Chpt 18: Objectives

1. Define risk, probability, and risk assessment. List four general types of common hazards and give two examples of each. Describe the relationship between health and the American workplace. 2. Define dose and response. Distinguish among acute and chronic exposures. Distinguish among acute and chronic effects. Summarize three methods used to enhance our understanding of toxicity of chemicals. 3. Define a dose-response curve. Distinguish between a linear dose-response model and a threshold dose-response model. Describe the difficulty in deciding which model applies best when low doses are involved. Assess the limits of toxicological research. 4. List five principal types of chemical hazards and give two examples of each. 5. Define mutagen, teratogen, and carcinogen. Summarize current research implying chemical effects on the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. 6. Distinguish between transmissible and nontransmissible diseases. Summarize current states of the fights against tuberculosis, malaria, and infectious bacteria. 7. Summarize steps to improve health in developing countries. 8. Summarize key questions to be answered in risk-benefit analysis, risk assessment, and risk management. What are the useful applications and limits of these analyses? 9. List several cases in which the public generally perceives that a technology or product has a greater risk than the risk estimated by experts.

Key terms: acute effect (p. 430) pandemic (p. 420) Anopheles mosquito (p. 423) persistence (p. 430) antagonistic interaction (p. 430) persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (p. 433) bioaccumulation (p. 430) phthalates (p. 428) biological hazards (p. 419) Plasmodium (p. 423) biomagnification (p. 430) precautionary principle (p. 432) carcinogens (p. 426) risk (p. 419) chemical hazards (p. 419) risk analysis (p. 433) chronic effect (p. 430) risk assessment (p. 419) comparative risk analysis risk communication (p. 433) conservation medicine (p. 425) risk management (p. 419) cultural hazards (p. 419) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) degree of control (p. 436) virus (p. 423) dirty dozen (p. 433) synergistic interaction (p. 430) dose (p. 429) teratogens (p. 426) ecological medicine (p. 425) thyroid disrupters (p. 427) endocrine system (p. 426) transmissible (infectious) disease (p. 419) epidemic (p. 420) water-soluble toxins (p. 430) gender benders (p. 427) West Nile virus (p. 423) genetic makeup (p. 429) hazardous chemical (p. 426) hepatitis B virus (HBV) (p. 422) hormonally active agents (HAAs) (p. 426) hormone blockers (p. 426) hormone disrupters (p. 428) hormone mimics (p. 426) hormones (p. 426) infectious disease (p. 419) influenza (flu) (p. 421) Kaposi’s sarcoma (p. 418) metastasis (p. 426) methyl isocyanate (MIC) (p. 428) multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) (p. 430) mutagens (p. 426) neurotoxins (p. 426) nontransmissible disease (p. 419) oil (fat) soluble toxins (p. 430) oral rehydration therapy (p. 425) Environmental Hazards and Human Health 1 Chapter 19 Objectives

1. Briefly describe the structure of the atmosphere being sure to include troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the boundaries between each set of layers. 2. Summarize ways in which humans disrupt Earth's major gaseous nutrient cycles. 3. Distinguish between primary pollutant and secondary pollutant; stationary source and mobile source; photochemical smog and industrial smog. List eight major classes of primary outdoor pollutants. Describe how smog is formed. Describe a thermal inversion and conditions under which it is most likely to occur. 4. Define acid deposition. Identify the level of risk that acid deposition creates for ecological systems and for human health. Give one example of the complexities of interactions which can be set in motion by acid deposition. List six strategies to prevent acid deposition. 5. Compare the risks of indoor and outdoor air pollution. List the four most dangerous indoor air pollutants, the potential health effects of each, and strategies for dealing with each. 6. Briefly describe how air pollution affects human health, plants, aquatic life, and materials. 7. Summarize the Clean Air Act. List six criticisms that environmentalists make about the Clean Air Act. Summarize the controversy over the stricter particle emission standards in the United States. 8. List four prevention strategies and three cleanup strategies to reduce emissions from stationary sources of air pollution. Define emissions trading policy and tell which pollutants are being regulated by this policy. 9. List eight prevention strategies and three cleanup strategies to reduce emission from motor vehicles. List six prevention strategies and six cleanup strategies to reduce indoor air pollution. 10. Visualize an integrated picture puzzle of a healthy sustaining atmosphere. Describe as many pieces of the puzzle as you can.

Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)

acid deposition (p. 444) nitrogen oxides (p. 443) acid deposition (p. 447) output approach (p. 462)

acid rain (p. 447) ozone (O3) (p. 444) air pollution (p. 441) ozone layer (p. 441) Asian Brown Cloud (p. 445) partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs) (p. 460) brown-air smog (p. 445) photochemical oxidants (p. 445) buffer (p. 447) photochemical reaction (p. 445) cap-and-trade program (p. 458) photochemical smog (p. 444)

carbon dioxide (CO2) (p. 442) primary pollutants (p. 441) carbon monoxide (CO) (p. 442) primary standard (p. 456) carbon oxides (p. 442) (p. 442) Radon-222 (p. 444) chronic bronchitis (p. 455) secondary pollutants (p. 441) cilia (p. 455) secondary standard (p. 456) Clean Air Acts (p. 457) sick-building syndrome (p. 452) climate (p. 440) stationary sources (p. 441) coal gasification (p. 459) stratosphere (p. 441)

dry deposition (p. 447) sulfur dioxide (SO2) (p. 444)

dust mites (p. 452) sulfuric acid (H2SO4) (p. 444) electrostatic precipitator suspended particulate matter emissions trading policy (p. 458) temperature inversion (p. 446) emphysema (p. 455) tobacco smoke (p. 453) fluidized bed combustion Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) formaldehyde (p. 453) troposphere (p. 440) grasshopper effect (p. 446) ulrafine particles (p. 444) gray-air smog (p. 445) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (p. 444) hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) wet deposition (p. 447) hybrid-electric vehicles (p. 460) wet scrubber (p. 459) industrial smog (p. 444) mobile sources (p. 441) national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS)

nitric acid (HNO3) (p. 443)

nitrogen dioxide (NO3) (p. 443) nitrogen oxide (NO) (p. 443)

Air Pollution 169 Chapter 20- Climate Change & Ozone Depletion- Objectives

1. Describe the greenhouse effect and what the Earth would be like without a greenhouse effect. List the two predominant greenhouse gases. List four greenhouse gases which have risen in the last few decades. List four human activities which contribute greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Distinguish between greenhouse effect and global warming. 2. Describe the pattern of the earth's average surface-temperature fluctuation throughout geologic time. Describe the period the earth has been experiencing for the last 10,000 years. 3. Describe the general trend of mean global temperature since 1860. List two factors other than the greenhouse effect that may have contributed to the general temperature change. State the consensus science view about the relationship between observed temperature changes and the likelihood of global climate change brought on by human activities. 4. Briefly describe projections of the major climate models regarding changes in mean surface temperature and average sea level. List eight important factors that lend considerable uncertainty to climate models and their projections. 5. State the range of temperature change which could cause real damage to ecosystems. Explain why a range so seemingly small can have such major consequences. Summarize the projections of possible effects of global warming on (a) food production, (b) water supplies, (c) forests, (d) biodiversity, (e) sea levels, (f) weather extremes, (g) human health, and (h) environmental refugees. 6. Describe three schools of thought about global warming and how we as a human society should act. List seven strategies which would slow potential global warming, including both prevention and cleanup approaches. 7. Describe the origin of stratospheric ozone and the role it plays in protecting life on Earth. Briefly describe changes which have been occurring in stratospheric ozone. 8. Describe the scientific work on CFCs and their relationship to ozone. Describe the political response to the scientific information. Summarize the consensus science view of CFCs and stratospheric ozone. Summarize alternative views that have received much attention. Explain the significance of a critically thinking citizenry to the democratic process. 9. Explain the potential consequences of ozone depletion. Propose three ways for slowing these changes.

Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)

adaptation (p. 480) methane hydrates (p. 473) adaptation strategy (p. 485) methyl bromide (p. 487) amplify (p. 471) methyl chloroform (p. 487) basal cell skin cancer (p. 488) mitigation (p. 480) black carbon aerosols (p. 472) Montreal Protocol (p. 490) burning fossil fuels (p. 467) natural cooling process (p. 467)

carbon dioxide (CO2) (p. 467) nitrous oxide (N20) (p. 467) carbon taxes (p. 482) ozone hole (p. 487) carbon tetrachloride (p. 487) ozone thinning (p. 487) chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) (p. 486) ozone-depleting compounds (ODCs) (p. 487) clearing and burning forests (p. 467) planting rice and using inorganic fertilizers (p. 467) climate skeptics (p. 470) polar vortex (p. 487) cooling effect (p. 472) soil sequestration (p. 481) Copenhagen Protocol (p. 490) soot (p. 472) coupled global circulation models (CGCMs) (p. 469) squamous cell skin cancer (p. 488) dampen (p. 471) technology transfer (p. 482) early warning sentinels (p. 473) wait-and-see strategy (p. 480) energy taxes (p. 482) warming effect glacial and interglacial periods (p. 466) global climate change (p. 470) greenhouse effect (p. 467) greenhouse gases (p. 467) halons and hydrobromoflurocarbons (HBFCs) (p. 487) hydrogen chloride (p. 487) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (p. 468) Kyoto Protocol (p. 483) malignant melanoma (p. 489)

methane (CH4) (p. 467)

Climate Change and Ozone Depletion 180 Climate Change and Ozone Depletion 181