The Cat in the Hat

The Cat in the Hat Latin to English

Cattus Petasatus The Cat with the Traveling Cap On

Imber totum diem fluit All day the rain pours Urcretim semper pluit. Always raining by the bucket. Taedet intus nos manere: It wearies us to remain inside: Numquam potest sol splendere, Never is the sun able to shine,

Desidesque sic sedemus, And so we desire to sit, Nec ridemus, nec gaudemus. Neither laughing, nor glad. Fore finem quiescendi If only there was something to do Mihi spes est et sedendi Yet our hope is only to sit

Frigas vetat firas ire The cold prohibits going outside Caelum vetat lascivire. The weather prohibits playfulness. Domi sumus quiescentes, At home we are peaceful, Nil omnino facientes. With nothing at all to do.

Dum sedemus otiose While sitting undisturbed Somnulenti, stomachosi Tired, weary and angry Dico Sarae displicere Said Sara it is displeasing Mihi semper sic sedere. Yet so always to sit.

Cat in the Hat Seuss The sun did not shine It was too wet to play. So we sat in the house All that cold, cold, wet day.

I sat there with Sally, We sat there, we two. And I said, “How I wish We had something to do!”

Too wet to go out So all we could do was to And too cold to play ball. Sit! Sit! Sit! Sit! So we sat in the house. And we did not like it, We did nothing at all. Not one little bit. Brief history of Latin, the, so called “dead” language.

Latin was the language of the Roman Empire which conquered and adopted the many cultural principles of the Greeks: philosophy, pantheism, history, medicine, drama and literature, mathematics, civic responsibility and representative democracy, military strategy, art, law, science and much more. Romans did not adopt the Greek language. However, they spread, via conquest of Europe, parts of Africa and most of Asia Minor, the culture of Ancient Greece as well as their own language.

Once the Christian church began to flourish, it took Latin as its official language. This was done primarily because Latin was spoken and used throughout the Empire. The Roman Catholic Church maintains its use of Latin in its services to this day (although no longer required as of 1960). Latin remained the language of academics at least through the 1700’s…..Sir Issac Newton and man other mathematicians and scientists communicated their ideas in Latin and relied on the writings of the ancient Greek and Roman thinkers which were prevalently written in Latin.

While the Romans had conquered the British Isles during the days of the Empire, it was primarily the indirect influence of the introduction of the sister language French via the Norman conquest of England by William in 1066 that created a melding of Latin and Anglo Saxon languages to make English about 60% Latin. Catholic monks in England also contributed Latin directly to the language through the liturgy of the church……most scholarly writings were maintained by monastics writing in Latin, (because it was the language of the church and was universally understood in Europe and elsewhere, especially by academicians).

French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese are sister languages of Latin, the “Romance” languages and are spoken throughout the world today by as many as one out of six people. The “sister” languages are considered to be Modern Latin since they are each derived from and obviously similar to Old Latin. It was French, in particular, which influenced English, however.

It is often overlooked, but much of our grammatical structures of English have their origin in Latin….conjugation of verbs, declension of nouns and pronouns, and basic syntactical structures such as not using double negatives or ending sentences with a preposition.

Today, Latin is directly used in science (taxonomy of plant and animal kingdoms, geologic time periods, constellations, periodic table of elements……), in law (habeas corpus (L. “you are to have the body”)….provides that an authority must prove before a court that it has good reason to detain a person); ex post facto (L “from after the action”) refers to laws that change prior situations and could allow authority to criminalize what was not previously criminal….the US Constitution prohibits ex post facto laws; amicus curiae (L. friend of the court); juris prudence caveat emptor (L. “let the buyer beware”) provides protection for a seller against buyers making claims of fraud after a legitimate sale; corpus delicti (L. “body of crime”) requires that it must be proven that a law was broken/ a crime committed before someone can be accused of the crime; alibi (L. “ in another place” ; Quid pro quo , (L. “something for something the idea that equal values are exchanged in any situation; verdict (L.”to say the truth”); pro bono (L. “for good).

In medicine we need go no further than anatomy: all the bones and muscles are named using Latin terminology: humerus, ulna, radius, femur, patella, carpals, sternum, cranium, etc quadriceps, biceps, trapezius, tricep, latissimus dorsi…

The laws of our nation and our nation itself are built off of concepts derived directly or indirectly from Ancient Rome and Greece. Today our coins still have “e. pluibus unum” minted into each one (from many one); one dollar bills have “annuit coeptis” generally accepted to mean “smile on endeavors” and below that is “novus ordo seclorum” meaning a “new order of the ages” interestingly, at the base of the pyramid on the back of the one dollar bill are the Roman numerals MDCCLXXVI (1776)!

Write these words…don’t worry about spelling, just come as close as you can…: then actually check for spelling and discuss word parts that are familiar. Can we guess the meanings?

