components

 Baseline and Impact Assessments (external agency)

 Regular MIS system

 Participatory Monitoring – at the village level

 Thematic studies and learning activities

Table: Component wise activity, implementation arrangements and monitoring.

Project Sub Component Activity Implementation Monitoring Component Arrangements

Social 1.1: Support to Orientation and Gender and Social Maintaining and Empowerme Project training of the Empowerment updating Training nt and Facilitation Teams project staff - PFT Coordinator with Database Institution members VRPs and HR Coordinator at Building 1.2: Community Para workers to SPSU HR Coordinator and Mobilization and identify and address Gender and Social Institution Tribal and Gender Empowerment Building issues. Coordinator

Recruitment of Administration Maintaining and women PFT Coordinator at updating Employee members and SPSU with the Database and checking women as VRP and support of PFT the turnover of Para workers especially the women employee

HR Coordinator

Habitation and PFT Present socio-economic Village baseline data status (group inclusion, of Tribal and women links to federation etc)

DPM and Gender and Social Empowerment

Coordinator

Development of Communication Awareness levels communication Coordinator with among poor groups products like IEC for the support of with focus on Tribal tribal and women Gender & Social and women Empowerment Coordinator at PFT - Gender and SPSU Social Empowerment Coordinator

Identification, Community Representation of Mobilization and Institution Tribal and Women sensitization of the Development groups in federations stakeholders Coordinator, by formation of SHGs Gender and and VDCs Social Empowerment M&E – Gender & Coordinator at Social Empowerment DPSU & SPSU Coordinator and PFTs

Facilitating and PFT and DPSU Tribal and Women promoting Tribal SHG groups formed and Women SHG and Performance (Quality groups) Monitoring of the institution.

M&E – Gender & Social Empowerment Coordinator

Ensure participation PFT and DPSU Representation of of the men and Tribal and Women women from SC and groups in federations ST community. by formation of SHGs and VDCs. Graduation criteria PFT publicly verified in M&E– Gender and General Body Social Empowerment meeting of VDC Coordinator

Facilitation in PFT and DPSU SHG Livelihood Plan preparing SHG-LP approved and financed and advancing seed by the VDC. capital grant to the SHG-LP for further linkages Fund flow to the SHG- Assessment of DPSU and PFT LP through sustainable performance livelihoods and monitoring of the priorities institution M&E– Gender and Social Empowerment Coordinator

Livelihoods 2.1: Rural Providing training to Training Number of Investment Productivity tribal and women Coordinator, Entrepreneurship / Support Development producers DPSU and PFT livelihood trainings

2.2: Value Chain M&E– Gender and Development Social Empowerment Coordinator 2.3: Innovation Support Fund

2.4: Partnership Identification of Sector Support Producers Company Development market linkages and Organization, progress monitoring – demand survey for Business Performance products Development Monitoring Coordinator at SPSU and DPSU Community Institution Development Coordinator / M&E– Gender and Social Empowerment Coordinator

Training on latest Training Number of technical techniques of Coordinator and trainings production. PFTs Training Coordinator / M&E –

Gender & Social Empowerment Coordinator

Assistance to PFT SHG livelihood Plans purchase locally facilitated by PFT available material. M&E– Gender and Social Empowerment Coordinator

Provision of market PFT and DPSU Membership in the linkages. Long Term Producers Company Partners, Sector and Cooperatives Support Organizations Community Institution through Producer Development Company Coordinator / M&E– Gender and Social Empowerment Coordinator

Support for SPSU Innovation fund flow innovations that to Tribal and Women contribute top livelihood plans women and tribal livelihoods M&E / Finance Controller– Gender and Social Empowerment Coordinator

Employment 3.1: Employment Identification of Ajeevika Mitra Target for Inclusion Promotion Facilitation tribal and women and PFT Support Centres Employment Coordinator - Gender 3.2: Skill up and Social grading Training Empowerment Coordinator 3.3 Placement facilitation Provision of training Employment Number of Tribal and services Coordinator at Women families SPSU benefited from job

Support in securing Employment trainings employment Training Cell at SPSU and PFT Employment Coordinator - Gender and Social Empowerment Coordinator

Project 4.1: Project Social SPSU HR Coordinator Implementat Management Empowerment ion Support Coordinator at the 4.2: Governance SPSU supported by Management Gender Expert at 4.3: Monitoring DPSU. and Evaluation Grievance SPSU – Training Through Community 4.4: Technical Redressal, Coordinator and Score Cards Assistance Transparency and Communication information Coordinator with Community Training dissemination the support of Coordinator - Gender through various DPSU and PFT & Social media Empowerment Coordinator

