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UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME PROJECT DOCUMENT

SECTION 1: PROJECT IDENTIFICATION

1.1. Title of Sub-Programme: Climate Change

1.2. Title of Project: Republic of Angola: Enabling Activities for the Preparation of a National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA)

1.3. Project Number: IMIS: PMS:

1.4. Geographical Scope: Republic of Angola

1.5. Implementation: Project Co-ordinator TBD

1.6. Duration: 24 months Commencing: July 2007 Completion: December 2008

1.7. Cost of Project: (Expressed in US Dollars)

2007 2008 Total %

Cost to GEF Trust Fund 60,000 140,000 200,000 100 Total 60,000 140,000 200,000

To be signed upon GEF approval:

Signature: Signature: For the For the Government of Angola Environment Fund of UNEP

______Armindo Mario Gomes da Silva David Hastie GEF Focal Point Chief Ministerio da Energia E Aguas Budget and Financial Management Services, UNON

Date: ______Date: ______

1 UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME PROJECT DOCUMENT

SECTION 1: PROJECT IDENTIFICATION

1.1. Title of Sub-Programme: Climate Change

1.2. Title of Project: Republic of Angola: Enabling Activities for the Preparation of a National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA)

1.3. Project Number: IMIS: PMS:

1.4. Geographical Scope: Republic of Angola

1.5. Implementation: Project Coordinator Mr. Lucas Marcolino Miranda Ministry of Urbanism and Environment 4th February Avenue, 89 Luanda – Angola Fax: 244 222 310 003 or 244 222 310 517

1.6. Duration: 18 months Commencing: July 2007 Completion: December 2008

1.7. Cost of Project: (Expressed in US Dollars)

2007 2008 Total %

Cost to GEF Trust Fund 60,000 140,000 200,000 100 Total 60,000 140,000 200,000

1.8. Project Summary

The GEF approved funding the Preparation of National Adaptation Programmes of Action by Least Developed Countries in accordance to the Operational Guidelines for Expedited Funding. The project will lead to the preparation of NAPA to serve as simplified and direct channels of communication for information relating to the urgent and immediate needs for adaptation in Republic of Angola. In addition, it will facilitate capacity building for the preparation of initial national communications, and addressing urgent and immediate adaptation needs. Further, the NAPA will be prepared in parallel with the initial national communications which will be designed to complement the work on the NAPA. Both will be prepared with an emphasis on building national capacity in Angola.

2 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

Proposal for funding for the preparation of A National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA)

Country Name: Republic of Angola

Project Title: Enabling activities for the preparation of a National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) for Republic of Angola

GEF Implementing Agency: UNEP

GEF operational focal point: Mr. Armindo Mário Gomes da Silva

Climate change focal point: Mr. Lucas Marcolino Miranda Ministry of Urbanism and Environment 4th February Avenue, 89 Luanda – Angola Fax: 244 222 310 003 or 244 222 310 517

National executing agency: Ministry of Environment and Water

Country eligibility:

(i) LDC country (ii) Date of UNFCCC ratification: 14 June 1992

GEF financing: US$ 200,000

Government contribution: In kind

Estimated total budget: US$ 200,000

Estimated starting date: July 2007

Duration: 18 Months

Central Afrin Republic at a Glance - 2000 Population : 13.5 million Surface area: 1,246,700 sq. km Population per sq. km: 10.83 Population growth : 3.0 GNI per capita (Atlas method): 740.0 US$ GDP : 13.2 billion US$

3 Source: www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/

Background

1. The Republic of Angola is one of the 48 Sub-Saharan Africa’s country, classified by the World Bank among the low-income economies and the severely indebted countries.

2. Angola is situated on the western coast of Southern Africa, lying between latitudes 4°22’ S and 18°03’ S. The country is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north and north-east, Zambia to the east, Namibia to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Cabinda district is separated from the rest of the country by the estuary of the River Congo and territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with the Republic of the Congo lying to its north. The nation’s coastline extends over 1,650 km, with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extending to 200 nautical miles from the shoreline.

3. Angola is the second largest country in Africa, covering a surface area of approximately 1,246,700 Km². The total population is estimated to be around 14.6 million people (National Report for WSSD, 2002), but is difficult to know precisely how many Angolans there are because so many were displaced during the war.

4. A sparsely watered coastal plane extends along the coast and rises towards the interior which contains irregular terraces that form sub-plateaux. The central plateau accounts for around 66% of the land area and has numerous rivers which run into basins of the Congo and Zambezi Rivers that in turn flow to the Atlantic Ocean. The northwestern region of the central plateau and the enclave of Cabinda are covered by equatorial jungles while the southern regions and coastal plain are semi-arid. The Namib Desert occupies the coastal plain above Mocamedes. Moco Mountain (2,620 m) and Meco Mountain (2,538 m) are Angola's two highest peaks, which are situated in the central highlands.

5. Angola is located in the equatorial tropical region, therefore its climate is tropical, semiarid in the south and in the coastal lowlands to Luanda, locally tempered by sea and altitude. In the north interior highlands there are two distinct seasons: one hot and rainy, which lasts from November to April, and one cool and dry, from May to October, with little seasonal variation in temperature. The prevailing winds are predominantly from the west, south-west and south south-west. Rainfall is high in the north and in the central highlands (average 1,250-1,750 mm) and decreases rapidly along the coastal plan (average 250-1000 mm). South of Benguela the average is less than 100 mm a year.

6. Administratively, the country comprises 18 provinces, including the capital, Luanda, which is situated on the coast. The official language is Portuguese, but African languages are also in common use.

The macroeconomic context

7. Angola has been characterised by civil war since it achieved independence from Portugal in 1975. A 1994 peace accord (the Lusaka Protocol) between the government and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) provided for the integration of former UNITA insurgents into the government and armed forces. A national unity government was installed in April of 1997, but serious fighting resumed in late 1998, rendering hundreds of thousands of people homeless (CIA Factbook). Peace

4 was established after the death of rebel leader Jonas Savimbi on February 22, 2002 and a subsequent truce with UNITA.

8. The past 27 years of civil war have caused the death of roughly up to 1.5 million people and has had a catastrophic impact also on Angola’s fauna and flora. The internal conflict and shortage of skilled personnel have left Angola an economy in disarray and have deteriorated exploitation of country’s extensive mineral reserves, hydroelectric potential and abundant fertile land. Actually, Angola’s evolutions depend heavily on a definitive resolution of the civil strike, the successful reintegration of the displaced population and the rehabilitation of the country’s devastated infrastructure.

9. In 2000 Angola’s GNP was estimated at US $3,100m, equivalent to $240 per capita. In 2003 the GDP-purchasing power parity was estimated at US $20.59 billion, equivalent to $1,900 per capita (WB). The period of peace and the high oil prices has been healthy for the economy. GDP was forecasted at 13% in 2004 (The Economist).

10. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for a huge part of the population. The esteems of WB in 2003 report that the 85% of the total working population (6.23 million) were employed in the agricultural sector in 2001 and contributed an estimated 8% of GDP in the same year. Coffee is the principal cash crop.

11. Industry provided an estimated 67% of GDP in 2001, and employed an estimated 10.5% of the labour force in 1991. Mining contributed 70.3% of GDP in 1999. Petroleum production accounted for 61.5% of GDP in that year. Angola’s principal mineral exports are petroleum and diamonds, in addition there are reserves of iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, manganese, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, salt and uranium. The manufacturing sector, which the principal branch is petroleum refining, provided an estimated 2.9% of GDP in 2000.

12. Services accounted for an estimated 25% of GDP in 2001, and engaged an estimated 20.1% of the labour force in 1991.

13. Angola is rich in natural resources, including in particular oil and diamonds, as well as iron, phosphates, copper, gold, bauxite, uranium, extensive forests and Atlantic fisheries. To fully take advantage of its resources, the country will need to continue reforming government policies and to work towards good governance.

14. Oil production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy, contributing about 45% to GDP and more than half of exports. Increased oil production supported 7% GDP growth in 2003. The principal exports in 2000 were crude petroleum (accounting for 88% of total export earnings) and diamonds (9.5%); the exports of diamond increased significantly in 2000. The principal imports are foodstuffs, medicines, textiles, transport equipment, electrical equipment and base metals. In 2002, the principal market for export was USA (41%), while the principal source of imports was Portugal (19.2%)

15. At writing, 1USD = 88.9 AKA (Angolan Kwanza)

16. In April 2000 the government of Angola signed an agreement with the IMF in order to encourage greater economic stability, principally by reducing inflation and stimulating growth in sectors other than the petroleum industry. Angola succeeded in bringing inflation down further, from 325% in 2000 to about 106% in 2002, but the government has failed to make sufficient progress on reforms recommended by the IMF such as increasing foreign

5 exchange reserves and promoting greater transparency in government spending.

17. With regard of finance, government expenditure represents US $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of US $963, while the revenues represent US $928 million. The external debt is US $9.2% billion (2003 estimate)

18. Angola is a member of the Common Market for Eastern African Development Community (COMESA) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) in order to reduce the economic dependence of southern African states on South Africa.