Pandemonium all divine power Omnivorous devour all Reincarnation in the body again Photosynthesis putting together alike light Aeroacrophobia fear of open high places Bibliophobia Chromophobia Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust…longest word in Oxford English Distionary Somnambulant sleep walking Hemidemisemiquaver a note played for 1/64th of a whole note Prestidigitation magic Geomorphological Zooplankton Photomicrograph Thermodynamics Electrocardiogram Metric Prefixes

To help the SI units apply to a wide range of phenomena, the 19th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1991 extended the list of metric prefixes so that it reaches from yotta- at 1024 (one septillion) to yocto- at 10-24 (one septillionth). Here are the metric prefixes, with their numerical equivalents stated in the American system for naming large numbers: yotta- (Y-) 1024 1 septillion zetta- (Z-) 1021 1 sextillion exa- (E-) 1018 1 quintillion peta- (P-) 1015 1 quadrillion tera- (T-) 1012 1 trillion giga- (G-) 109 1 billion mega- (M-) 106 1 million kilo- (k-) 103 1 thousand hecto- (h-) 102 1 hundred deka- (da-)** 10 1 ten deci- (d-) 10-1 1 tenth centi- (c-) 10-2 1 hundredth milli- (m-) 10-3 1 thousandth micro- (µ-) 10-6 1 millionth nano- (n-) 10-9 1 billionth pico- (p-) 10-12 1 trillionth femto- (f-) 10-15 1 quadrillionth atto- (a-) 10-18 1 quintillionth zepto- (z-) 10-21 1 sextillionth yocto- (y-) 10-24 1 septillionth Prefix Meaning Example a, an without, not asexual, amoral, anarchy, anhydrous, Anabaptist, anachronism ab, abs, a apart, away from abnormal, abduct, abductor (muscle), abscission .See ad in Prefixes, ad toward adhere, adductor (muscle) . See ab in Prefixes section), adumbrate agere act agent, agency, agenda amphi, ambi round, both sides amphitheater, amphibian, ambidextrous, ambivalent ante before antedate, anteroom, antecedent, anterior anthro man anthropology, anthropomorphic anti against antipathy, antitank, anticlimax aqua water aquarium, aqueous archaios ancient archeology, archetype, archaic, archeozoic archos leader, first, chief monarchy, oligarchy, anarchy, archetype, architect audio hear audiophile, audiometer, auditory auto self automatic, automaton, auto-immune bi two bi-partisan, bisexual, biennial, binary, bicuspid, bivalve bene well, favorable benefit, benevolent, benefactor, beneficent bible book bibliography, Bible, bibliophile bio life biology, biography, bio-active caco Bad cacophony cide kill homicide, parricide, germicidal, ecocide circum around circumference, circumlocution, circumnavigate constitutus stand constitution, statute corpus body corpse, corporeal punishment, corpus callosum cracy rule democracy, theocrat, technocracy credo belief credit, (see also roots section) demos people democracy, demographic di two, double dimorphism, dicotyledon, diatomic dia across, through diagonal, dialectic, dialogue, diagnosis dis not, apart disperse, disinherit, disenfranchise, distend dominus lord dominant, dominion dynasthai be able dynamic, dynamo, dynasty, dynamite ego I, self ego, egomaniac, egocentric, epi upon, over epidermis, epidemic, epigram, epitaph, epithet, epiphyte, epistasis, epinephrine, epiphysis ex out exotic, exterior, extraneous, extemporaneous, exophalmic, exogenous, exothermic, exoskeleton federis (see also Roots league, pact federation, confederate section) frater brother fraternize, fraternity, fraternal, fratricide geo earth geology, geography, geocentric, geomancy graph (see also Roots section) write, record graphic, graphite, graphology, hetero mixed, unlike heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodox, heterodont, hetero atom, heterocyclic, heterozygous, homo same, alike homogeneous, homogenized, homozygous, homolytic fission, Homo sapiens, homonid, homeostasis idem the same identity, idiopathic, I, individual ideo idea ideology, ideation, ideal idios one's own idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiopathic in in incarcerate, incorporate, inculcate, induction, inductance, indigenous, indicator, inspiration in, im not incredible, ignoble, inglorious, inhospitable, infinite, infinitesimal, immoral inter between interact, interstellar, interpret, interstitial legis (lex) law legal, legislature lexis word lexicon, lexicography liber free, book liberty, library, liberal locus place locality, local, circumlocution macro large macroeconomics, macroscopic, macrophage mania (see Roots section obsession maniac, Beatlemania also) meter (see Roots section also) measure metronome, speedometer, odometer micro small microscope, micron, micrometer, microorganism mittere, mitto (see Roots send mission, transmit, remit section also) mono one, single monocle, monopoly, monogamy, monovalent, monomania, monarchy mortis death mortician, mortuary, moribund, morbid nomen name noble, ignominy, nomenclature, nominal olig few oligarchy, oligopoly pater father paternal, paternity, patricide ped (see Roots section also) foot pedestrian, pedal, pedicure, podiatrist peri around peripatetic, periscope, perineum, peritoneum phage (see Roots section eat phagocyte, phagocytosis also) philo love philosophy, philanthropy phobos (see Roots section) phon (see Roots section) polein sell monopoly polis (see Roots section also) city political, metropolitan poly (see Roots section also) many polygamy, polyphonic, hoi polloi porto carry porter, export post after post script (p.s.), ex post facto, post hoc, post- mortem pre before premier, preview, premium, prescient pro before, in favor of project, projectile, psyche mind, soul psychology publicus people public, republic, pub, publican riparia river riparian scope examine microscope, oscilloscope scribo (see Roots section also) write transcribe, scribe, script solus alone solo, solitary subter under, secret subterfuge, subtle, subaltern, subterranean sin (sys before b, p, or m) together, with synchronize, symphony, sympathy, syncretic, syncope tele distance telegraph, telephone, teleology trans across transport, transcend, transmogrify utilis useful utility, utilitarian vide, visibil, vis see video, vision, visible