Reporting on the PFT Gender & Social implementation Empowerment status of the Tribal Coordinator Development Plan DPSU/SPSU and the Gender Action Plan though regular MIS

Thematic studies on Gender & Social Gender & Social Tribal and Gender Empowerment Empowerment development to be Coordinator Coordinator conducted DPSU, External DPSU/SPSU Agency

Periodic workshops, Gender & Social Gender & Social training events, with Empowerment Empowerment government Coordinator, Coordinator SPSU departments, NGO Community and other actors Institution Development

Coordinator

18 Project Communication Strategy

Communication plays the role of a pure support function. The communication is seen broadly in the perspective of correspondence, and the traditional “IEC” campaign approach. The concern with this kind of approach is that it did not exploit the potential of communication to become a tool to enhance the program implementation and desired outcomes.

18.1 Designing the communication strategy

Based on the learning’s of Phase-1 of the project, some of the principles used to design this communication strategy are:

a. The strategy aims to provide space for communication in both directions between the project team and stakeholders, creating opportunities for information as well as feedback and suggestions.

b. The communication strategy has been designed as an evolving one, responding to the needs of different target groups at every stage. The plan laid out here is based on a current forecast of the way things will plan out over the project period.

c. The core team responsible for undertaking communication work will be: State level – Communication Coordinator, District level – District Project Manager, at PFT level Coordinator PFT .

d. At the CBO level, there will be concerted inputs to enhance their members’ capacities to undertake communication activities in a mode of increasing participation.

e. The communication material and methods will be adapted to the local context and will factor in cultural and geographical differences.

18.2 Objective

The objectives of the communication strategy could be briefed as following:

. To create channels and means of communication among project’s stakeholders which enhance the efficacy of the project

. To use communication as a means for learning and growth among the team members.

18.3 Target groups

The target groups of Project are classified into three types as:

a. Primary target group

b. Secondary target group

c. Tertiary target group

The categorization of these groups depends upon the benefit that goes in the project. The secondary and the tertiary stakeholders though have a great role in the project but their involvement will be very indirect.

18.3.1 Primary target groups

Target groups whose participation is critical for the success of Project and are constantly involved in its implementation have been identified as:

1. Self-help groups

2. Village Development Committee.

3. Producer organizations

4. Entrepreneurs

5. Physically challenged men and women

6. The World Bank

7. Project team at the state, district and cluster levels

8. State level bureaucrats

18.3.2 Secondary target groups

Secondary target groups who have an interest and opinion about project but are not involved on a regular basis in operationalising it have been identified as the following:

1. Block level – Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Janpad Panchayat, Office bearers and members of PRIs.

2. District level – District Collector, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Zila Panchayat Head of Zilla Parishad and other Panchayati Raj functionaries, line staff of other government departments

3. State level – political representatives, ministers ,Other line departments at the state level

18.3.3 Tertiary target groups

The target groups that need to be communicated with in order to enhance their understanding of the project and who have a right to know about the progress of the project in a larger framework of right to information, form the tertiary target groups. These groups may or may not want to communicate with the implementers of the project and have to be specially given a platform to elicit their opinion. They include:

1. Media

2. The public at large (especially in the project districts)

3. Members of other state, district and block level agencies who have an interest in poverty reduction through micro-enterprise and livelihoods enhancement – other NGOs, MFIs, banks, cooperatives and their federations, research institutions, etcs

4. The project staffs of the other states who are implementing the same type of the project

Keeping the different stakeholders into account the communication strategy will be an integral part in the different phase of the project.

18.4 Pre-implementation phase

The period before the implementation of the project is significant in creating an acceptance and clarity about the project among its stakeholders. This is envisaged to create better convergence of the project with related components. The focus of communication in this phase is clarification of project’s mission, vision and goal, strengthen the operational plan for the project, and creating a favourable climate towards the project among stakeholders. The pre-implementation strategy is given in table below.

