World History Final Exam Review

World History Themes

Theme Examples 1) Throughout human history there has been a struggle - Protestant Reformation between continuity and change. - Scientific Revolution - Industrial Revolution - Decline of Feudalism

2) Throughout human history there has been an - 15th century exploration everchanging relationship between the human and - Geographical barriers natural worlds. - Climate

3) Throughout human history there have been - Food continuous efforts to solve the problem of scarcity. - Gold - Industrial resources

4) Throughout human history knowledge, ideas, and - World religions spreading beliefs are acquired, applied, expressed, and - Hitler burning books suppressed. - Inquisition

5) Throughout human history there have been - Europe discovers the Americas interactions between cultures. - Muslim trading with West African empires - Europeans have spheres of influence in China 6) Throughout human history factors exist which - Spanish domination in the Americas contribute to the acquisition and loss of power. - Napoleon’s rise and fall - Hitler’s rise and fall

1000A.D.   Cities were located near sources of fresh water  Most of the world’s population was concerned with agriculture and food production

World Religions

Religion Major Beliefs Number of gods/Name Hinduism - Reincarnation - Polytheistic - Rewards in life results from good behavior in previous life -Brahman (highest reality)

Buddhism - Seek Nirvana - None- Buddha - Follow the Eightfold Path

Judaism - God loves everyone - Monotheistic – Yaweh - Do good works Religion Major Beliefs Number of gods/Name Christianity - Christ is God’s son - Monotheistic – God - Do good works

Islam - 5 Pillars of Islam - Monotheistic – Allah

Japanese Shogunate  Obedience between the social classes was key to their relationship

West African Kingdoms  Cultural diffusion: spread and adoption of different cultures  Islamic beliefs and traditions had a great impact

Middle Ages Why did feudalism last so long? a. Protected all levels of society

b. Economically self-sufficient

c. Easy system for the king to keep control

d. The system failed when kings and merchants tried to maintain control over larger nation-states

 What were some of the results of the Black Death? a. Population decline

b. Employment opportunities

c. Wage increases

d. Decline in international trade

Mongol Empire  Once the Mongols took over they created a lasting peace and encouraged trading to take place between Europe and Asia  Resulted in religious tolerance, technological exchange, and more trade

Renaissance

Changes in thinking:  Away from religion  Humanism—interest in human body and individual potential; dominant idea  Secularism—shows interest in human activities (not religious)  How did political and scientific thought change? Political – Machiavelli wrote about how to keep power, viewing political behavior as a science. Machiavelli’s book, The Prince, was based on secular thoughts

Scientific – Before Renaissance scientific events were explained either through the Bible or by using logic. - During the Renaissance scientists like Leonardo Da Vinci challenged accepted thought by experimenting and using mathematical reasoning.

 Why did humanism and secularism dominate the Renaissance?  People came to realize their life on earth was just as important as their life in heaven  People should explore their potential

Protestant Reformation  The historical struggle during the Protestant Reformation was a challenge to the policies of the Catholic Church  The theme that best illustrates this is the struggle between continuity and change

Chinese Dynasties  The dynastic cycle justified new rulers

Overseas Exploration  What motivated Europeans to conduct overseas exploration? a. Wealth and power

b. Spread Christianity

c. National pride

d. New maritime technology

 What was the cause of the significant population decrease in the Spanish colonies in America?  Introduction of disease pathogens

 What was a major impact of colonization?  Using Africans as slaves

 What was the Triangle Trade System?  A system of trade developed between the Americas, Europe, and Africa

Mercantilism  Expansion of global trade and business competition

Absolute Rule  Monarchs (Kings, queens, royalty) held complete control  Used their power and wealth to benefit themselves French Revolution  Which group in society gained power and which lost power as a result of the Revolution?  Gained Power – Peasants (3rd Estate) – 98% of the population  Lost Power – Monarchy and Clergy (2nd and 1st Estates), opposed change because they held the power and wealth.

Industrial Revolution  What changes occurred in Europe as a result of the Industrial Revolution?  Short Term – horrible living and working conditions  Long Term o Wealth o Better living and working conditions o Increased Wages o Better quality of life

 Why was Europe able to industrialize? 1. People moved to cities 2. New technologies 3. Water sources for power and transportation.