Root Meaning Examples acer, acid, acri bitter, sour, sharp acerbic, acidity, acrid, acrimony acu sharp acute, acupuncture, accurate ag, agi, ig, act do, move, go agent, agenda, agitate, navigate, ambiguous, action ali, allo, alter other alias, alibi, alien, alloy, alter, alter ego, altruism alt(us) high, deep altimeter, altitude am, amor love, liking amiable, amorous, enamoured

Anni, annu, enni year anniversary, annually, centennial anthrop man anthropology, misanthrope, philanthropy anti(co) old antique, antiquated, antiquity arch chief, first, rule archangel, architect, archaic, monarchy, matriarchy, patriarchy, Archeozoic era aster, astr star aster, asterisk, asteroid, astronomy, astronaut aud, aus hear, listen audiology, auditorium, audio, audition, ausculate aug, auc increase augur, augment, auction auto, aut self automobile, autograph, automatic belli war rebellion, belligerent, casus belli, bellicose bibl book Bible, bibliography, bibliomania bio life biology, biometrics, biome, biosphere brev short abbreviate, brief cad, cas to fall cadaver, cadence, cascade calor heat calorie, caloric, calorimeter cap, cip, cept take capable, intercept, forceps, capture, except, reciprocate capit, capt head decapitate, capital, captain, caption carn flesh carnivorous, incarnate, reincarnation, carnal caus, caut burn, heat caustic, cauldron, cauterize cause, cuse, cus cause, motive because, excuse, accusation ced, ceed, cede, cess move, yield, go, procedure, proceed, cede, concede, recede, surrender precede, accede, success cenetri center concentric, centrifugal, centripetal, eccentric chrom color chrome, chromosome, polychrome, chromatic chron time chronology, chronometer, synchronize cide, cise cut down, kill homicide, exorcise, germicide, incision, scissors cit call, start incite, citation, cite civ citizen civic, civil, civilian, civilization clam, claim cry out exclamation, clamor, proclamation, reclamation, acclaim clud, clus, claus shut include, conclude, recluse, claustrophobia, occlusion, occult cognoac, gnosi know recognize, prognosis, cognoscenti, incognito, agnostic cord, cor, cardi heart cordial, concord, discord, courage, encourage corp body corporation, corporal punishment, corpse, corpulent, corpus luteum cosm universe, world cosmos, microcosm, cosmopolitan, cosmonaut crat, cracy rule autocrat, aristocrat, theocracy, technocracy crea create creature, recreation, creation cred believe creed, credo, credence, credit, credulous, incredulous, incredible cresc, cret, crease, cru rise, grow crescendo, concrete, increase, decrease, accrue crit separate, choose critical, criterion, hypocrite cur, curs run current, concurrent, concur, incur, recur, occur, courier, precursor, cursive cura care curator, curative, manicure cycl, cyclo wheel, circular Cyclops, unicycle, bicycle, cyclone, cyclic deca ten decade, decalogue, decathlon, decahedron dem people democracy, demography, epidemic dent, dont tooth dental, denture, orthodontist, periodontal derm skin hypodermic, dermatology, epidermis, taxidermy dict say, speak dictation, dictionary, dictate, dictator, Dictaphone, edict, predict, verdict, contradict, benediction doc, dokein teach doctrine, indoctrinate, document, dogma, dogmatic domin master dominate, dominion, predominant, domain don give donate, condone dorm sleep dormant, dormitory dox opinion, praise orthodox, heterodox, paradox, doxology drome run, step syndrome (run together), hippodrome (place where horses run) duc, duct lead induce, seduce (lead aside), produce, reduce dura hard, lasting durable, duration, endure dynam power dynamo, dynamic, dynamite, hydrodynamics endo within endorse, endocardial, endoskeletal, endoskeleton, endosperm equi equal equinox, equilibrium, equipoise erg work energy, erg, allergy, ergometer, ergograph, ergophobia fac, fact, fic, fect do, make factory, fact, manufacture, amplification, confection fall, fals deceive fallacy, falsify, fallacious fer bear, carry ferry, coniferous, fertile, defer, infer, refer, transfer fid, fide, feder(is) faith, trust confidante, fidelity, confident, infidelity, infidel, federal, confederacy, semper fi fila, fili thread filigree, filament, filter, filet, filibuster fin end, ended, finished final, finite, finish, confine, fine, refine, define, finale fix fix fix, fixation, fixture, affix, prefix, suffix flex, flect bend flex, reflex, flexible, flexor, inflexibility, reflect, deflect flu, fluc, fluv flowing influence, fluid, flue, flush, fluently, fluctuate form form, shape form, uniform, conform, formulary, perform, formal, formula fort, forc strong fort, fortress, fortify, forte, fortitude fract, frag break fracture, infraction, fragile, fraction, refract gam marriage bigamy, monogamy, polygamy gastr (o) stomach gastric, gastronomic, gastritis, gastropod gen birth, race, produce genesis, genetics, eugenics, genealogy, generate, genetic, antigen, pathogen geo earth geometry, geography, geocentric, geology germ vital part germination, germ, germane gest carry, bear congest, gestation gloss, glot tongue glossary, polyglot, epiglottis glu, glo lump, bond, glue glue, agglutinate, conglomerate grad, gress step, go grade, gradual, graduate, progress, graduated, egress graph, gram write, written graph, graphic, autograph, photography, graphite, telegram grat pleasing congratulate, gratuity, grateful, ingrate grav heavy, weighty grave, gravity, aggravate, gravitate greg herd gregarious, congregation, segregate, gregarian