19. The macro economic distortions and the inflation, added to the negative consequences of the war, contribute to low indexes for human development. There is a need for cutbacks, monetary and financial discipline, correct application of financial resources on local production, reforms and modernization of the economic legislation, public administration, and power Decentralization (UNDP).

Water

20. The Moxico Province, which contains the largest lake in the country, represents the most significant interior water formation. A number of smaller lakes cover a total surface area of 2,000 km2. Angola also presents an extensive network of rivers and streams covering all of its territory. Several of these constitute the headwaters for major rivers, including the Congo, Okavango, Kunene and the Zambezi.

21. Water resources are connected to climate in Angola, so the prospect of global climate change has serious implications for freshwater resources in the country.

22. Between 1986 and 1990 the country suffered the first catastrophic drought, with a great loss of people and livestock.

23. The soil erosion contributes to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams. The population also is faced with inadequate supplies of potable water. Severe food shortage following a period of drought in late 2000 worsened in 2001, owing to continued low levels of agricultural productivity. In the vast interior plateau heavy and locally rainfall causes periodic flooding.

Agriculture

24. Most of the terrain of Angola is covered by natural vegetation, with agricultural land covering only around 2% of the land area and permanent pasture around 23%.

25. Coffee is the principal cash crop in the country, while the main subsistence crops are cassava, maize, sugar cane, bananas and sweet potatoes. Cotton, sisal, vegetables and tobacco are widely cultivated; livestock farming is also widely practised.

Forestry and Biodiversity

26. Angola is a Sub-Saharan African country with a tropical climate, which make vegetation and forest resources vulnerable to drought and to drastic climatic variations. It had a total forest annual production of about 6,676,000 cubic meters in 1999. While Angola is extremely rich in terms of natural resources and biological diversity, almost three decades

6 of armed conflict accompanied by increased levels of poverty, have produced serious effects on the natural environment and the quality of human life connected with the increasing environmental degradation. The huge pressures from the human population, which is heavily concentrated in urban centres and in the coastal strip, have caused the overuse of pastures and the subsequent soil erosion. Besides, there are the problems of desertification and of deforestation of tropical rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity.

27. The dominant natural features of the country are the forest and savannah. Actually, nearly half of the territory is covered with natural forest and woodland (61 million hectares), mainly Miombo Forest and mopane woodlands, and the rest with savannah and steppes (62 million hectares), a variety of wetlands (including mangrove forests) and a limited arid zone. The tropical rain-forest extends over an estimated 2,000 km2, which represents less than 2% of the national territory. This forest is located in North-East Cabinda Enclave. Plantation forest covers some 235,000 hectares, consisting mainly of eucalyptus along the Benguela railway line. In the North of Angola, in the Provinces of Zaire and Uige, there is mixed moist forest.

28. The Government is involved in numerous initiatives to protect biodiversity after ratifying the Convention on Biological Diversity (1 April 1998), with technical support provided by UNDP and NORAD (Norwegian Agency for International Development).

Health

29. Life expectancy at birth in Angola is about 36.79 years for the entire population (2004). The infant mortality rate is about 192.5 per 1000 live births (2004), while the under-five mortality rate is 295 per 1000 children (1999). About 38% of the population have access to improved and safe water supply, while the population access to improved sanitation is 44% in 2000. The 5.5% of the adult are affected with HIV/AIDS disease (2001).

Poverty

30. As at the global level energy and environment are essential elements for sustainable development, also in Angola environmental degradation and lack of access to clean affordable energy systems disproportionately affect the poor.

31. Approximately 70% of the population of Angola is below the poverty line (2003) and more than half the population is affected by extensive unemployment and underemployment.

32. Recent studies have demonstrated that food is now more affordable for the poor and life is improving.

Energy

33. Energy in Angola is derived mainly from fuelwood (61%), charcoal (31.6%) and others (electricity, gas, petrol, gas, diesel) account for 7.4% of energy. Of the fuelwood consumed for energy, 93% is for domestic purposes while industry accounts for the balance of 7%. (source: thematic study 1/NBSAP, 2005). The fossil fuels under development in Angola are primarily for export.

7 34. Frequent and prolonged droughts would lead to the reduction of electricity generation from hydropower, which would result in additional generation from fossil fuels (oil). This would have direct implications on emission of greenhouse gases.

Transport and Infrastructure

35. Angola has very limited paved highways as compared to unpaved roads. There are 8 ports and 244 airports. Roads and bridges are in a terrible state, and the task of de-mining Angolan soil will take years.

36. Decades of civil war have led to the destruction of the country’s infrastructure. Therefore, the costs of travel, communication, transactions and equipment in Angola are higher than in other African countries.

Institutional Context

37. The government of Angola has signed and ratified many environment-international agreements in the sectors of: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution.

38. The Ministry of Urbansim and Environment (also coordination entity of CCD NAP, CBD NBSAP, and Montreal Protocol processes) co-ordinates all activities on climate change and the environment in the country.

39. The development initiatives undertaken by Angola emphasise following priority objectives:

 rehabilitation of rural infrastructure;  resettlement of the war refugees and displaced people;  food security;  battle against poverty and environmental degradation;  protection of crops against soil degradation;  reduction of pressures on the forestry resource;  empowerment and participation of local people;  enhancement of the conservation of natural resources for sustainable economic and social development;  conservation and sustainable utilisation of fuelwood resources by sound management.

40. These initiatives generated a policy based on the involvement and empowerment of local people in the management of natural resources. This approach is supported by the ongoing decentralisation process in Angola which essentially places the management of natural resources, including measures to combat land degradation, in the hands of local communities.

41. The Ministry of Urbanism and Environment has considered as priority within its mandate and conducted with success awareness, educational and sensitisation program on environment. The Ministry of Education and Culture, the Civil Society and the Media have also supported this program.

8 Objectives, and linkages to ongoing activities

42. The objectives of Angola’s NAPAs are:

 To serve as simplified and direct channels of communication for information relating to the urgent and immediate needs for adaptation in Angola;  To build national capacity of Angolan expertise in the field of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, thereby ensuring an enabling environment for the implementation of the UNFCCC; and,  To facilitate capacity building for the preparation of national communications, and addressing urgent and immediate adaptation needs.

Linkages to other projects

43. The preparation of the NAPA will take place alongside the preparation of the initial national communication (INC) to the UNFCCC. The vulnerability and adaptation section of the latter and the preparation of the NAPA will take place so as to avoid duplication and to maximize the capacity building in Angola. One of the most important contributions of these EAs will be the enhanced capacity of national experts to assess their own situation and propose measures to remediate environmental degradation and risk from climate change. The stocktaking exercise for the national communication will help to identify gaps in the knowledge for the NAPA preparation as well as for the INC.

44. Within the scope of some Government activities some actions have been started, such as approval of the Angola Environmental Law, the Water Law, the Fishing Law, the recent (2004) law for the protection Biological Resources and revision of the economic legislation to fit in the political changes happening in Angola. (UNCCD). Also, in accordance with the NAPA recommended guidelines, the NAPA implementation teams and information base will form linkages with other EAs in which Angola is engaged such as the NAP and NBSAP.

Introduction

45. The UNFCCC was signed on June 14, 1992 and ratified on May 17, 2000 by the Ministry of Urbanism and Environment of Angola.

Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory

46. Angola has not prepared the national communication but is in the process of preparing for undertaking a stakeholder consultation and stocktaking exercise to begin this process. It has undertaken some assessments of ozone depleting greenhouse gases in the country in the context of the Montreal Protocol.

The information on Greenhouse Gas were obtained from World Resources Institute - Earth Trends (http://earthtrends.wri.org)

47. The total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) in 1998 were 5,925 thousand metric tons, which the greatest part were produced by liquid fuels (2,928 thousand metric tons) and

gas flaring (1,738 thousand metric tons). The per capita CO2 emissions in 1998 were 0.5 thousand metric tons. In 1999, the 33% of CO2 emissions was produced by the sector of Manufacturing Industries and Construction and the 21% by the sector of Transportation.

9 48. In 1995, sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions were 130 thousand metric tons (on 141,875 thousand metric tons produced on the world), nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were 511 thousand metric tons (99,271 world), carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were 9,487 thousand metric tons (852,415 world) and non-methane VOC (NMVOC) emissions were 915 thousand metric tons (159,634 world).

49. The potential for sequestration is unknown but will be examined during the initial national communications.

Greenhouse Gas Abatement Analysis

50. Information about greenhouse gas abatement are not available and will be assessed during the initial national communications.

Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment

51. Angola has undertaken a number of relevant studies on vulnerability to climate. First, after the severe drought of the 1980s, Angola produced recommendations in September 1989, on mitigation measures against drought (i.e. livestock management) and set up a national cabinet, housed in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, to manage food security issues.

52. A post conflict environmental assessment is currently underway and is funded primarily by the African Development Bank (ADB) and is assessing at the general state of the environment, such as water, health, housing, agriculture, electricity and others.