 What impact did unions have?  Higher Wages  Safer Working conditions  Rights for Workers  Limits on working hours

Enlightenment Thinkers  Voltaire believed people had a right to express their beliefs.  Enlightenment ideas spread to the Americas which inspired revolutions.

Imperialism  What is imperialism?  Stronger countries take over weaker countries and dominate them economically, politically, and socially. Build an empire.  Increased rivalries between European countries.

 List the four forms of imperialism and give an example of where each was practiced. 1. Colony (India)

2. Protectorate (Puerto Rico)

3. Sphere of Influence (China)

4. Economic Imperialism (Dole Fruit Company)  Berlin Conference 1884  European powers met and came to an agreement on how to divide up Africa into territories  Created guidelines about “effective occupation” and control of African territory  African nations had no input

World War I  Trench Warfare  New weapons led to high casualties  Lack of new military tactics

 What were the underlying causes? 1. Militarism-strong military 2. Alliances-agreements between nations 3. Imperialism-takeover territory 4. Nationalism-proud to belong to a group

Russian Revolution  What are the underlying causes of the Russian Revolution  Economic Problems  Harsh Autocratic Rule from Czar  Russo Japanese War  Bloody Sunday

Great Depression  What were the results of the Depression? 1. High Unemployment 2. Bank Failures 3. Businesses Bankrupt 4. Inflation 5. Shortages

World War II  Which countries had totalitarian leaders?  Germany (Hitler)  Italy (Mussolini)  Japan (Hirohito)

 What is appeasement?  1930s British and French policy to avoid another world war  Gave Hitler what he wanted

Holocaust  Nazi policy of eliminating the Jewish population.  Final stage of genocide in Europe.  6m Jews were killed. Post World War II  Effects in Europe and Asia  Huge loss of life  Soviet Union becomes a world power  Colonies become independent of Europe

 Gandhi  Nonviolent non-compliance – simply put, don’t do what they are telling you to do.  Used passive resistance as opposed to armed resistance

 Apartheid  Policy instituted in South Africa by the ruling white minority separating whites from blacks  Other nations imposed economic sanctions to end Apartheid

 Containment  President Truman policy designed to stop the spread of communism.  Truman Doctrine – support any country who wanted a democratic form of government.  Marshall Plan – gave $ to European countries after World War II who decided to pursue a democratic way of life.  Korean and Vietnam Wars were containment wars.

 What is the Cold War?  Period of tension between the end of World War II and 1990 in which the US and Soviet Union waged indirect warfare through other nations.  Neither wished war with the other because both possessed countless nuclear weapons.

 Communist takeover of China  Decreased European influence in China and Asia

Give examples of how religious and ethnic hatred has threatened world peace since the end of World War II?

Conflict Cause of Problem Result Arab-Israeli Arabs (Palestinians) and Jews (Israelis) both There has been warfare and violence between Conflict want control of the same land. the two groups since the establishment of Israel after WWII.

Apartheid Policy instituted in South Africa by the Other nations imposed economic sanctions to ruling white minority separating whites end Apartheid. from blacks.

Hutus and Ethnic hatred between Hutus and Tutsis Several African nations are not overwhelmed Tutsis results in Civil War; over 1 million deaths with tribal and ethnic hatred on the verge of (Rwanda) in 1990s war

Nationalism in Nonviolent non-compliance – simply put, Used passive resistance as opposed to armed India (Gandhi) don’t do what they are telling you to do. resistance Essay Topics

 Pick an event from the list below and explain how it illustrates the theme of resistance to change. transition between feudalism and the rise of nation states Protestant Reformation the Chinese foreign policy of isolation  global colonization/de-colonization experiences àIndustrial Revolution àThe Scientific Revolution and the Catholic Church àOther event: ______

 The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I. Look back at your notes or use the textbook to see what the Treaty of Versailles did, especially what it required of Germany (the big “loser” of WWI). To what degree did the Treaty of Versailles lead to the outbreak of World War II? Include multiple details and examples to support your answer.