Table- Pre-Implementation Communication Strategy

Who? Why? How? State level State level agencies To draw from their A consultative (banks, academic experience and knowledge in workshop is proposed after institutions, NGOs, poverty reduction and to engage finalization of PIP. research organisations, them in a discussion on the corporate bodies) effectiveness of the proposal of project. Bureaucrats, political To integrate the different A brief email is

Who? Why? How? representatives, departments of the government suggested to all department government departments and make them aware about the heads just prior to the implementation of Project. launch of the project

 To obtain sanctions and informing them about the approvals for the pre- implementation plan. implementation activities  Written communication

 Political representatives is underway mainly for the have wide outreach in their purpose of obtaining constituencies and getting their approvals and sanctions for sanction is an effective to create purchases, etc from a positive climate about the Governing Body and project Executive committee.  It is proposed to reach out to political representatives with a letter from the team informing them about the mission, vision and plan of the project. Media  To reach out to a large A press conference will number of people with be organised just prior to information about the proposed the launch of Project in project which media persons from English and local media (print and electronic) will be invited and will be told about the mission, vision and objectives of Project and its coverage area. World Bank  To obtain support and Electronic and verbal, capacity building inputs in one-to-one communication preparation for the is ongoing implementation and to

Who? Why? How? undertake negotiations regarding operational issues Project team  To clarify the vision/mission Meetings and joint of the project workshops regarding

 To orient the team about the different elements of the different elements of the project campaign across the different levels of the  To elicit participation in project. designing the project Category: District level District level agencies To draw from their Consultative workshop (including banks, NGOs experience of working in the in which heads of other and cooperatives) block and to orient them to the line departments will also proposed project. be present District Collector  He is the most important person for coordination of project district team with other departments CEO Zila Panchayat  CEO-ZP is also an important link towards social development in the district, including SHG development and convergence with various RD schemes. Panchayati raj Through them we can get in functionaries touch with a large number of people in Project’s primary target outreach base in the district. Block level Block level agencies To draw from their Consultative workshop (banks, NGOs, experience and to elicit in the presence of CEO ZP cooperatives) participation from them in the wherever possible implementation of Project.

Who? Why? How? CEO Janpad Panchyat They are a key contact point and Community in the block who can help Development Project disseminate information to Officers other line departments in the block Panchayati raj They have a wide outreach Leaflets communicating representatives among Project’s primary the mission, vision, targets stakeholders at the village level. and objectives of Project.

18.4 Implementation phase

The focus of communication in the implementation phase is to ensure the smooth functioning of the project and to enhance its effectiveness. Communication will be an integral part of the project components of institutional building and community investment fund.

Table: Communication Strategy in Implementation phase

Who? Why? How? State level State level agencies Share the progress of Quarterly Newsletters from (banks, academic the project with them and SPSU. institutions, NGOs, elicit suggestions for course research organisations, corrections corporate bodies) Bureaucrats, political Approvals and consent Written communication for representatives, from administrative body approvals and sanctions from government will continue. It will also be Governing Body and Executive departments updated about the progress Committee.

of the project Quarterly newsletters about To reach out to the progress of project

constituencies of political Brief presentations during representatives with state/district meetings information about the project. Media To enhance outreach of Press release every 6 months.

Who? Why? How? information to the general Media will be invited to all public about best practices events and workshops. and achievements Radio and TV spots World Bank Resource support and to Quarterly progress reports, share progress status good practices reports as and when prepared Project team (across all Internal sharing, Video conferencing, meetings levels) learning and course and email circulation of compiled correction individual reports. Circulation of quarterly newsletters. District level District level agencies Better linkage with Newsletters and periodic (including banks, target groups since they are meetings. NGOs and working in the target areas cooperatives) and to elicit suggestions for course corrections District Collector and Clarify concepts, vision Newsletters and periodic CEO-Zilla Panchayat and mission of Project to meetings. time (since staff keeps changing) and to keep them updated about the progress of the report.

Panchayati raj To share progress of Meetings and newsletters functionaries Project take this information to a large stakeholder base. Block level Block level agencies Better linkage with Meetings and pamphlets (banks, NGOs, target groups since they are containing updated progress. cooperatives) working in the target areas and to elicit suggestions for course corrections