53. UNEP’s poverty and environment program is currently working with African countries to develop indicators on the relationship between poverty/well-being and development, such as Poverty Reduction Strategies and Plans (PRSPs). This includes the relationship between human vulnerability to environmental degradation and events. Linkages will be sought through the Angola NAPA in terms of assessments of the vulnerability of the poor to climate changes and how to integrate this into national poverty reduction plans for Angola. This represents a pilot innovation and synergy to the NAPA to increase its value to Angola’s development agenda.

54. Little information on vulnerability to climate change is available in Portuguese. Sharing of expertise and skills between Lusophone countries will be encouraged through selection of experts and workshops organized for the preparation of the NAPA. UNEP will assist Angola in developing its network of Portuguese speaking experts and information.

Table 1: Angola has also implemented or is intending to implement a number of GEF projects, which are listed in the following table.

Project Title Focal Area Status Support to Capacity- Biodiversity Complete building for Improved Environmental Planning and Conversation of Biological Diversity in Angola – 1st Phase

10 National Biodiversity Biodiversity Underway since Strategy and Action Plan October 2004. TBC in (and Preparation of the First March 2006. National Report to the Conference of the Parties) Integrated Management of International Waters On going Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) Environmental Protection International Waters On going and Sustainable Management of the Okavango River Basin Combating Living Resource International Waters (November 21, Depletion and Coastal Area 2003 ?) Degradation in the Guinea Current LME through Ecosystem-based Regional Actions

Status of past and ongoing related activities

55. Angola has signed and ratified the following international conventions:

 Vienna Conventions on Ozone Depleting Substances  Montreal Protocol  United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)  United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)  Law of the Seas

International Agreement related to oil activities to which Angola has become a part include:

 The 1969 international Convention on Ship Arch (tonnage 69)  International Convention for Pollution Prevention by Ships and 1973 Protocol  The International Convention to Establish a Fund for the Compensation for Damages Derived from the Oil Pollution (Brussels)  The Convention for Intervention in High Seas in Case of Accident that could cause oil pollution  The 1979 Geneva Convention from the World Meteorological Organization  The 1972 International Convention on Civil Responsibility for Damage Caused at sea by pollution by oil  International Convention on Co-operation to Fight Against Oil Pollution  The 1996 Protocol related to the 1972 International Convention on Marine Pollution Prevention caused by deposit operations on dregs and other matters

11 56. Various other agreements were signed and ratified by Angola’s National Assembly but the instruments of ratification were not deposited:

 the Convention on International Commerce of Endangered Species (CITES)  Prior Informed Consent (PIC)  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)  The Bonne Convention (CMS)  The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

Initial set of gaps identified from Vulnerability and Adaptation (V&A) Assessments

57. Angola has not undertaken any Vulnerability and Adaptation assessments in the context of the UNFCCC. Angola is rebuilding its information base after the end of the civil war which ended in April 2002. Table 2 will be completed during the preparatory phase of the NAPA.

12 Table 2: Status of adaptation activities Adaptation/Coping Options Criteria for Institutional Technical Financial Sectors Coverage/Initial set of gaps identified prioritisation Capacity to capacity to capacity to implement implement implement Fresh Water - Impact on fresh water resources not covered - Not - Not undertaken - Not - Not Resources undertaken undertaken undertaken Agriculture - Impact on cereals covered - Not - Not undertaken - Not - Not undertaken undertaken undertaken Cash crop - Impact on cash crops not covered - Not - Not undertaken - Not - Not undertaken undertaken undertaken Forests and - Impact of forest t resources and biodiversity not covered - Not - Not undertaken - Not - Not Biodiversity undertaken undertaken undertaken Human Health - Impact of diseases not covered - Not - Not undertaken - Not - Not undertaken undertaken undertaken Tourism - Impact on tourism sector not covered - Not - Not undertaken - Not - Not undertaken undertaken undertaken Transport - Impact on roads (major highways and feeder roads) not - Not - Not undertaken - Not - Not covered undertaken undertaken undertaken - Impact on bridges and railways not covered Communication - Impact on communication infrastructure not covered, e.g. - Not - Not undertaken - Not - Not telephone lines undertaken undertaken undertaken Energy - Impact on electricity generation and electricity transmission - Not - Not undertaken - Not - Not not covered undertaken undertaken undertaken - Impact of higher day temperatures and lower night temperatures on energy requirements not covered Eco-systems - Impact on the key eco-systems in the country not covered - Not - Not undertaken - Not - Not undertaken undertaken undertaken

13 Project Activities and Outputs

58. The project will involve the following key activities, which are outlined below, and which are based on the “GEF operational guidelines for expedited funding for the preparation of national adaptation programmes of action by LDCs”.

14 Table 3: Diagrammatic Representation of the Processes/Tasks and Reports

Process/Tasks

Background

Module 1: Preparatory Activities Based on literature review of Documentation existing documents Resource Pack

Draft V&A report

National Workshop to review draft criteria and priorities Module 2: Consultation and Review of prioritisation prioritisation of activities by steering committee Final criteria & priorities To be compiled based on discussions of the Sectoral and Eco-systems seminars

First draft NAPA incorporating proposals, criteria & priorities

Module 3: Drafting of NAPA and public review Updated NAPA incorporating public review

Final NAPA incorporating Module 4: Endorsement and Government & civil society Publication of NAPA review and sent to GEF and Government & civil society will UNFCCC, wide dissemination undertake reviews

Wider Dissemination 15 Activity 1.1: Establishment, composition and mandate of the NAPA national network and identification of a lead agency

59. The Government will utilise the current institutional set-up to work on the NAPA project that will also manage the climate change enabling activities. The Minister of Urbanism and Environment will establish a NAPA Team for the running of day to day activities as well as the National Network in consultation with other relevant ministries and governmental departments, as well as academic institutions and NGOs. Existing networks formed for the purposes of other EAs may be used with amendments as appropriate.

60. After discussion with the UNFCCC focal point, the GEF Focal Point and the Director of International Exchange office, it has been decided that the UNFCCC focal point will act as the Project Co-ordinator of the NAPA. Once the NAPA is approved, discussions to finalize the selection of technical assistance, such as a Technical Advisor to co-ordinate and support the NAPA national network, will take place.

61. The NAPA National Network will have representatives from key sectors as well as from Angola’s major eco-systems. National and/or regional experts that will be represented in the national network through the task forces (Table 4) and will include freshwater resource management, agriculture and forestry, energy and cross cutting issues of poverty reduction and synergies between MEAs.

62. Gender equality will be considered in forming the NAPA country network. Adverse effects of climate change disproportionately affect women, who are often marginalised. In addition, women are often knowledgeable in vital local and traditional issues, and need to be recognised as key stakeholders in consultations and decision-making. Representation in high levels can be from governmental and non-governmental bodies.

63. The NAPA Steering Committee will agree to the composition of the Project Secretariat and task forces. The NAPA Secretariat, lead by the Project Co-ordinator will oversee the activities agreed to in this document and will liase with the Implementing Agency for reporting and technical support.

64. It is estimated that a total of 5 lead sectoral and eco-system experts will be required. These experts will ideally be individuals who have already been involved in the preparation of similar work, in particular on NAPs and NBSAPs but also include newer professionals to be supervised by top experts, who will gain experience and increase the number of expert in Angola. The experts will undertake assessments of vulnerabilities to climate change in their respective sectors/ecosystems, and propose possible adaptation measures, priorities and associated criteria. They will prepare expert papers based on their assessments, which will be presented at the sectoral and ecosystem workshops, as well as undertake the required reviews.

65. In addition to the sectoral and eco-system experts, an economist will be recruited as part of a cross cutting task force 3 on climate and development. The economist will take a lead role in the cost benefit analysis of adaptation measures and will contribute significantly to the work to integrate the NAPA into development processes.

66. The 5 sectoral/eco-system experts will focus on the drafting of the NAPA together with the Project Secretariat and lead by the project coordinator. The sectoral and eco-system expert teams will be selected to represent the major ecosystem types in Angola (drylands, humid zones and coastal zones) and in the following sectors:

16  Expert 1: Agriculture, forestry and livestock  Expert 2: Water resources,  Expert 3: Development planning and policy: this person will also have knowledge of Angola’s broader development priorities and strategies and will have expertise in the implementation of field measures. They will advise on the selection of priority activities and the development of detailed project profiles based on feasibility and the broader development context in the country.  Expert 4: Energy and infrastructure  Expert 5: Economist: This person will lead the work on economic feasibility, on valuations and cost/benefit analysis and on producing information on the relative potential costs on climate impacts and of the efficiency of the adaptation measures proposed. This person would also be involved in the development of indicators on poverty and environment.  In addition, two junior experts may be selected to assist in the above in order to broaden the experience for this type of work in Angola. These may be university post-graduate students or young professionals.

67. By drawing on many disciplines the resulting NAPA will be more integrated and crosscutting, capturing all the components of sustainable development.

68. The project co-ordinator and the technical advisor will be responsible for overall day-to-day co-ordination of the project and compiling the various reports into a single comprehensive NAPA report to be drafted by an editing team comprising two senior experts appointed to review the document by the Steering Committee.

