Modern World History - Fall 2013

Final Review Guide Modern World History - Fall 2013

Early History Review - Unit 1 Review

1. What are ways historians gain information about the past? Radiocarbon dating, artifacts, oral histories, written histories, drawings, etc. 2. Who was “Scientific Adam” and how have scientists come to understand this about him? Scientists consider him a “super ancestor” who all human males today are genetically related to- studying genes of humans 3. Where were the oldest fossils discovered and what does this tell scientists? East Africa, this is where the earliest humans lived 4. How many miles did humans move outward each generation? 2-3 miles/generation 5. What is the significance of the Neolithic Revolution? When life goes from hunting and gathering to settling and growing crops- leads to civilizations 6. Where on earth did this first happen and why? Mesopotamia- in the Middle East between two rivers (Tigris & Euphrates) 7. What does Jared Diamond mean by people being “geographically blessed”? To be geographically blessed means that there are good crops (nutritious, hardy, surplus) & animals (able to pull a plow) which would allow people to advance more quickly 8. What are some examples of people and their geography affecting their ability to advance? New Guinea (lack cereal grain), Middle East (cereal grains- barley & wheat), S. America (no large beast of burden) 9. What is the significance of having successfully domesticated large animals? Large animals could be used to plant & harvest= more production 10. What are some positive and negative effects of the Neolithic Revolution? +Farming, animal labor, shelters, trade -disease, gender roles, crime, war 11. What is a civilization? An organized community living together 12. What are the common features of civilizations around the world? Art, cities, government, religion, social structure, writing 13. Who was Jesus and what were his beliefs (Jewish law and tradition, reaching salvation)? Challenged Jewish laws/tradition saying God wanted a personal relationship- Christian’s believe him to be the son of God 14. How did Roman persecution of Christians affect the strength of the movement? Causes Christians to organize and reject Roman rule 15. What is significant about Emperor Constantine converting to Christianity? First Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity, signally the acceptance of the religion 16. What troubled Muhammad which caused him to meditate? Growing inequalities between the rich and poor 17. What are the 5 pillars of Islam? 1. Devotion, 2. Prayer, 3. Charity, 4. Fasting, 5. Pilgrimage 18. What does Jihad mean? “Struggle in the way of God”-supports warfare 19. What caused the split in Islam between Sunnis and Shiites? Muhammad fails to name successor- two dynastic possibilities

Unit 2: The Middle Ages 20. What event marks the start of the Middle Ages? The Fall of the Roman Empire (500A.D.) 21. Why did the Western Roman Empire fall? Unable to defend its boarders from invasion 22. What was Emperor Justinian able to accomplish in the Eastern Roman Empire? Expanded territory & his power (absolute ruler), built Hagia Sophia (Christian church) 23. What caused a split in the Christian church between the east and the west? Two leader (pope in west, pope in east) both want power- excommunicate each other leading to split (Roman Catholic Church (West); Eastern Orthodox Church (East) 24. Under the authority of the pope, which Christian church dominated Europe during this time? Roman Catholic Church (Vatican City in Rome, Italy) 25. What was feudalism and why did it come about? Social contract between people which created stability & took care of peoples need for safety & food 26. What obligations existed between people in the feudal system? King granted Lords land; Lords granted Vassals land; Vassals provide protection to both Lords & peasants; Peasants paid taxes to Vassals; Vassals pay taxes to King & military service; Lords pay taxes and military service to King 27. What was Europe’s goal for engaging in the Crusades? To gain control of the holy lands, sacred to the Christian religion 28. How did the Black Death spread from person to person? Fleas carried the disease, which spread to humans (rats big part of transporting fleas) 29. During the Inquisition, how did the church treat those convicted of heresy? Question their devotion to church, held them without fair trial, torture to force confession, death resulted often 30. What other methods of “spiritual warfare” did the Roman Catholic Church (Pope) use to increase its authority in Europe? 1. Issue an interdict (banned practicing the sacraments in areas that disobeyed Pope) 2. Inquisition- going after heretics 3. Ally with monks/missionaries (Ex. St. Francis of Assisi) 31. Which two countries fought in the 100 Year’s War? France & England 32. How did the long bow affect the outcome of this war? English could effectively kill enemy from a distance (arrow could penetrate armor); took out the best fighting force (trained knights)