Who? Why? How? CEO Janpad Panchayat People in the block Periodic meetings and have long-term association pamphlets containing updated with community and have a progress. certain trust in their word. By keeping them informed about the progress of project the project can ensure that it reaches out to a large target base. Panchayati raj President of Zilla and Posters/leaflets/newsletters/A/v representatives Janpad Panchayat Sarpanch material

and , ward members are a One-to-one interaction in strong link with the meetings community Village level SHG members It is imperative to Village meetings attended by Producer communicate on a regular staff (especially community groups basis with the primary coordinators) Entrepreneurs stakeholders at the village A/v on livelihood options Physically level to ensure greater challenged Annual GPLF meet where they participation in and can exchange experience as well as effective implementation showcase products and ownership of the project. It is hoped that the Trade-based exchange meet of primary institutions will be entrepreneurs strengthened so that the Large melas to showcase DPIP village level model community produced material can be replicated elsewhere Participation in cultural by their initiative. functions in villages

18.5 Communication means:

18.5.1 Website

A website in English and Hindi will be developed and managed by the SPSU. The website will cater to the public at large, especially in the project districts. The web site will be updated regularly by putting the information as major learning, reports and the achievements of the project .The website development and its maintenance is a part of communication strategy but the cost will be included as a part of monitoring and evaluation. The major aspects to be included in the web site are as follows:

. Information about the mission, vision and coverage.

. Progress report

. Success stories and best practices documentation.

. Information about products made by entrepreneurs.

. Space for suggestions and opinion from visitors.

. Space for airing grievances.

. Contact information.

18.5.2 Newsletter:

A quarterly newsletter Ekmat was launched in phase-I. It was received enthusiastically. It was continuously published from 2001 to November 2007 with ever increasing readership even outside the Project area. So far 39 issues have been published. The significant feature is that each issue has been devoted to a specific theme. This newsletter with a new face will continue in phase-II. The newsletter will be regularly mailed to all district officers, project facilitation team members, officials of Union Ministry of Rural Development, Members of Parliament and MLAs representing the Project districts, Zila Panchayat Presidents, Divisional Commissioners, District Collectors, district officials and media representatives.

18.5.3 “Aaklan” (An Assessment by Media Persons)

This is an initiative to publish free and fair comments by the media. The media representatives are invited to visit the field. The reports include objective reporting, news coverage and analysis in the media to document the social change caused by the interventions of project initiatives. Such reports and features published in different newspapers and magazines. A number of write-ups on project activities, approaches and successful initiatives by the correspondents have appeared in reputed newspapers and magazines like Asia pacific Centre Foundation- Thailand's Asia Water Wire, India Today (Hindi and English), Outlook (Hindi and English), The Week, The Business Rural India (Government of India publication) Down To Earth, Grassroots, Sahara Time, Yojana and Kurukshetra. Special features have been sponsored by Women's Feature

Service and dispatches have appeared in newspapers like The Economic Times, The Times of India, Business Standard, Hindustan Times, The Pioneer, Navbharat Times, Hindustan, Jansatta, Punjab Kesari etc.

These are compiled by the project and published under title “Aaklan”. So far five editions of “Aaklan” have been published. These publications have greatly benefited the research fellows in development sector. The same process will continue to be taken under phase –II of the project.

18.6 Documentaries:

The documentaries serve twin purpose - First visual documentation and second learning materials. Short duration documentary films on successful initiatives will be produced with a motto to disseminate learning’s and inspire the potential beneficiaries.

18.6 Photo Bank

The visual photographs are the important evidence of the project success and help to maintain transparency. A photo bank will be developed by the project. Each PFT will be provided with the camera. State/district level photography competitions will be organized regularly. To maintain the transparency, the selected photographs will be displayed in the project websites, groups register, federation offices and project offices. These photographs will be used in various publications by project, Department of Public Relations, Department of Rural Development.

18.7 Post-implementation

The Village Development Committees and Producer Organizations are envisaged to play the lead role in post-implementation activities, including communication. During the implementation of the project office bearers of the CBOs will be taken through a systematic process of training and handholding in understanding communication and creating communication and dissemination material. They will specifically train to continue the practice of displaying information on display board, to have regular meetings to share the information among themselves and their members. (Monthly / Quarterly and annual meetings as and when required.)