69. A NAPA Team (Steering Committee) will be constituted to provide oversight to the project. The Steering Committee will be composed of representatives from the following institutions:

 Ministry of Urbanism and Environment  Senior representative of the Ministry of Finance and of Planning  A representative of the civil society  A representative of the University  Representative from the Multisectoral committee on Disaster Management  The UNFCCC focal point will be the secretary of the NAPA Team

70. No members of the NAPA national network will sit on the Steering Committee, with the exception of the Project Co-ordinator. The Steering Committee will meet every 6 months to review the progress of the project.

71. Based on the skills and capacity available in the country to engage in the UNFCCC processes, it is recommended that the duration of the project assigned an extended time of 24 months. Emphasis will be placed on co-ordinating with existing work undertaken under other Conventions (especially UNCCD and UNCBD). Moreover, activities and implementation structure will focus on building capacity for the eventual preparation of a first national communication for the UNFCCC.

17 Table 4: Institutional Structure Angola Prime Minister’s Office

NAPA Team (Steering Committee)

Chair: Minister of Urbanism and Environment Members: Ministry of Planning and of Finance Agostinho Neto University Member of civil society (NGO, field based, CBO) Profession Organization (i.e. engineer, law) Multi-sectoral Commission for Disaster Management Secretary: The UNFCCC National Focal Point

TASK FORCE 1 TASK FORCE 2 TASK FORCE 3 TASK FORCE TASK FORCE 5 Agriculture, Water resource Integration of 4 Building capacity for Forestry, Livestock management NAPA into Energy and NC,synergies b/w MINISTRY OF GD of WATER planning process Infrastructure Conventions, AGRICULTURE RESOURCES MINISTRY OF implementation issues AND RURAL MINISTRY OF URB PLANNING MINISTRY OF DEVELOPMENT and ENV ENERGY

PROJECT SECRETARIAT  Project Co-ordinator  Drafting Team DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF ENVIRONMENT Ministry of Environment

MAIN SERVICES  Information database and production of NAPA  Responsibility for managing activities and task force work  Selection of experts and broadening national capacity  Information products, e.g. NAPA, V&A reports  Recommendations for policy development to NAPA Team  Public awareness and consultation

18 This will also provide sufficient time for building the requisite skills and capacity needed for the preparation of the NAPA.

Outputs for Activity 1.1

The key output of this activity will be the appointment of the project co-ordinator the establishment of the NAPA Team (Steering Committee) NAPA National Network and finalise the work plan. The duration for this activity will be 3 months.

Activity 1.2: Review of studies/reports on vulnerability and adaptation to climate change

72. Ensuring availability of freshwater resources, preservation of its hydroelectricity supply, better management of its agriculture, including livestock and conserving forests and protecting energy supplies from climate change are considered a key priority set for Angola.

73. The NAPA national network will identify additional gaps and areas that could be studied and completed simultaneously with capacity building and assessments done through the initial national communication.

74. A gap analysis of national expertise in relevant key sectors and climate change will be assessed and a capacity building plan will be developed by the NAPA team. Upon consultation with UNEP, key capacity building exercises will be integrated into the NAPA preparation process to ensure the creation of an enabling environment for the implementation of the UNFCCC. A separate budget line will be allocated for this purpose of implementing the capacity building activities upon approval by UNEP.

75. To assess its freshwater supplies the project will review all the information related with water resources management like the Water Management Plan 2006-2015 for Angola; Okavango river basin water management project; national archives and maps on water resources and other projects mentioned above such as the post-conflict assessment. Additional sources of information will be sought at the on-set of the project.

76. In agriculture sector the project will analyse relevant activities what worked in the past as an adaptation measure and what did not work and why. Similarly, after the droughts in the late 1980s, a number of reports and activities were completed to increase the resilience of agriculture to droughts (i.e. drought tolerant seeds). These will also be studied to identify lessons learned and best practices in the context of development adaptation measures which increase the buffering capacity of agriculture to climate variability and change (either increased droughts, floods, or changes in averages).

77. Angola’s rich potential forest resources would dwindle rapidly due to coupled effects of exploitation and negative effects of climate change such as increased incidences of droughts. In addition, some tree species could be affected by prolonged droughts and these will be identified. It will be necessary to introduce new methodologies and legislation for forest management and forestry to ensure the sustainability of forest resources in Angola. In addition, the project needs work together with other departments involved in land use to improve the agricultural practices which affect the sustainable use of forests (i.e. slash and burn). Agro-forestry can be an alternative to be considered by the project together with affected communities.

19 78. The sectoral experts will gather existing international, regional and country-specific information on vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in their respective sectors. The eco-system experts will also gather relevant national, regional and international reports providing useful background information, data and case studies on Angola’s major eco-systems. The information will be in the form of published and un-published reports, articles, electronic media (CD- ROMs), conference papers, and draft reports. The material will be grouped under each of the sectors, and both the eco-system and sectoral experts will synthesize the material gathered for their respective sectors and eco-systems. Each expert will prepare a report on vulnerability and adaptation, which will include an annotated bibliography on all the materials and publications reviewed.

79. As it is unlikely that specialised eco-system reports on vulnerability and adaptation in Angola is available. The national network is expected to use sectoral reports and more general reports on each of the major country’s major eco-systems that provide information and data that is relevant to vulnerability and adaptation issues. The key documents to be reviewed will include:

 Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments in agriculture  Desertification Studies  Biodiversity Studies  The Country Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP).  Disaster Risk Management studies and strategies  Other relevant studies related to land use management and environmental impact assessments  Post conflict environmental assessment  Studies on economic vulnerability (WB, IMF, KPMG, SADC, NePAD)

80. As a gap-filling exercise, the sectoral and eco-system experts will organise field trips to undertake participatory rapid appraisals, with the aim of collecting additional information on vulnerabilities to climate change, coping measures currently in place and possible adaptation measures. The experts will specifically undertake a PRA on agriculture, and livestock. These two aspects were not dealt with exhaustively in the V&A assessment undertaken as part of the initial national communication.

81. The Project Co-ordinator will engage the services of a documentation expert, to compile the various documents into an accessible, easy to use documentation resource pack, which will be available in the public domain. The documentation resource pack will be housed in the executing agency, national library and an appropriate non-governmental organisation that deals with climate change. An initial set of relevant publications and reports that could be included in the document pack are listed in Annex 4

Outputs for Activity 1.2 The main output for this activity will be a Draft Vulnerability and Adaptation (V&A) Review Report, to be compiled by the Project Co-ordinator from the reports prepared by each sectoral and eco-system expert, and a public domain documentation resource pack on climate change, vulnerability and adaptation. The documentation resource pack will comprise of: - A minimum of 5 key reports on vulnerability and adaptation to climate change - CD-ROM and diskette with abstracts of the key publications - Draft V&A Report - Relevant Eco-system and Sectoral Meeting Reports - Contact list for vulnerability and adaptation in Angola, including detailed names and contact addresses of all agencies represented in the NAPA network.

20 - Development of database of experts from Portuguese speaking community

The duration for this activity will be 6 months.

Module II: Consultations and prioritisation

Activity 2.1: Consultation workshop on major areas of vulnerability to climate change and key adaptation measures and development of country driven criteria for prioritisation of adaptation measures

82. Adaptation activities to the sectors and ecosystems identified as vulnerable to future climate change will be identified through consultation workshops involving stakeholders nationally.

83. The Project Management Team (PMT) in consultation with the NAPA national network will organise an initial national level workshop, where a wide range of stakeholders will discuss the draft Vulnerability and Adaptation (V&A) Review Report. The sectoral and eco-system experts are also expected to participate in the Workshop. The aim of the workshop will be to solicit the views of stakeholders within and outside the NAPA network, on the vulnerability of Angola to current climate variability and extreme weather events and on the initial set of key adaptation measures that have already taken place.

84. On freshwater resources the project will consider adaptation measures including building flood protection areas, dams and dykes, flood diversion, storage of fresh water, pump drainage and improved weather forecasting.

85. The project will also assess the comparative river system simulation carried out to analyse the effects of the rice production development policy and the natural resources management policy on the full agricultural development potential and changes needed to account for risks from climate change. The simulation study compared three alternative hydrological scenarios, using the pre-drought era, the 1970s-level drought, and the 1980s-level drought.

86. In agriculture the project will consider alternative approaches such as agricultural development policy that is based on village-scale irrigation or rainfed projects. Village-scale irrigation is dedicated to low-water consumption cereal grain crops and is managed by traditional sociopolitical structures.

87. The project will review potential adaptation measures including crop diversification, intercropping in order to enrich soils, orienting cereal production toward irrigated crops that are less dependent on rain, water harvest farming (through water catchment recessional agriculture, use of drought resistant crops and new high yield variety crops, flow-retarding mechanisms and bunds), water control, improvement of credit and agricultural extension services, enhanced training programs and dissemination activities, more aggressive pest control programmes, rotation of planting dates, promotion of productive low-water use irrigation techniques and, incorporation of guidelines on climate change in future planning. These proposed adaptation measures would be further examined and prioritised in the NAPA.