hypn sleep hypnosis, hypnotherapy helio sun heliograph, heliotrope, heliocentric hema, hemo blood hemorrhage, hemoglobin, hemophilia, hemostat here, hes stick adhere, cohere, cohesion, inherent, hereditary hetero different heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodox homo same homogeneous, homonym, homogenize hum, human earth, ground, man humus, exhume, humane hydr, hydra, hydro water dehydrate, hydrant, hydraulic, hydraulics, hydrogen, hydrophobia ignis fire ignite, igneous, ignition ject throw deject, inject, project, eject, interject join, junct join adjoining, enjoin, juncture, conjunction, injunction, conjunction juven young juvenile, rejuvenate lau, lav, lot, lut wash launder, lavatory, lotion, ablution, dilute leg law legal, legislate, legislature, legitimize levi light alleviate, levitate, levity liber, liver free liberty, liberal, liberalize, deliverance liter letters literary, literature, literal, alliteration, obliterate loc, loco place locality, allocate, locomotion log, logo, ology word, study, speech catalog, prologue, dialogue, logogram (symbol representing a word), zoology loqu, locut talk, speak eloquent, loquacious, colloquial, circumlocution luc, lum, lus, lun light translucent, luminary, luster, luna (moon goddess) macr-, macer lean emaciated, meager magn great magnify, magnificent, magnanimous, magnate, magnitude, magnum man hand manual, manage, manufacture, manacle, manicure, manifest, maneuver, emancipate mand command mandatory, remand, mandate mania madness mania, maniac, kleptomania, pyromania mar, mari, mer sea, pool marine, marsh, maritime, mermaid matri mother matrimony, maternal, matriarchate, matron medi half, middle, between, mediate, medieval, Mediterranean, mediocre, halfway medium mega great megaphone, megalopolis, megacycle (a million cycles), megaton mem remember memo, commemoration, memento, memoir, memorable meter measure meter, voltammeter, barometer, thermometer micro small microscope, microfilm, microcard, microwave, micrometer migra wander migrate, emigrant, immigrate mit, miss send emit, remit, submit, admit, commit, permit, transmit, omit, intermittent, mission, missile mob, mot, mov move mobile, motionless, motor mon warn, remind monument, admonition, monitor, premonition mor, mort mortal, death mortal, immortal, mortality, mortician, mortuary morph form amorphous, dimorphic, metamorphosis, morphology multi many, much multifold, multilingual, multiped, multiply nat, nasc to be from, to spring innate, natal, native, renaissance forth neo new Neolithic, nuveau riche, neologism, neophyte, neonate neur nerve neuritis, neuropathic, neurologist, neural, neurotic nom law, order autonomy, astronomy, gastronomy, economy nomen, nomin name nomenclature, nominate, ignominious nov new novel, renovate, novice, nova, innovate nox, noc night nocturnal, equinox, noctilucent numer number numeral, numeration, enumerate, innumerable numisma coin numismatics oligo few, little Oligocene, oligosaccharide, oligotrophic, oligarchy omni all, every omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, omnivorous onym name anonymous, pseudonym, antonym, synonym oper work operate, cooperate, opus ortho straight, correct orthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic, unorthodox pac peace pacifist, pacify, pacific ocean paleo old Paleozoic, Paleolithic, paleomagnetism, paleopsychology pan all Pan-American, pan-African, panacea, pandemonium (place of all the demons), pater, patr father paternity, patriarch, patriot, patron, patronize path, pathy feeling, suffering pathos, sympathy, antipathy, apathy, telepathy ped, pod foot pedal, impede (get feet in a trap), pedestrian, centipede, tripod, podiatry, antipode pedo child orthopedic, pedagogue, pediatrics pel, puls drive, urge compel, dispel, expel, repel, propel, pulse, impulse, pulsate, compulsory, expulsion, repulsive pend, pens, pond hang, weigh pendant, pendulum, suspend, appendage, pensive phage eat macrophage, bacteriophage phil love philosophy, philanthropy, philharmonic, bibliophile phlegma inflammation phlegm, phlegmatic phobia, phobos fear phobia, claustrophobia, acrophobia, aquaphobia, ergophobia, homophobia phon sound phonograph, phonetic, symphony, homophone, euphonious photo light photograph, photoelectric, photogenic, photosynthesis plac, plais please placid, placebo, placate, complacent plu, plur, plus more plural, pluralist, plus pneuma, pneumon breath pneumatic, pneumonia, pod (see ped) poli city metropolis, police, politics, Indianapolis, megalopolis, acropolis poly many polysaccharide, polyandrous, polytheistic pon, pos, pound place, put postpone, component, opponent, proponent, expose, impose, deposit, posture, position, expound, impound pop people population, populous, popular port carry porter, portable, transport, report, export, import, support, transportation portion part, share portion, proportion pot power potential, potentate, impotent prehendere seize, grasp apprehend, comprehend, comprehensive, prehensile prim, prime first primacy, prima donna, primitive, primary, primal, primeval proto first prototype, protocol, protagonist, protozoan, Proterozoic, protoindustrial psych mind, soul psyche, psychiatry, psychology, psychosis punct point, dot punctual, punctuation, puncture, acupuncture, punctuation reg, recti straighten regiment, regular, rectify, correct, direct, rectangle ri, ridi, risi laughter deride, ridicule, ridiculous, derision, risible rog, roga