Annexure 1: List of notified Scheduled Tribes in MADHYA PRADESH as per Census of India 2001

1 Agariya

2 Andh

3 Baiga

4 Bhaina

5 Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Bhumiya, Bharia, Paliha, Pando

6 Bhattra

7 Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patelia

8 Bhil Mina

9 Bhunjia

10 Biar, Biyar

11 Binjhwar

12 Birhul, Birhor

13 Damor, Damaria

14 Dhanwar

15 Gadaba, Gadba

16 Gond; Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola,

Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koliabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota

Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki,

Gatta, Gatti,Gaita,

Gond Gowari, Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar,

Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar,

Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj,

Sonjhari

Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria, Daroi

17 Halba,Halbi

18 Kamar

19 Karku

20 Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri

21 Keer (in Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore districts)

22 Khairwar, Kondar

23 Kharia

24 Kondh, Khond, Kandh

25 Kol

26 Kolam

27 Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya

28 Korwa, Kodaku

29 Majhi

30 Majhwar

31 Mawasi

32 Mina (in Sironj sub-division of Vidisha district)

33 Munda

34 Nagesia, Nagasia

35 Oraon, Dhanka, Dhangad

36 Panika (in Chhata rpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi and Tikamgarh districts)

37 Pao

38 Pardhan, Pathari Saroti

39 Pardhi (in Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore districts)

40 Pardhi; Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Phans Pardhi,

Shikari, Takankar, Takia [in (1) Bastar, Chhindwara, Mandla, Raigarh,

Seoni and Surguja districts, (2) Baihar tahsil of Balaghat district, (3) Betul and Bhainsdehi tahsils of Betul district, (4) Bilaspur and Katghora tahsils of Bilaspur disitrict, (5) Durg and Balod tahsils of Durg district, (6) Chowki, Manpur and Mohala Revenue Inspectors Circles of Rajnandgaon district, (7)

Murwara, Patan and Sihora tahsils of Jabalpur district (8) Hoshangabad and Sohagpur tahsils of

Hoshangabad district and Narsimhapur district, (9) Harsud tashil of

Khandwa district, (10) Bindra-Nawagarh, Dhamtari and Mahasamund tahsils of Raipur district ]

41 Parja

42 Sahariya, Saharia, Seharia, Sehria, Sosia, Sor

43 Saonta, Saunta

44 Saur

45 Sawar, Sawara

46 Sonr

Annex 2 : Poverty eradication program in MP

Programs Brief Description Geograp Line Village hical Department level Area of Operatio Responsible Interface n

MPDPIP-I The first phase of Madhya Pradesh District Poverty 2900 P&RD Project Initiatives Project is run by a State Project Support villages Deptt. Facilitati Unit having I.A.S as the Project Coordinator and 14 of 53 on Team District Project Support Unit to manage at the develop over a district level. The project mainly addresses the ment cluster livelihood requirements of the poor and the ultra blocks of 20-25 poor by facilitating in formation of the Common in 14 villages. Interest Group. The project supported 3.6 lakh poor districts and ultra poor families to organize into 56000 CIGs of the and created assets and initiated their choice of state. livelihood activity. The Total project outlay was Rs. 561 Cr. Funded by the World Bank. The project adopted some innovative approach and facilitated in formation of 17 Producers Companies to ensure the backward and forward linkages to the poor and marginal farmers. 2650 Village Development Committees were formed around the premise of microfinance. The impact evaluation of the project showed encouraging results.

MPRLP-I Madhya Pradesh Rural Livelihood Project is a Rs 822 P&RD Project 114.87 crore DFID funded project run and managed villages Deptt. Facilitati by State Project Unit having an I.F.S as the Project (phase- on Team Coordinator. The project is managed by 8 District I) over a Project Support Unit. The MPRLP has unrolled cluster village-specific livelihoods promotion plans with 4000 of 10 support from Gram Sabha or Village Assembly. In (phase – villages. the first phase, the Project covered. About 50 II) in 8 thousand households received benefits. Selected tribal villages were grouped into clusters. Each cluster had intensiv a set of about 10 villages. A total of 87 clusters e managed 822 villages. The project phase –II has districts begun with extended coverage in 4000 villages in the same districts of the phase-I.

NREGS in District Collectors have been assigned major role in Entire P&RD Panchay MP NREGS, as all the 48 have been included. State Deptt. at Expecting to cover 1.11 cr. rural households spread GoMP Secretar in all the villages of the state, the scheme intends to y provide 100 days guaranteed employment to all unskilled job seekers in rural MP and in the event of failing to do, promise to pay unemployment allowance to all such persons registered with Gram Panchayats. The state is entitled for a sum of Rs 2800 crores.

Public The Public Distribution System aims to ensure Entire Food and PDS Distributio availability of food at affordable prices at house State Civil Supply agent n System hold level for the poor. The PDS operations commence with procurement of food grains, their movement, storage, stock position and the quantum and the modality of ration cards, no. of units, items distributed, quantity distributed enforcement activities are to be reviewed by the State/Central Government administration for proper monitoring of PDS. The new system has been devised to cater mainly to the needs of the population below poverty line.