88. Similarly the workshops will consider agroforestry production system having the dual objectives of using irrigation to re-establish a protective biomass cover in the savanna desertifying areas and protecting energy supplies. Some of the adaptation measures that could be proposed include more energy efficient appliances such as improved stoves both at household

21 and institutional levels. These would directly benefit women, by reducing the amount of fuel used and therefore the time and distance for firewood collection. In addition, these appliances would reduce the exposure of women and children to smoke emissions.

89. Adaptation options will therefore include small actions as well as major national approaches. At the management unit level (e.g. watershed), careful management of rainwater through damming can allow agricultural production. There is vast experience in the nearby African countries (such as Senegal and Ethiopia) where brief periods of rain are utilised very efficiently for farming.

90. At the national level, political goals such as self-sufficiency in food production will need to be re-evaluated with reference to water resources available to the country and how they can be apportioned between food production, human needs, and ecosystem needs.

91. The proposed NAPA will review the aforementioned adaptation measures to identify priority measures that should be fast-tracked for priority implementation.

92. A set of locally driven criteria will be used to select priority adaptation activities. The NAPA country team could consider the following criteria:  Level or degree of adverse effects of climate change  Poverty reduction to enhance adaptive capacity  Synergy with other multilateral environmental agreements  Cost-effectiveness

More detailed indicators of well-being could be developed with assistance of UNEP’s Poverty and Environment work.

93. Sectoral and eco-system experts as well as workshop participants will be invited to comment on the proposed criteria for prioritisation of adaptation measures as well as invited to suggest other criteria that might be more appropriate. In addition, cost benefit analysis of the various coping measures will also be undertaken.

Outputs for Activity 2.1

The consultation workshop will result in a more detailed inventory of areas of vulnerability to climate change in Angola; key adaptation measures (categorised by sector and region); and, an initial set of criteria for prioritisation of adaptation measures for Angola. The duration for this activity will be 5 months.

Activity 2.2: Prioritisation of adaptation measures using criteria

94. The identified adaptation activities for each sector will be prioritised using costing and valuation methods will be used, where possible, to quantify the cost of potential impacts; these costs include the costs of adaptations required specifically to respond to climate change as well as the costs of residual damages. Such analysis by economists will help prioritise identified adaptation measures. At this time, as assessment of existing activities on which the NAPA implementation can build will be done in order to determine the efficiency and feasibility of implementing priority adaptation measures.

22 95. Based on experience from the NBSAP, a small meeting of the NAPA team with the sectoral experts will be held to select the criteria for prioritization. Subsequently, four field consultations at the community level will take place to agree to the criteria to ensure participation from communities. The consultations will represent the different eco-system and regional stakeholders and will refine and prioritise the various adaptation measures.

96. A broader one day NAPA team meeting, with invitation of other key experts and communities, will be held to apply the criteria to the adaptation measures and deliver a list of prioritized adaptation measures.

97. The Project co-ordinator and the technical advisor will compile the priority listings from the above meeting and develop a national level priority listing.

Outputs for Activity 2.2

The key outputs for activity 4 will be a priority listing of adaptation measures for each sector and each region as well as a national level priority listing of urgently needed adaptation measures with the requisite criteria.

The duration for this activity will be 3 months.

Module III: Drafting of NAPA and public review

Activity 3.1: Drafting proposals for implementation of priority adaptation activities

98. This activity’s main goal will be to prepare Programmes of action for priority adaptation activities.

99. The sectoral experts in conjunction with the Project Co-ordinator and the Technical Advisor will prepare proposals based on the priority activities identified in Activity 2.2. The proposals will describe how the adaptation measures will be implemented, while highlighting the requirements for implementing the measures. The proposals will also include a cost-benefit analysis for each of the adaptation measures, to be prepared by the economists attached to each sectoral and eco-system expert. The LDC Expert Group (LEG) provides guidelines for the preparation of proposals in Annex 5 prepared.

100. A more detailed project profile (5 pages) for the number one priority will be developed with the assistance of the NAPA team.

101. The NAPA project co-ordinator and the Technical Advisor will co-ordinate the drafting and compilation of the proposals, with the day-to-day co-ordination responsibilities delegated to the various sectoral and eco-system experts.

Outputs for Activity 3.1

Once all the sections of the proposals have been drafted and compiled and incorporated in earlier draft reports, the compilation will constitute the first Draft National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) report.

23 The duration for this activity will be 3 months.

Activity 3.2: Public Review of the draft NAPA

102. This activity will ensure incorporation of opinions and views of the wider public in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA).

103. The draft NAPA will be summarised into brief 5-page summary, and translated into English for distribution to the public for review. The draft NAPA will be distributed to various interest groups (e.g. NGOs, environmental organisations, universities, etc.) in both urban and rural areas. In addition, the draft NAPA will appear in Portuguese in local languages newspapers, which will ensure wider public readership. Press conferences involving representatives of the main TV station, national radio stations and a wide range of FM radio stations will be organised. A website will be created to post the NAPA and to receive comments from the public as well as internet use in Angola is increasing day by day. In addition, a public hearing will be organised to solicit the views of the general public. Comments from the public review of the draft NAPA will be compiled, and incorporated into the NAPA by the Project Co-ordinator with assistance from the sectoral and eco-system experts.

104. The Steering Committee will review the comments made through public review and its incorporation in the final draft to be submitted to the Government for review.

Outputs for Activity 3.2

The output for this activity will be an updated NAPA (in both summarised and extended formats), which will have incorporated the comments received during the public review.

The duration for this activity will be 2 months

Module IV: Endorsement and Publishing of NAPA

Activity 4.1: Review of updated NAPA by Government, civil societies and endorsement by GEF focal point

105. The updated NAPA will be distributed to the NAPA national network, key Government ministries, the National Climate Change Committee and civil society for review. Comments received from the review by Government and civil society will be used to finalise the NAPA.

106. The updated NAPA will then be forwarded to the GEF focal point for endorsement. Endorsement by the National Assembly will also be sought though this may take longer than the allocated time.

Outputs for Activity 4.1

The two key outputs from this activity will be (i) the final NAPA (in both summarised and extended formats) and (ii) the endorsement letter from the GEF focal point in Angola, (iii) the detailed project summary for the number one priority (5 pages).

The duration for this activity will be 1 month.

24 Activity 4.2: Finalising and dissemination of the NAPA

107. The final NAPA report (in both summarised and extended formats) will be published and printed, and also translated in English. The Portuguese and English versions will be disseminated to a wide range of stakeholders and the public. Brief summaries of the reports will be reproduced in the major Portuguese newspapers and discussed in the mass media (TV stations and radio stations).

Outputs for Activity 4.2

The key outputs will be the published in English and Portuguese for widespread national dissemination.

The duration for this activity will be 1 months.

Institutional Arrangements for oversight and co-ordination

108. The Ministry of Urbanism and Environment will have overall responsibility for the project. They will oversee the constitution of the NAPA national network. The priorities for the Ministry for the past four years has been housing including provision of basic services such as energy and water as well as development of legislation for environmental protection. An umbrella law for environmental protection exists and draft bills are under development to complement this law.

109. Each major sector and region will be represented in the NAPA national network. This will allow for participation of all stakeholders, even at the Provincial and regional levels.

110. The PMT (Project Management Team) will be comprised of the Project Co-ordinator, Technical Advisor and the 5 sectoral /eco-system experts. The PMT will be expected to meet monthly to review the progress of the project.

111. The National Steering Committee will act as an independent oversight body, and will approve the major decisions of the project. The Committee will periodically review the outputs of the PMT, sectoral and ecosystems experts, as well as proceedings of the national workshops.

112. UNEP as the implementing agency will provide technical backup and advisory support to both the executing agency and the NAPA national network. In addition, the PMT could also request for technical assistance from the LDC Expert Group (LEG).

25 Table 5 Timetable

Activity/Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1.1 Establishing the project team leading to the composition & mandate of the NAPA country network 1.2. Review of studies / reports on vulnerability to climate change and adaptation measures Fisheries, Livestock, wetlands zones and savanna areas 2.1. National Stakeholder workshop to establish criteria for selecting priority measures 2.2. Sectoral and Ecosystem seminars to review draft V&A review reports 3.1 Drafting of proposals for implementation of priority adaptation activities 3.2. Public review of the draft NAPA

4.1. Review of updated NAPA by stakeholders

4.2. Finalising and dissemination of the NAPA

26 Table 6: Activities Budget (USD)

Activity Stocktaking Process: (Assessments, Product: Assessment Total consultations, workshops, reports/strategy and action plan etc.)