ask prerogative, interrogation, derogatory rupt break rupture, interrupt, abrupt, disrupt, ruptible sacr, sanc, secr sacred sacred, sacrosanct, sanction, consecrate, desecrate salv, salu safe, healthy salvation, salvage, salutation sat, satis enough satient (giving pleasure, satisfying), saturate, satisfy sci, scientia know science, conscious, omniscient, cognocienti scope see, watch telescope, microscope, kaleidoscope, periscope, stethoscope scrib, script write scribe, scribble, inscribe, describe, subscribe, prescribe, manuscript sed, sess, sid sit sediment, session, obsession, possess, preside, president, reside, subside sen old senior, senator, senile senescere to grow old senescence, evanescent sent, sens feel sentiment, consent, resent, dissent, sentimental, sense, sensation, sensitive, sensory, dissension sequ, secu, sue follow sequence, consequence, sequel, subsequent, prosecute, consecutive, second, ensue, pursue serv save, serve servant, service, subservient, servitude, preserve, conserve, reservation, deserve, conservation, observe sign, signi sign, mark, seal signal, signature, design, insignia, significant simil, simul like, resembling similar, assimilate, simulate, simulacrum, simultaneous sist, sta, stit stand assist, persist, circumstance, stamina, status, state, static, stable, stationary, substitute solus alone solo, soliloquy, solitaire, solitude solv, solu loosen solvent, solve, absolve, resolve, soluble, solution, resolution, resolute, dissolute somnus sleep insomnia, somnambulist soph wise sophomore (wise fool), philosophy, sophisticated spec, spect, spic look specimen, specific, spectator, spectacle, aspect, speculate, inspect, respect, prospect, retrospective, introspective, expect, conspicuous sphere ball, sphere sphere, stratosphere, hemisphere, spheroid spir breath spirit, conspire, inspire, aspire, expire, perspire, respiration string, strict draw tight stringent, strict, restrict, constrict, boa constrictor stru, struct build construe (build in the mind, interpret), structure, construct, instruct, obstruct, destruction, destroy sume, sump take, use, waste consume, assume (to take, to use), sump pump presumption (to take or use before knowing all the facts tact, tang, tag, tig, ting touch tactile, contact, intact, intangible, tangible, contagious, contiguous tele far telephone, telegraph, telegram, telescope, television, telephoto, telecast, telepathy tempo time tempo, temporary, extemporaneously, contemporary, pro tem, temporal ten, tin, tain hold tenacious, tenant, tenure, untenable, detention, retentive, content, pertinent, continent, obstinate, contain, abstain, pertain, detain tend, tent, tens stretch, strain tendency, extend, intend, contend, pretend, superintend, tender, extent, tension, pretense terra earth terrain, terrarium, territory, terrestrial test to bear witness testament, detest, testimony, attest the, theo God, a god monotheism, polytheism, atheism, theology therm heat thermometer, theorem, thermal, thermos bottle, thermostat, hypothermia thesis, thet place, put antithesis, hypothesis, synthesis, epithet tom cut atom (not cuttable), appendectomy, tonsillectomy, dichotomy, anatomy tort, tors twist torture (twisting to inflict pain) retort, extort, distort, contort, torsion, tortuous, torturous tox poison toxic, intoxicate, antitoxin tract, tra draw, pull tractor, attract, subtract, tractable, abstract, subtrahend tom cut atom (not cutable, smallest particle of matter), appendectomy, tonsillectomy, dichotomy, anatomy tort, tors twist torture (twisting to inflict pain), retort, extort (twist out), distort, contort, torsion tox poison toxic, intoxicate, antitoxin tract, tra draw, pull tractor, attract, traction, subtract, tractable, abstract (to draw away), subtrahend (the number to be drawn away from another). trib pay, bestow tribute, contribute, attribute, retribution, tributary turbo disturb turbulent, disturb, turbid, turmoil typ print type, prototype, typical, typography, typewriter, typology, typify ultima last ultimate, ultimatum umber, umbraticum shadow umbra, penumbra, (take) umbrage, adumbrate uni one unicorn, unify, university, unanimous, universal vac empty vacate, vacuum, evacuate, vacation, vacant, vacuous vale, vali, valu strength, worth equivalent, valiant, validity, evaluate, value, valor ven, vent come convene, intervene, venue, convenient, avenue, circumvent, invent, convent, venture, event, advent, prevent ver, veri true very, aver, verdict, verity, verify, verisimilitude vert, vers turn avert, divert, invert, introvert, convertible, reverse, controversy, versatile vic, vicis change, substitute vicarious, vicar, vicissitude vict, vinc conquer victor, evict, convict, convince, invincible vid, vis see video, evident, provide, providence, visible, revise, supervise, vista, visit, vision viv, vita, vivi alive, life revive, survive, vivid, vivacious, vitality, vivisection voc call vocation, avocation, convocation, invocation, evoke, provoke, revoke, advocate, provocative, vocal vol will malevolent, benevolent, volunteer, volition volcan fire volcano, vulcanize, Vulcan volvo turn about, roll revolve, voluble (easily turned about or around or talkative), voluminous, convolution vor eat greedily voracious, carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, devour zo animal zoo (short for zoological garden), zoology, zoomorphism (attributing animal form to god), zodiac (circle of animal constellations), protozoan