ICDS As per the 2001 Census, MP has around 1.07 cr. Entire W&CD Anganw children (0-6 years) constituting 17.7% of the total State Deptt. adi population. Women and Child Development’s worker policies, programs and schemes are aimed at a holistic development of children in terms of tackling declining sex ratio, infant mortality, health and nutrition issues, early childhood education, protection of their rights, prevention of abuse of children, provision of care and protection and so on.

Mid Day The Mid-Day-Meal Program was introduced in Entire PRD Deptt. Parent Meal 1995 to provide a cooked noon meal to primary State GoMP Teacher school children of all Government and Government Associat aided Schools studying in Class I to V all over the ion State for 210 working days in a year. The scheme aims at increasing the enrolment and reducing the number of school dropouts while also improving the nutritional status of the children by providing a cooked meal to the primary school children in all Govt. & Govt.-aided primary school

Old Age National Old Age pension (NOAP) Scheme is the Entire P&RD Panchay pension first component of a 100 % Govt. of India assisted State Deptt. at National program namely National Social Assistance GoMP Secretar Program (NSAP) being implemented in the State y since 15th August, 1995. Under this Scheme, destitute elderly of 65 years of age and above having no regular means of subsistence are being paid with monthly pension at the increased rate of Rs.275/- per month from 1st April, 2006.

National National Family Benefit Scheme is being Entire P&RD Panchay Family implemented in the State with 100% Govt. of India's State Deptt. at Benefit assistance since 15th August 1995 as the second GoMP Secretar Scheme component of National Social Assistance Program y (NSAP) of the Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India. The main objective of the scheme is to rehabilitate to a downtrodden BPL family on the event of death of its primary bread winner. Under this Scheme, a one time lump sum financial assistance of Rs.10,000/- is given to a bereaved BPL family on the death of its primary breadwinner in the age group of 18-64 years (in case of normal death up to 1st August, 1998 it was Rs.5000). This amount is given to such surviving member of the ‘household’ of the deceased who, after local inquiry, is determined to be the head of the household.

Tejaswani With the support of IFAD, Rome the project will 6 P&RD District Project strengthen the SHGs and their federations. The districts Deptt. Project project at the same time will focus on empowerment of state GoMP Manage of the women members through awareness building; ment enhance their participation in health and education Unit schemes and in the PRIs.

SGSY A number of poverty alleviation programs were Entire P&RD Panchay amalgamated by Government of India and merged State Deptt. at into a single new scheme called “Swarnjayanti GoMP Secretar Gram Swarozgar Yojana” (SGSY) with effect from y 1.4.1999. SGSY is a centrally sponsored scheme that is jointly funded by the Government of India and the State Government in ratio of 75:25. It emphasizes on promotion of a large number of rural income generating activities through Self Help Groups.

Sampoorn SGRY provide additional wage employment in the Entire P&RD Panchay a rural areas as also food security, alongside the State Deptt. at Grameen creation of durable community, social and economic GoMP Secretar Rozgar infrastructure in the rural areas. The program is self- y Yojana targeting in nature with special emphasis to provide (SGRY) Wage Employment to women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and parents of children withdrawn from hazardous occupations

Indira Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) was launched during Entire P&RD Panchay Awas 1985-86 as a sub-scheme of Rural Landless State Deptt. at Yojana Employment Guarantee Program (RLEGP) and GoMP Secretar (IAY) continued as a sub-scheme of Jawahar Rozgar y Yojana (JRY) since its launching from April, 1989. It has been de linked from the JRY and has been made an independent scheme with effect from January 1, 1996. The objective of IAY is primarily to provide grant for construction of houses to members of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, freed bonded laborers and also to non-SC/ST rural poor below the poverty line.