1. Synthesis of available 10,530 10,000 20,530 information on adverse effects of climate change and coping strategies 2. Participatory assessment of 25,000 20,000 45,000 vulnerability to current climate variability and extreme weather events, and associated risks and capacity building in relevant areas (upon approval of plan by UNEP)

 Identification of past and current practices for adaptation to climate change and climate variability  Identification of key climate change adaptation measures

 Identification of criteria for selecting priority activities

Total 35,530 30,000 65,530 (Assessment and prioritisation) Development of proposals for priority activities 1) National /sub-national 22,000 25,000 47,000 consultative process for short listing potential activities

27  Selection and identification of priority activities

2) Prepare profiles of priority 16,000 16,000 activities in the prescribed format

Total 22,000 41,000 63,000

Preparation, review and finalization of the NAPA 1) Public review 6,000 5,450 11,450 2) Final review by government and 3000 2000 - civil society representatives

3) Printing, publishing and 7,000 10,000 17,000 translation of the final NAPA document 4) Dissemination 2,000 2,000 Total 21,500 18,270 30,450 Technical Assistance 1) Assistance requested from LDC - expert group

2) Other technical assistance 6,000 3000 9,000 Total 6,000 3000 9,000

28 Annex 1: Example Background Documents on Climate Change and Adaptation

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 2000

Vulnerability Indices: Climate Change impacts and Adaptation

Abstract: Climate Change is the most challenging environmental problem facing the international community today. The purpose of this briefing paper is to review emerging and existing concepts of vulnerability and adaptability, and to refine them into a dependable tool for prioritising preventive actions by policy makers. This would ensure cost-effective policy decisions in a variety of countries and regions likely to experience adverse effects of climate change. The paper systematically differentiates between three domains of vulnerability considering present criticality in the absence of climate change, adaptive capacity and climate change hazards.

KEYWORDS: climate change, vulnerability, adaptability, international Pages 84

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) 2002

STAP Expert Group Workshop on Adaptation and Vulnerability, 18-20 February 2002 and STAP Consultations, 21 February 2001

Abstract: This is a background document on the STAP expert group workshop on Adaptation and Vulnerability convened from 18-20 February 2002, Nairobi, Kenya. The expert group workshop examined the following specific aims and objectives with the view of providing the GEF with strategic advice on how to maximise its interventions and investments in the area of adaptation. (i) How to operationalise the guidance provided by the conference of the parties; (ii) Identify the gaps in current scientific knowledge in terms of integration adaptation concerns into mainstream development in specific sectors; (iii) How to integrate adaptation concerns into mainstream development projects in specific sectors in a scientifically sound manner; (iv) Develop guidelines for the formulation of a framework and/or approach for the GEF to fund adaptation interventions; (v) Outline the main elements of a targeted research agenda for adaptation, based on the gaps identified in (ii).

KEYWORDS: UNEP, STAP, energy, GEF, international, workshop, climate change, adaptation Pages 32

Robert T.Watson, Marufu C.Zinyowera, Richard H. Moss, 1995

Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change - Scientific- Technical Analyses, Contribution of Working Group II to the Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Abstract: This chapter summarises the scientific-technical analyses of impacts, adaptations, and mitigation of climate change in particular, mitigation options in the Transportation Sector. The transport sector is one of the most rapidly growing sectors. In 1990 was responsible for about 25% of 1990 world primary energy use and 22% of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel use. The transport sector though linked to economic development imposes burdens on society, including air pollution. The publication looks into climate change and abatement of greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector. It also includes a section on management of forests for mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

29 US Country Studies Program (USCSP) (1999)

Climate Change Mitigation Vulnerability and Adaptation in Developing and Transition Countries: US Country Studies Program Support for Climate Change, Studies, Plans and Technology Assessments.

Abstract: This report provides an overview of the work conducted by developing countries participating in the U. S Country Studies Program (USCSP). Under this program, participating countries evaluated climate change mitigation options assessed their vulnerability to climate change, identified methods for adapting to climate change, and developed plans for responding to climate change.

United Nations (UN), 1997

Communication from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1997)

Abstract: The is a brief report from the UNFCCC Secretariat on the status of preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the convention. A status table is prepared using information obtained from: (i) national responses received from parties to a questionnaire on the status of preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the convention during the period of Feb-September 2001; and (ii) the Global Environment Facility, its implementing agencies and bilateral programmes.

KEYWORDS: UN, Climate Change, national communications, Pages 12

United Nations (UN), 2001

National Communication from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1997)

Abstract: This document summarises and updates in synoptical form information concerning the state of advancement of activities in the areas of technical co-operation, including those known as CC; TRAIN, CC: FORUM, CC: INFO AND CC: SUPPORT, for consideration by the sixth session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) on which the secretariat had reported to the SBI since the second session of the Conference of the Parties (COP). The synopsis contains the following tables: Table I: “Status of preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the convention”’; Table 2: “Secretariat Participation in regional workshops; Table 3 “ CC: TRAIN national workshops”; Table 4: “CC: TRAIN training material”; Table 5: “ CC: FORUM”; and Table 6: “ CC: INFO national website initiative”.

KEYWORDS: Climate change, international, Pages 14

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 1993

The Impact of Climate Change: UNEP/GEMS Environment Library No.10

Abstract: This booklet deals with the impacts of climate change the possibility of accelerated warming resulting from the enhanced greenhouse effect and with climate vulnerability. The effects of global warming on climate cannot yet be predicted at a local level, but those countries currently at the margin of

30 their ability to support their populations’ will almost certainly find it difficult to adapt to new environmental conditions.

KEYWORDS: climate change, environment, international, energy Pages 40

Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: The Policymaker's Summary of the Report of Working Group 1 to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Abstract: Human activities may be inadvertently changing the climate of the globe through the enhanced greenhouse effect, by past and continuing emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases which will cause the temperature of the Earth's surface to increase - popularly termed the "global warming". If this occurs, consequent changes may have a significant impact on society. The purpose of the Working Group 1 report, as determined by the first meeting of IPCC, is to provide a scientific assessment of: 1) the factors which may affect climate change during the next century especially those which are due to human activity. 2) the responses of the atmosphere-ocean-land-ice system. 3) Current capabilities of modelling global and regional climate changes and their predictability. 4) The past climate record and presently observed climate anomalies.

KEYWORDS: environment, international, report, policy, climate Pages 26

Guidelines for the Preparation and National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) from the UNFCCC CoP, the LEG , the GEF, and the Implementing Agencies.

31 Annex 2 Guidelines on the Structure of NAPA Documents

Information already included in the proposal for funding the NAPA preparation process need not be repeated in the NAPA document itself. The GEF proposal-preparation process requires specific information and linkages to other enabling activities. Only essential points should be repeated here.

A. Introduction and setting 1. This introductory section will include background information about the country that is relevant to the NAPA process. It will cover current characteristics, key environmental stresses, and how climate change and climate variability adversely affect biophysical processes and key sectors.

Given the need for conciseness in the NAPA document, only information that is directly relevant to the content of the NAPA document should be included in this section.

B. Framework for adaptation programme 2. This section will also provide an overview of climate variability and observed and projected climate change and associated actual and potential adverse effects of climate change. This overview will be based on existing and ongoing studies and research, and/or empirical and historical information as well as traditional knowledge.

This section should clearly summarise hazards posed by climate and climate change, and some summary of vulnerability, based on past studies and/or from stakeholder knowledge of their situation. This section will set the context for the whole NAPA by clearly demonstrating what aspects of climate change are important for the country, based on the experience of its stakeholders. Such an approach cannot rely exclusively on academic literature, or Vulnerability and Adaptation reports, but mainly on the knowledge of practitioners at the community level who have developed coping strategies over generations.

The reference above to “projected climate change” implies drawing on existing national projections, if available.

3. This section will describe the NAPA framework and its relationship to the country’s development goals, to make the framework consistent with socio-economic and development needs. In addition, it would also describe the goals, objectives and strategies of the NAPA, taking into account other plans and multilateral environmental agreements.

While the NAPA identifies urgent and immediate action, it still needs to fit within development goals, plans and frameworks, especially in relation to rural citizens and economic development plans for the country. NAPAs will not attempt to implement broad national development goals; rather, NAPAs would build upon national goals and integrate into national plans. They should also promote synergies with other plans of action.

Most if not all countries have elaborated their development goals, and have systems in place to implement the associated plans through economic planning, etc. It is important that the NAPA team be aware of these, because NAPAs may be expected to safeguard important systems, including infrastructure that would be critical in achieving economic goals for the country. For example, a NAPA may wish to flood-proof a single bridge that connects a major cash-crop producing area of a region. 4. Where possible, a description of the potential barriers to implementation should also be included.

There may be potentially serious barriers to implementing NAPAs, such as a lack of policies to facilitate the implementation of the NAPA. These barriers should be identified and possibly

32 considered as areas for intervention in the immediate term or in future. Examples of such barriers could include legal and policy-level inadequacies or inconsistencies, institutional, social, economic and cultural barriers, lack of awareness of climate change issues etc.

C. Identification of key adaptation needs 5. Based on this overview and framework, past and current practices for adaptation to climate change and climate variability will be identified as related to existing information regarding the country’s vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change, climate variability and extreme weather events, as well as long-term climate change. This section will explain how and to what extent activities may address specific vulnerabilities.