Vocabulary from Classical Roots Norma Fifer/Nancy Flowers EPS 800-225-5750 Red Hot Root Words Diane Draze DandyLion Press DL127 Vocabulary Development Using Roots and Riddles Claudia Vurnakes F. Schafer Pub. Words on the Vine Claudia Vurnakes TS Denison/Instructional Fair Word Wise/Word Strength/Word Building Joan Robinson Fearon Press

Suffix Meaning Example able, ible able, capable capable, agreeable, edible, visible ade result of action blockade age act of, state of, storage, wreckage, damage result of al relating to gradual, manual, natural algia pain neuralgia, nostalgia, myalgia an, ian native of, relating African, riparian, to ance, ancy action, process, assistance, allowance, defiance state ary, ery, ory relating to, quality, aviary, bravery, dormitory place where cian possessing a magician, physician, specific skill or art cy action, function hesitancy, prophecy, normalcy cule, ling very small molecule, ridicule, animalcule, duckling, sapling dom quality, realm freedom, kingdom, wisdom ee one who receives refugee, nominee, lessee the action en made of, to make silken, frozen, wooden ence, ency action, state of, difference, confidence, urgency, agency quality er, or one who, that baker, miller, professor which escent in the process of adolescent, senescence, putrescence ese a native of, the Javanese, Japanese, Balinese language of esis, osis action, process, genesis, hypnosis, neurosis, osmosis condition ess female goddess, lioness, actress et, ette small one, group midget, baronet, sextet, lorgnette fic making, causing scientific, specific ful full of frightful, careful, helpful fy make beautify, fortify, simplify hood order, condition, manhood, adulthood quality ic nature of, like metallic, acidic, bucolic, simplistic ice condition, state, justice, malice quality id, ide a thing connected fluid, fluoride, bromide with or belonging to ile relating to, suited juvenile, senile, purile, missile for, capable of ine nature of feminine, genuine, medicine ion, sion, tion act, result, or cancellation, contagion, infection, crenellation state of ish origin, nature, foolish, Irish, clownish, impish resembling ism system, manner, alcoholism, communism, capitalism, condition, characteristic ist one who, that artist, dentist, flautist which ite nature of, quality prelate, Mennonite, dynamite, graphite, of, mineral Israelite product ity, ty state of, quality celebrity, captivity, clarity, poverty ive causing, making abusive, exhaustive, abortive ize, ise make emphasize, exercise, bowdlerize, bastardize, idolize, fanaticize logy study, science, biology, anthropology, geology, neurology theory