Annexure 3: Number and Area of Operational Holdings of Scheduled Tribe in MP

SNo. Size Class in Total number of % age Area of % area Hects. holdings holdings of holdings operated by STs STs

1- Below 0.5 2143 21 563 21.1

2- 0.5 & 1.0 1735 22.8 1233 23.2

3- 1.0 & 2.0 2312 24.8 3336 25

4- 2.0 & 3.0 1244 28.8 2969 28.4

5- 3.0 & 4.0 674 26.8 2320 26.7

6- 4.0 & 5.0 454 26.9 2014 27.3

7- 5.0 & 10.0 785 26 5349 26

8- 10.0 & 20.0 213 22.5 2817 29.4

9- 20.0 and 43 23.5 1289 22.4 above

Total 9683 24.2 21890 25.1

Annex 4: Distribution of function, power and tax imposition between the Gram Panchayat, Janpad Panchayat and Zila Panchayat

Village Panchayats

Sanitation; construction and maintenance of sources of water; construction of roads, buildings, bridges, latrines, wells; lighting of village streets; control over entertainment shows, shops, eateries; maintenance of Panchayat property; establishment and management of market and melas; prevention of contagious diseases; promotion of youth and property; prevention of contagious diseases; promotion of youth and family welfare, etc. Providing public health facility, control on erection of building and such building; fining obstruction and encroachment upon public streets or open spaces; to name buildings and streets etc.

Property tax on land or buildings, tax on private latrines; lighting tax; professional tax; market fees; fee on registration of cattle sold in any market under the control of Gram Panchayat.

Janpad Panchayat

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP); agriculture; social forestry; cottage industries; family planning; sports; rural employment programme; provision for emergency relief in cases of fire, flood, drought, etc.; arrangement in connection with local pilgrimage and festivals; management of public ferries public markets, melas, etc.; any other function with the approval of the State government and the Zila Panchayat.

Janpad Panchayat can impose tax on theatre and other public entertainment; fees for any licensee or permission granted by the Janpad Panchayat and for use and occupation of lands or other properties vested in or maintained by the Janpad Panchayat.

Zila Panchayat

The functions and powers of the Zila Panchayat are to: Control, coordinate and guide the Gram and Janpad Panchayat within the district; coordinate and consolidate the Janpad Panchayat plans; coordinate the demands for grants for special purposes received from the Janpad Panchayats and forward them to the State government; secure the execution of plans, projects, schemes or other works common to two or more Janpad Panchayats of the district; advise the State government on social forestry, family welfare, welfare of the disabled, destitute, women, youth and children; exercise such other powers which the State government entrusts to it.

Annex 5 : District-wise ST Population in Madhya Pradesh

%age of STs ST Total Scheduled S No. District to Total Population Population Areas? Population

Balaghat 326540 1497968 21.80% Partial

Barwani 724735 1081441 67.02% Full

Betul 549907 1395175 39.41% Partial

Bhind 6720 1428559 0.47%

Bhopal 60561 1843510 3.29%

Chhatarpur 51593 1474723 3.50%

Chhindwara 641421 1849283 34.68% Partial

Damoh 136175 1083949 12.56%

Datia 9977 628240 1.59%

Dewas 215151 1308223 16.45%

Dhar 948434 1740329 54.50% Partial

Dindori 374447 580730 64.48% Full

Partial East Nimar 508532 1713134 29.68% (Khandwa)

Guna 203742 1666767 12.22%

Gwalior 56948 1632109 3.49%

Harda 126322 474416 26.63%

Hoshangabad 164049 1084265 15.13% Partial

Indore 163872 2465827 6.65%

Jabalpur 322890 2151203 15.01%

Jhabua 1211116 1394561 86.85%

Katni 245518 1064167 23.07%

Mandla 511798 894236 57.23% Full

Mandsaur 37526 1183724 3.17%

Morena 12974 1592714 0.81%

Narsimhapur 126139 957646 13.17%

Neemuch 61790 726070 8.51%

Panna 131796 856558 15.39%

Raisen 177139 1125154 15.74%

Rajgarh 47370 1254085 3.78%

Ratlam 314704 1215393 25.89%

Rewa 254061 1973306 12.87%

Sagar 196472 2021987 9.72%

Satna 268104 1870104 14.34%

Sehore 116122 1078912 10.76%

Seoni 429104 1166608 36.78% Partial

Shahdol 700651 1575303 44.48% Partial

Shajapur 35302 1290685 2.74%

Sheopur 120482 559495 21.53% Partial

Shivpuri 161393 1441950 11.19%

Sidhi 547375 1831152 29.89% Partial

Tikamgarh 51957 1202998 4.32%

Ujjain 53230 1710982 3.11%

Umaria 227250 515963 44.04% Partial

Vidisha 59323 1214857 4.88%

Partial West Nimar 542762 1529562 35.48% (Khargone)

(Compiled from Census 2001 data and www.tribal.nic.in)

Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project –II for official use only