Unit 3: Renaissance and Reformation Review The Renaissance 41. What was the Renaissance? Renaissance= “rebirth”; was a dramatic shift in the way people viewed the universe and their place in it- looked to the ancient Greeks and Romans for knowledge 42. What caused the Renaissance to happen? The plague caused people to question the church (church losing power/influence) Trade brought in money to build great building, commission art, get education Printing press allowed ideas to spread easily- people could read/understand bible for themselves… questions? 43. In what European country did the Renaissance begin? Italy!!!!!!!!!! 44. Who wrote “The Prince” and what advice did he have for rulers? Niccolo Machiavelli- this was a guide for how to gain and keep power (said princes should not be limited by moral principles, the end justifies the means 45. What was Renaissance Humanism? An intellectual movement based on ancient Greek and Roman writings 46. How did Humanists view classical work? (Petrarch) Held it in high esteem- seen advanced, enlightened 47. According to Humanists, what was the role of education in an individual’s life? Goal was to help people discover new thing to improve themselves 48. What painting techniques did artists use to depict realistic images? Light and shadows, frescos, detail, perspective 49. In what ways did the Medici and the Pope support artists during the Renaissance? Commissioned artists’ to paint (Medici & Pope were known as “patrons” who support these artists and the development of their talents) Protestant Reformation 53. What Catholic practices came under fire during at the start of the Protestant Reformation? Selling of indulgences (pay church money for a piece of paper (indulgence) that said their sins were forgiven); priests uneducated in the writings of the bible 54. What does the Catholic Church believe regarding salvation? Salvation is gained through faith AND good works (pilgrimage, buying indulgences) 55. Why would a person buy an indulgence? Why was the church selling indulgences? It would mean they were closer to entering the kingdom of heaven (sins forgiven) To get money to pay for big projects 56. What role did Martin Luther have in the Protestant Reformation? He started it!!!!!!!!!!!!!! By writing the 95-These (attacking the Catholic Church) and nailing this to the church door in Germany for all to see 57. What role did printed material and social networking play in the movement? It allowed for Luther and other’s protest writings to be duplicated and distributed with more ease- printed in different languages 58. What beliefs did Martin Luther have which were different from the Catholic Church? Salvation achieved through FAITH ALONE 2 Sacraments (baptism & communion) 59. Why did Henry VIII create the Church of England or the Anglican Church? He wanted to divorce his wife and re-marry so to have an heir to the throne 60. At the Council of Trent (Catholic or Counter Reformation), what decision was reached regarding the selling of indulgences? Selling of indulgence was wrong and banned the practice Upheld the other beliefs/doctrine of the Catholic Church 61. How did the Jesuits help the Catholic Church’s public image during the Counter Reformation? They swore absolute obedience to the Pope and improved the Churches image by doing good works in the community such as providing education

Unit 4: Scientific Revolution & the Age of Exploration Scientific Revolution 62. Before the Scientific Revolution, where did people look for knowledge? The Roman Catholic Church!!! 63. What universe system did the Roman Catholic Church accept as truth? Geocentric model- Ptolemaic theory 64. What is the difference between the geocentric and heliocentric models of the universe? Geocentric = earth is center (Heaven & God located past planets) Heliocentric= sun is center 65. Why did Nicholas Copernicus wait to publish his book on the heliocentric model until just before his death? Afraid of retribution- being called a heretic (going against the doctrine of the church) 66. How did the church respond to Galileo’s criticism of the geocentric theory? Tried as a heretic- required to abjure (reject) his heliocentric theory- put on house arrest 67. What information did Isaac Newton contribute toward understanding the universe? 3 Laws of Motion- explaining why the planets, sun, stars move- “world machine” 1. Law of Inertia 2. Law of Acceleration 3. Law of Equilibrium 68. What is the purpose of the Scientific Method? For an individual to be able to test a theory and come to a conclusion- come to truths

Age of Exploration 69. What were the three main reasons European countries began exploring overseas? God, Glory, Gold 70. What was the affect of the Spanish on the Inca in South America? Destroyed political systems, spread disease which killed many, took over 71. What economic policy guided European countries during this time? Mercantilism- Know more about this! 72. How does a country achieve a favorable balance of trade (importing more than they export)? By imposing tariffs on good coming from another country so as to make them more expensive than the same good made within the country Ex. teapots 73. Who participated in the Triangular Trade? And what was their role? Africa- bought finished products from Europe (guns, rum, etc) Americas- (exported raw materials to Europe, imported slaves from Africa & finished products from Europe) Europe (imported raw materials from America, exported finished products to Americas & Africa) 74. What role did Africans play in this? Commodities to be bought and sold; participated in capturing fellow Africans, revolted in some cases 75. What was life like for Africans traveling on the Middle Passage? Dangerous, cramped, made to dance, disease ridden

Unit 5: Absolutism to Revolution Absolutism 76. What caused absolute rulers to emerge during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries? The church losing power to monarchs Crisis across- religious (Protestants v. Catholics) Flood of money into European countries (Mercantilism)

77. What affect did the Divine Right of Kings have on monarch’s power? It made people believe that the ruler should be in charge because it was “God’s will”- backing of church= more power 78. How did King Louis XIV use the Palace of Versailles to his advantage? Distanced himself from his subjects in Paris and moved government to Versailles (outside Paris) in order to keep a watchful eye on them 79. What was Peter the Great’s opinion of the west? He saw the West as very advanced and were an inspiration and what he wished to achieve in Russia 80. What contributions did Peter the Great make to Russia? He brought modernization to Russia- western culture (dress, hairstyles, architecture), built a navy to defend and take territory for Russia, built St. Petersburg (“window to the west”) Revolution 81. What were the causes of the French Revolution? Economic downfall in the lowest class of French society Distance of the King and fact that he wasn’t in touch with people’s need Wanted representative government 82. What major political changes occurred in France? Got rid of King (monarch) and for a time had a semi-representative government eventually ending up with a dictatorship under Napoleon 83. How did the rest of Europe respond to the revolution? European countries (Monarchs) wanted to stop the revolution because they feared it would spread to their country and people would rise against them 84. What role did Robespierre’s have during the revolution? Leader of the revolution- politician who’s strategy was to use the guillotine to make the revolution a success by getting rid of opposition- eventually his head rolls because he becomes too radical and blood thirsty 85. What was the fate of Marie Antoinette and her husband the King of France? Both were beheaded by the guillotine 86. What role did the guillotine play in the revolution? Was used to eliminate opposition against the revolution (favored the King) and turned into a scare tactic used by Robespierre during what is known as the “Reign of Terror” 87. What was the revolution’s rally cry? Liberty, Equality, Fraternity 88. How did Napoleon rise to power? Used his military might and success- seized the moment to take French government through a military coup