ly like, manner of carelessly, fearlessly, hopelessly ment act of, state or, containment, contentment, amendment result ness state of carelessness, restlessness nomy law autonomy, economy, taxonomy oid resembling asteroid, spheroid, rhomboid, anthropoid ous full of, having gracious, nervous, pompous, ship state of, office, assistantship, friendship, authorship quality some like, apt, tending lonesome, lissome, threesome, gruesome to tude state of, condition gratitude, aptitude, multitude of ure state of, act, culture, literature, rupture, rapture process, rank ward in the direction of eastward, downward, backward y inclined to, tend to cheery, crafty, faulty

Common Phrases

Semper Fidelis Always faithful.

Carpe diem sieze the day

Circa About

Ex libris from the books of

In toto altogether

In vino veritas in wine is truth

In memoriam in memory of

Magna cum laude with great honor

Mea culpa my fault

Non sequitor a statement that does not follow logically

Pax vobiscum peace be with you

Per capita per head

Per annum per year

Tabula rasa a clean slate

Terra firma solid ground

Via media the middle way

Et cetera = (L. and the rest of such things) and other things; and so forth

Et al = (L. et alii) and others; E.g. = (L. “exempli gratia”) for example;

I.e. = (L. id est) that is;

Ibid = (L. ibidem, from the same place) referring to something mentioned previously, particularly used for footnotes;

Ergo = therefore, hence.

 Use 'i.e.' to mean 'that is' or 'in other words'. 'i.e.' actually stands for 'id est', which means 'it is' or 'that is', so it's pretty much a literal translation. Memory Aid: Think of 'i.e.' as standing for 'it es', i.e., pronounce 'is' a little funny.  2 Use 'e.g.' when you want to mean 'for example' or 'such as'. 'e.g' stands for 'exemplum gratia', which more or less means 'for example. Memory Aid: Think of 'e.g.' as standing for 'example gratis' (free example) or 'e.g.zample'.  3 Use 'et al.' when you want to mean 'and others'. This is an abbreviation for 'et alii/alia', which literally means 'and others'. This abbreviation is used most often when you want to shorten a list of people, often authors of an article, e.g., 'Jones et al. found that global warming is happening.' Notice that adding 'et al.' to Jones's name means 'Jones and some other people he worked with', so you have to make sure your verb is plural to agree with the subject. Notice that 'et' is not an abbreviation and does not have a period after it.  4 Use 'etc.' sparingly in formal writing. You probably know that 'etc.' stands for 'et cetera', literally 'and the rest'; figuratively 'and so on'. Students and lazy writers often make the mistake of using 'etc.' when they can't think of a third item to put in a series. You should come up with concrete examples to fill out your list rather than use 'etc.' If you do use 'etc.', it should be at the end of a list of at least two, better three, items. Example 'bread, soda, milk, etc.'. Never mention one thing and add 'etc.' because although 'etc.' means 'and so on' it should only be used to imply the next item in a logical series. Therefore saying 'milk etc.' doesn't give you enough of an idea of what to expect next.  5 Always use a comma after 'i.e.' and 'e.g.' when used in a sentences. Because of what they mean, 'i.e.' and 'e.g.' are parenthetical phrases that need to be followed up with a comma.  6 Typically, you should italicize 'i.e.', 'e.g.', and 'et al.', but not 'etc.'. This rule may vary based on what discipline, genre, or medium you are writing for or in. Latin prefixes Greek prefixes Number Cardinal Multiple Distributive Ordinal Cardinal Multiple ½ semi- demi-[2] — hemi- 1 uni- sim-[3] singul- prim- hen-[4] mono-, haplo-[4] 1½ sesqui- 2 du- bi-, bis- bin- second- di-, dy- dis- 3 tri- ter- tern- terti- tri- tris- quadri-, 4 quater- quatern- quart- tetra- tetrakis- quadru-[5] quin-, 5 quinque- quinti- penta- pentakis- quinquen- 6 sexa-[6] sen- sext- hexa- hexakis- 7 septem-, septi- septen- septim- hepta- heptakis- ogdo-, 8 octo- octon- octav- octakis- octa-, octo- 9 novem- noven- nona- ennea- enneakis- 10 decem-, dec- den- decim- deca- decakis- 11 undec-, unden-, undecim- hendeca- undecakis- 12 duodec- duoden- duodecim- dodeca- dodecakis- 13 tredec-, etc. triskaideca- tridecakis- 14 quattuordec- tetrakaideca- tetradecakis- 15 quinquadec-, quindec- pentakaideca- pentadecakis- sedec-, hexakaideca-, 16 hexadecakis- sexdec- (but hexadecimal[6]) hexadeca- 17 septendec- heptakaideca- 18 octodec- octakaideca- novemdec-, 19 enneakaideca- novendec- vicen-, icosa-, icosi-, 20* viginti- vigesim- eicosakis- vigen- eicosa-

