O Unified Middle Class Indians Against British Colonialism

British Colonial Rule:

 Sepoy Mutiny (1857) o Indian soldiers working for the British revolted when British used fat in guns. Resulted in greater British control.  Indian National Congress (1885) o Unified middle class Indians against British colonialism.  Muslim League (1906) o supported Muslims against Hindus.

Gandhi: Independence:

 Gandhi's Program o Passive Resistance . A campaign of non violent noncooperation o Civil Disobedience . Refusal to obey unjust laws and willing to suffer the consequences o Economic boycott . refusal to buy British goods and services o Dandi Salt March . Protest march on British tax on salt/making it  Partition and Freedom o 1947 Independence granted o Formation of Pakistan for Muslims . Civil War and unrest o Gandhi Assassinated by Hindu fanatic o Nehru-1st prime minister tries to restore peace

India 1960+:

 Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister (1966) o daughter of Nehru o She is voted in and out of office because of civil rights violations o Assassinated by a Sikh nationalist in 1984 o Her son Rajiv took over after a corrupt term . Was also assassinated.

Indian Society:

 Caste System o Brahmas - priests o Kshatriyas - warrior class o Vaisyas - middle class o Sudras - laborers o Harijans - untouchables  Religion o Hinduism . Vedas (prayers) . Upanishads (phil.) . Deities . Brahma (creator) . Vishnu (preserver) . Shiva (destroyer-recreator) . Reincarnation - rebirth of the soul in another . Karma - deeds in another life . Dharma - rules /obligations . Cremation . Moksha - internal peace o Buddhism . founder Siddhartha Gautama (563 - 483 BC) . Became Buddha (Enlightened One) . Four Noble Truths . All life is suffering . Suffering is caused by desire . Desire can be eliminated . There is a path to end desire . Goal in life - nirvana (perfect peace) o Jainism . opposite of Hinduism . non-violence . vegetarians . refusal to kill living things o Sikhism . founder Nanak . monotheism . no castes . no reincarnation. o Others . Christianity . Islam  Problems o Overpopulation o poverty o poor industrial growth o birth control - govt. policy  Foreign Policy o Non alignment o problems with Pakistan and Bangladesh