A Case Study of Kota Kemuning, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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A STUDY ON LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING, AWARENESS AND PARTICIPATION ON LOCAL AGENDA 21 (LA21): A CASE STUDY OF KOTA KEMUNING, SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA BY NOOR AZLINA BINTI SAHAK A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree Master of Science (Built Environment) Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design International Islamic University Malaysia JAN 2018 i ABSTRACT The term ‘sustainable development’ is the catchphrase of the 1990s. Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNICED) held in June 1992, many countries including Malaysia have taken initiatives to implement the concept through the implementation of Local Agenda 21 (LA21). To promote this policy at the local level, four local authorities were chosen to implement it, namely Petaling Jaya City Council, Miri Municipal Council, Kuantan Municipal Council and Kerian District Council. For the state of Selangor, two pilot projects were launched by the local authorities of Shah Alam City Council and Kuala Selangor District Council in the early part of 2000. After nearly 16 years of implementation, how effective are these projects in promoting LA21 with the context of sustainable development? What are the level of awareness, involvement and understanding of the local community with regards to this policy? Using the case study of Kota Kemuning under the jurisdiction of Shah Alam City Council, the aim of the study is to analyze the local community’s understanding and awareness on LA21, their level of involvement in the implementation of LA21 and the effectiveness of these programs in achieving the objectives of LA21. This study used a multi-method approach of data collection that includes questionnaire surveys, in-depth interviews with key respondents’, site observations and data from secondary sources. 250 respondents were involved in this study. One major finding is that, in spite of a lot of time and financial resources invested in the promotion of the LA21 program, the level of awareness and participation was found to be low, reflecting the ineffectiveness of the programs undertaken by the authority. A sizeable number of the key stakeholders seemed not have knowledge and understanding with regards to LA21 and its importance. To cater to these shortcomings, a number of recommendations have been put forward to strengthen the implementation of LA21 such as to improve and provide an effective method in distributing and informing the public pertaining to LA21, to disseminate adequate information that can be easily accessed by public at any time, to develop an educational approach and consultation to enhance the awareness level of the community as well as attracting them to involve in LA21 and to enhance the roles of resident associations (RA). ii ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ 'ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ' ﻫﻮ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻈﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ (ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪ) ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 1992ﻡ، ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ "ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲLA21). 21) ﻭﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ، ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻎ ﺟﺎﻳﺎ، ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻱ ، ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺍﻧﺘﺎﻥ، ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻛﻴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﻼﻧﻐﻮﺭ، ﻭﺗﻢ ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺋﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺍﻻ ﺳﻴﻼﻧﺠﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ 2000ﻡ. ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ 16 ﻋﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ، ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ 21 ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ؟ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ ﻛﻴﻤﻮﻧﻴﻨﺞ (Kemuning) ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻢ، ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ 21 ، ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ . ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻁﺮﻕ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ، ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻤﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻮﺑﻴﻦ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ، ﻭﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ. ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ 250 ﻓﺮﺩﺍ. ﻭﺃﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ 21، ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺺ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ. ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ 21 ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ. ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ، ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻁﺮﺡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ 21 ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻭﺇﺑﻼﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ 21، ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ، ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻬﺞ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ، ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺬﺑﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ 21 ، ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ (RA). iii APPROVAL PAGE I certify I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science (Built Environment) ...................................................... Mohd Zin Mohamed Supervisor I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science (Built Environment) ...................................................... Rustam Khairi Zahari Internal Examiner ...................................................... Azhar Harun External Examiner This thesis was submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional Planning and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science ( Built Environment) ...................................................... Syakir Amir Ab. Rahman Head, Department of Urban and Regional Planning This thesis was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Built Environment) ...................................................... Abdul Razak Sapian Dean, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design iv DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own investigation, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degree at IIUM or other institutions. Noor Azlina Binti Sahak Signature.............................. Date....................... v INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH A STUDY ON LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING, AWARENESS AND PARTICIPATION ON LOCAL AGENDA 21 (LA21), A CASE STUDY OF KOTA KEMUNING, SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA I declared that the copyright holder of this thesis/dissertation are jointly owned by the student and IIUM. Copyright © 2018 by Noor Azlina Binti Sahak. All rights reserved. No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below. 1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may be used by other in writing with due acknowledgement. 2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes. 3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries. By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy. Affirmed by Noor Azlina Binti Sahak ....................................... ............................... Signature Date vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Alhamdulillah. I am very grateful to Allah the Almighty for giving me the strength to complete this study. First, I want to express my very profound gratitude to my parents, Hj. Sahak and Hjh. Sabariah for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of my study. Then, to my beloved and supportive husband, Mohd Alba who is always be my side when times I needed him most and helped me a lot in making this study, and also to my lovable children, Zarra Zulaikha, Yusuf Ariff and Muhammad Hail Anaqi, who served as my strength and inspiration to pursue this undertakings. Then, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my respected supervisor, Associate Professor. Dato. Dr. Mohd Zin b. Mohamed, where expertise, understanding, generous guidance and support made it possible for me to work on the topic. It was a pleasure working with him. I would also like to thank the officer of SACC (Shah Alam City Council) Mrs Annie Syazreen to assist me and provide me with a lot of information and ideas on the study. Then, to the Residents Association of Kota Kemuning, especially to the committee members, Mrs Vivien and Mrs Pauline who helped me a lot in conducting the survey, as well as to the residents’ of Kota Kemuning who involved in the survey for this research. Last but not least, I would also want to extend my appreciation to those who could not be mentioned here but have well played their role to inspire me behind the certain. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract in Arabic ........................................................................................................