This will be the synthesis of the core of the NAPA preparation process, and should clearly articulate suggested courses of action based on specific vulnerabilities. This long list of activities should be based on the assessments carried out by the NAPA team, including very substantive involvement by stakeholders.

In some cases, countries may have adequate information from past studies to suggest urgent actions to address previously identified priorities. In such a case, the multi-stakeholder dialogue would emphasise the discussion of actions and selection of priority activities.

6. Given the actual and potential adverse effects of climate change described in section B.2 above, this section will identify relevant adaptation options including capacity building, policy reform, and integration into sectoral policies and project-level activities.

D. Criteria for selecting priority activities

A country should be free to choose from these criteria as best suits their case. NAPA activities must address convincing threats of climate and climate change, and information should be provided that shows potential damages and how this damage would be avoided or reduced. NAPA activities should demonstrate fiscal responsibility (cost-effectiveness), they must be related to level of risk, and should complement important country goals, such as overcoming poverty to enhance adaptive capacity, and other environmental agreements.

The prioritisation process is a two-tiered approach. Under paragraph 7 below, four general criteria will be used to select priority adaptation activities from a long list of potential activities. The criteria under paragraph 8 below will be prioritised and will subsequently be used to rank the selected NAPA activities.

The criteria under paragraph 7 could be seen as of a first order; those under paragraph 8 as further detailing. Countries are encouraged to limit the number of criteria to a manageable number.

7. A set of locally-driven criteria will be used to select priority adaptation activities. These criteria should include, inter alia: (a) Level or degree of adverse effects of climate change; (b) Poverty reduction to enhance adaptive capacity; (c) Synergy with other multilateral environmental agreements; (d) Cost-effectiveness.

8. These criteria for prioritisation will be applied to, inter alia: - Loss of life and livelihood;

Countries are encouraged to treat “loss of life” and “loss of livelihood” as two distinct criteria. (a) Human health; (b) Food security and agriculture;

33 (c) Water availability, quality and accessibility; (d) Essential infrastructure; (e) Cultural heritage; (f) Biological diversity; (g) Land-use management and forestry; (h) Other environmental amenities;

This could include wetlands, natural attractions, etc. - Coastal zones, and associated loss of land.

Countries should use all or any of the above, as well as other relevant criteria for their situation.

E. List of priority activities 9. This section will list priority climate-change adaptation activities that have been selected based on the criteria listed in section F.4 above.

This is the outcome of the NAPA preparation process – a list of priority activities, which fit in well with the country's development goals and poverty reduction strategies, while at the same time enhancing the adaptive capacity of its vulnerable communities. 10. For each of the selected priority activities a set of profiles will be developed for inclusion in the NAPA document. The format of the project profile is as follows, and each should be about 2-3 pages only:

Title Rationale/justification, in relation to climate change, including sectors concerned

Description - Objectives and activities - Inputs - Short-term outputs - Potential long-term outcomes

Implementation - Institutional arrangement - Risks and barriers - Evaluation and monitoring - Financial resources

F. NAPA preparation process 11. This section will describe the NAPA development process, including the process of consultation, the methods for evaluation and monitoring, the institutional arrangements, and the mechanism of endorsement by the national government.

This final section would document, briefly, the processes and major steps in developing the NAPA, paying particular attention to the important guiding principles of NAPA, namely:

 Use of a participatory process involving stakeholders, especially local communities  Inclusion of multiple disciplines and inclusion of agencies responsible for implementing development plans  Country-drivenness  Contribution to overall sustainable development goals  Government endorsement and commitment to implementing the outcomes, and some system for accountability

34  Transparency

53.0 Cash Advance Requirement

Initial cash advance of US$50,000 (representing 50% of the Year 2005 budget) will be made from UNEP upon signature of the project document by both parties. Subsequent cash advances will be made quarterly, subject to:

Confirmation by Ministry of Urbanism and Environment at least two weeks before the payment is due, that the expected rate of expenditure and actual cash position necessitate the payment, including a reasonable amount of cover “lead time” for the next remittance (see format in Annex 2)

The presentation of:  a satisfactory financial report showing expenditures incurred for the past quarter. (see format in Annex 3 )  timely and satisfactory progress reports on projects implementation.

54.0 Institutional Framework and Evaluation

55.0 Institutional framework

This Project will be implemented under the general guidance and direct supervision of the Assistant Executive Director, Division of GEF Coordination, UNEP.

All correspondence regarding substantive matters should be addressed to:

UNEP:

Liza Leclerc Task Manager UNEP/DGEF P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: 254-20-624215 Fax: 254-20-624041/623162 E-mail: Liza.Leclerc@unep org .

For Angola

Project Coordinator Mr. Lucas Marcolino Miranda Ministry of Urbanism and Environment 4th February Avenue, 89 Luanda – Angola Fax: 244 222 310 003 or 244 222 310 517

With copies to:

Ahmed Djoghlaf Assistant Executive Director Division of GEF Coordination UNEP P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya Fax: +254-20-624041

Correspondence regarding financial and budgetary matters should be addressed to:

35 Mr. David Hastie Chief Budget and Financial Management Service, UNON P.O. Box 67578 Nairobi, Kenya Fax: +254-20-623755

With a copy to:

Mr. Victor Ogbuneke Fund Management Officer Division of GEF Coordination UNEP P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-20-623780 Fax: +254-20-624041/623162

56.0 Evaluation

Independent evaluation of the project will be done by the UNEP Evaluation and Oversight Unit following completion of all activities.

57.0 Quarterly Progress Reports

From March 2005 and every three months thereafter, the Ministry of Urbanism and Environment will submit Quarterly Progress Reports to the UNEP/GEF Division Director, with copies to the Chief, BFMS, on the progress in project execution as per Annex 4 of the project document.

58.0 Terminal/Final Reports

Within 60 days of the completion of the project, the Ministry of Urbanism and Environment shall submit a Terminal Report in the UNEP format to the Assistant Executive Director, Division of GEF Co-ordination with copies to the Chief, Budget and Financial Management Service and the Chief, Programme Coordination and Management Unit. The report should indicate the principal factors, which have determined the success or failure of the project in meeting the objectives set forth in the project document as per Annex 6.

59.0 Financial Reports

The Ministry of Urbanism and Environment will report details of project expenditure to UNEP in line of objects of expenditure as set forth in the project Budget (Annex 1) in accordance with the standard format given in Annex 3 of the project document.

The year end expenditure accounts certified by a duly authorized official should be submitted to UNEP within 30 days by an official of the Ministry of Urbanism and Environment.

A final statement of account will be submitted to UINEP, in line with UNEP project budget codes, reflecting actual final expenditures under the project, when all obligations have been liquidated as per Annex 3.

60.0 Cash Advance Requirements

A statement of advances of cash provided by UNEP will be submitted quarterly (in the format shown in Annex 2).

61.0 Other Terms and Conditions

36 Inventory of Non-expendable equipment purchased against UNEP projects

The Ministry of Urbanism and Environment will maintain records of non-expendable equipment (items costing US$1,500 or more as well as items of attraction such as pocket calculators, cameras, computers printers etc. costing US$500 or more) purchased with UNEP funds (or with Trust funds or Counterpart funds administered by UNEP), and submit an inventory of such equipment to UNEP quarterly following the format contained in Annex 5, attached to the quarterly progress report, indicating description, serial number, date of purchase, original cost, present condition, location of each item.

Non-expendable equipment purchased with funds administered by UNEP remains the property of UNEP until its disposal is authorized by UNEP, in consultation with the Ministry of Urbanism and Environment.

The Ministry of Urbanism and Environment shall be responsible for any loss of or damage to equipment purchased with UNEP funds. The proceeds from the sale of equipment, (duly authorized by UNEP) shall be credited to the accounts of UNEP, or of the appropriate trust fund or counterpart funds.

The Ministry of Urbanism and Environment shall attach to the terminal report mentioned in paragraph above a final inventory of all non-expendable equipment purchased under this project following the format in Annex 5 indicating description, serial number, original cost, present condition, location and a proposal for the disposal of the said equipment. The inventory should be physically verified by a duly authorized official of the GEF Co-ordination Division.

62.0 Responsibility for Cost Over-runs

The Ministry of Urbanism and Environment authorised to enter into commitments or incur expenditures up to a maximum of 20 per cent over and above the annual amount foreseen in the project budget under any budget sub-line, provided the total cost of the UNEP annual contribution is not exceeded.

This may be done without prior authorisation, but once the need for these additional funds becomes apparent, the Ministry shall inform, within thirty days, the Chief, Budget and Financial Management Services, UNON, about shifts made and these have to be reflected in a revision to the project document, not later than three months after the shifts have been made.

63.0 Publications

All final publications must be produced/published, according to UNEP's publication manual with the approval of the UNEP Editorial Committee to ensure peer review of manuscripts, and distribution and marketing strategies. UNEP thereby affirms itself as copyright-holder of the said manuscripts.

37 LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1: Budget in UNEP format (to be completed during project internalization)

Annex 2: Format for Cash Advance Statement

Annex 3: Formats for Quarterly National Project Expenditure Report

Annex 4: Format of Quarterly Progress Report

Annex 5: Format for Non Expendable Equipment Inventory Report

Annex 6: Format for Terminal Report

38 ANNEX 2: FORMAT FOR CASH ADVANCE STATEMENT

Cash advance statement Statement of cash advance as at ______And cash requirements for the quarter of ______

Name of co-operating agency Supporting organization______National Project No. ______National Project title ______I Cash statement

1. Opening cash balance as at ...... US$ ______2. Add: cash advances received:

Date Amount ......

3. Cash advanced to date a) GEF contribution US$ ______b) Country contribution US$ ______TOTAL (a+b) US$ ______

4. Less: total cumulative expenditures incurred US$ (______) 5. Closing cash balance as at ...... US$ ______

II Cash requirements forecast

6. Estimated disbursements for quarter ending ...... US$ ______

7. Less: closing cash balance (see item 5, above) US$ (______)

8. Total cash requirements for the quarter ...... US$ ______

Prepared by______Request approved by______Duly authorised official of cooperating agency/ supporting organisation

39 Annex 3: FORMAT OF QUARTERLY PROJECT EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS FOR SUPPORTING ORGANIZATIONS Quarterly project statement of allocation (budget), expenditure and balance (Expressed in US$) covering the period from...... to...... Project No.:...... Supporting organization...... Project title:...... Project commencing:...... Project ending:...... (date) (date) Object of expenditure in Expenditure Incurred Unspent balance accordance with of budget allocation UNEP budget codes Project budget For the quarter Comulative for year...... allocation for expenditures year…………… ...... this ...... year ...... m/m Amount m/m Amount m/m Amount m/m (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1101 National Project Coordinator 1201 Assessment and Prioritisation 1202 Development of Proposals for Priority activities 1203 Assistance from LDC Expert Group 1301 Administrative Support Staff 1382 Monitoring/Evaluation 1601 Staff Travel 4101 Office Supplies 4102 Literature 5101 Maintenance of Computer 5201 Public Review 5202 NAPA Report (Including translation)

40 5301 Communication

99 GRAND TOTAL

Signed:______Duly authorized official of supporting organization NB: The expenditures should be reported in line with the specific object of expenditure as per project budget.

41 Annex 4: Format for Quarterly Progress Report As at 30 June and 31 December (Please attach a current inventory of outputs/Services when submitting this report)

1. Background Information

1.1 Project Number:

1.2 Project Title:

1.3 Division/Unit:

1.4 Coordinating Agency or Supporting Organization (if relevant):

1.5 Reporting Period (the six months covered by this report):

1.6 Relevant UNEP Programme of Work (2002-2003) Subprogramme No:

1.7 Staffing Details of Cooperating Agency/ Supporting Organization (Applies to personnel / experts/ consultants paid by the project budget):

Functional Title Nationality Object of Expenditure (1101, 1102, 1201, 1301 etc..)

1.8 Sub-Contracts (if relevant):

Name and Address of the Sub-Contractee Object of expenditure (2101, 2201, 2301 etc..)

2. Project Status

2.1 Information on the delivery of outputs/services Output/Service Status Description of work Description of problems (as listed in the (Complete/ undertaken during encountered; Issues that approved project Ongoing) the reporting period need to be addressed; document) Decisions/Actions to be taken 1.

2.

3.

2.2 If the project is not on track, provide reasons and details of remedial action to be taken: 3. Discussion acknowledgment (To be completed by UNEP)

Project Coordinator’s General First Supervising Officer’s General Comments/Observations Comments

42 Name: Name:

______Date: Date:

______Signature: Signature:

______

43 Attachment to Quarterly Progress Report: Format for Inventory of Outputs/Services

a) Meetings (UNEP-convened meetings only) No Meeting Title Venue Dates Convened Organized by # of List attached Report issued Language Dated Type by Participants Yes/No as doc no (note 4) 1.

2.

3.

List of Meeting Participants No. Name of the Participant Nationality

b) Printed Materials No Type Title Author(s)/Editor(s) Publisher Symbol Publication Distribution (note 5) Date List Attached Yes/No

1.

2.

3.

44 c) Technical Information / Public Information No Description Date 1.

2.

3.

d) Technical Cooperation No Type Purpose Venue Duration For Grants and Fellowships (note 6) Beneficiaries Countries/Nationalities Cost (in US$) 1.

2.

e) Other Outputs/Services (e.g. Networking, Query-response, Participation in meetings etc.) No Description Date 1.

2.

3.

Note 4 Meeting types (Inter-governmental Meeting, Expert Group Meeting, Training Workshop/Seminar, Other) Note 5 Material types (Report to Inter-governmental Meeting, Technical Publication, Technical Report, Other) Note 6 Technical Cooperation Type (Grants and Fellowships, Advisory Services, Staff Mission, Others)

45 ANNEX 5: FORMAT FOR INVENTORY OF NON-EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT

PURCHASED AGAINST UNEP PROJECTS UNIT VALUE US$1,500 AND ABOVE AND ITEMS OF ATTRACTION

As at ______Project No.______

Project Title ______

Executing Agency: ______

Internal/SO/CA (UNEP use only)______

FPMO (UNEP) use only)______

Description Serial No. Date of Original Purchased / Imported Present Location Remarks/recommendation Purchase Price from (Name of Country) Condition for disposal (US$)

The physical verification of the items was done by:

Name: ______Signature: ______

Title: ______Date: ______

46 ANNEX 6: FORMAT FOR TERMINAL REPORT

TERMINAL REPORT

Executing Agency ______

National Project Number ______

National Project Title ______

1. National Project purpose and expected results Re-state the purpose and the expected results of the National Project.

2. National Project activities a) Summary of the main activities reported with references to their description in progress report (Give reasons for activities planned but not carried out, if any). b) List the actual activities/outputs produced but not included in previous Progress Reports under the following headings

a) Meetings envisaged under the National Project (e.g.: intergovernmental meeting, expert group meeting, training/seminar workshop, others):  Title  Venue and dates  Convened by  Organised by  Report issued as doc. no.  Language and date of the report  No. of participants, names and nationality

b) Printed material (e.g. reports, Technical publications, Others)  Title  Author(s)/Editor(s)  Publisher  Symbol (UN/UNEP/ISBN/ISSN etc.)  Date of publication  Distribution list

c) Information disseminated  description  dates  media used  target groups

d) Technical Cooperation (e.g. grants and fellowships, advisory services, others)  purpose  place  duration  beneficiaries, nationalities and cost in US$ e) Other outputs/services (e.g. Networking, Query-response, Participation in meetings etc.)

47 3. National Project outputs Compare the outputs generated with the ones listed in the National Project document. State how these outputs have been utilised. Describe how the National Project document outputs and their uses were or were not instrumental in realizing the objectives/results of the National Project.

4. Conclusions Summarize the lessons learned during the National Project execution. Concentrate on the management of the National Project, indicating the principal factors, which determined success or failure in meeting the objectives set down in the National Project document. Give also an assessment of the sustainability of the results obtained by the National Project.

5. Recommendations Make recommendations:  To indicate what further actions might be needed to meet the National Project objectives/results.  On follow actions required to implement the National Biosafety Framework.  To improve the effectiveness and impact of similar National Projects in the future.

6. Non-expendable equipment (value over US$1,500) Please attach to the terminal report a final inventory of all non-expendable equipment (if any) purchased under this National Project, indicating the following: Date of purchase, description, serial number, quantity, cost, location and present condition, together with your proposal for the disposal of the said equipment.

48 TERMINAL REPORT FORMAT

1. 1. Background Information

1.1 Project Number

1.2 Project Title

1.3 UNEP Division/Unit

1.4 Implementing Organization

2. 2. Project Implementation Details 2.1 Project Needs and Results (Re-State the needs and results of the project)

2.2 Project Activities (Describe the activities actually undertaken under the project, giving reasons why some activities were not undertaken, if any)

2.3 Project Outputs (Compare the outputs generated with the ones listed in the project document)

2.4 Use of Outputs (State the use made of the outputs)

I.5 Degree of achievement of the objectives/results (On the basis of facts obtained during the follow-up phase, describe how the project document outputs and their use were or were not instrumental in realizing the objectives / results of the project)

I.6 Determine the degree to which project contributes to the advancement of women in Environmental Management and describe gender sensitive activities carried out by the project.

2.7 Describe how the project has assisted the partner in sustained activities after project completion.

49 3. 3. Conclusions

3.1 Lessons Learned (Enumerate the lessons learned during the project’s execution. Concentrate on the management of the project, including the principal factors which determined success or failure in meeting the objectives set down in the project document)

3.2 Recommendations (Make recommendations to (a) Improve the effect and impact of similar projects in the future and (b) Indicate what further action might be needed to meet the project objectives / results)

4. 4. Attachments 4.1 Attach an inventory of all non-expendable equipment (value over US$ 1,500) purchased under this project indicating Date of Purchase, Description, Serial Number, Quantity, Cost, Location and Present Condition, together with your proposal for the disposal of the said equipment 4.2 Attach a final Inventory of all Outputs/Services produced through this project

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