I Have, Who Has

1 (I have “to watch) 2 Begin here: Start: Who has the prefix that means “six”?

I have “hexa” Who has the root that means “light”? I have “photo”. Who has the root word meaning “to hear”?

I have “audi”. Who has the meaning of “-phobia”?

I have “fear”. Who has the prefix meaning “life”?

I have “bio-“. Who has the meaning of the root word “aster”?

I have “star”. Who has the root that means “ship” or “sailor”?

I have “naut” or ‘naus”. Who has the meaning of the prefix “corpus-“?

I have “body”. Who has the prefixes that mean “nine”?

I have “ennea-“ and “nona-“. Who has the meaning of the root word “anthro-“?

I have “man”. Who has the meaning of the suffix “-ology”?

I have “the study of”. Who has the suffix which means “female” (as in lioness, Goddess, actress)? I have “-ess” as in waitress. Who has the prefix meaning “well” or “good”?

I have “bene-“. Who has the prefix meaning “self”?

I have “auto-“. Who has the prefix for a four sided figure?

I have “quad”. Who has the root word meaning “to measure”?

I have “meter”. Who has the prefix meaning “earth”?

I have “geo”. Who has the meaning of the prefix “circum-“?

I have “around”. Who has the prefix which means “water”?

I have “aqua-“. Who has the root word meaning “foot”?

I have “ped”. Who has the meaning of the root work “biblio-“? I have “book”. Who has the root word that means “war”?

I have “belli-“. Who has the prefix meaning “seven”?

I have “septa”. Who has the meaning of the root word “cyclo-“?

I have “wheel” or “circle”. Who has the meaning of the root word “scope”? More Useful Latin

Sona si Latine loqueris. Honk if you speak Latin.

Si Hoc Legere Scis Nimium Eruditionis Habes If you can read this you're over-educated

Sentio aliquos togatos contra me conspirare. I think some people in togas are plotting against me.

Vidi Vici Veni I saw, I conquered, I came

Vacca foeda Stupid cow

Mihi ignosce. Cum homine de cane debeo congredi. Excuse me. I've got to see a man about a dog.

Raptus regaliter Royally screwed

Si hoc signum legere potes, operis boni in rebus Latinus alacribus et fructuosis potiri potes! If you can read this sign, you can get a good job in the fast-paced, high-paying world of Latin!

Gramen artificiosum odi. I hate Astroturf.

Nihil curo de ista tua stulta superstitione. I'm not interested in your dopey religious cult.

Noli me vocare, ego te vocabo. Don't call me, I'll call you.

Nullo metro compositum est. It doesn't rhyme.

Non curo. Si metrum non habet, non est poema. I don't care. If it doesn't rhyme, it isn't a poem.

Fac ut gaudeam. Make my day.

Braccae illae virides cum subucula rosea et tunica Caledonia-quam elenganter concinnatur! Those green pants go so well with that pink shirt and the plaid jacket! Visne saltare? Viam Latam Fungosam scio. Do you want to dance? I know the Funky Broadway.

Re vera, potas bene. Say, you sure are drinking a lot.

Utinam barbari spatium proprium tuum invadant! May barbarians invade your personal space!

Utinam coniurati te in foro interficiant! May conspirators assassinate you in the mall!

Utinam logica falsa tuam philosophiam totam suffodiant! May faulty logic undermine your entire philosophy!

Radix lecti Couch potato

Quo signo nata es? What's your sign?

O! Plus! Perge! Aio! Hui! Hem! Oh! More! Go on! Yes! Ooh! Ummm!

Mellita, domi adsum. Honey, I'm home.

Tam exanimis quam tunica nehru fio. I am as dead as the nehru jacket.

Ventis secundis, tene cursum. Go with the flow.

Totum dependeat. Let it all hang out.

Te precor dulcissime supplex! Pretty please with a cherry on top!

Magister Mundi sum! I am the Master of the Universe!

Fac me cocleario vomere! Gag me with a spoon!

Te audire no possum. Musa sapientum fixa est in aure. I can't hear you. I have a banana in my ear.

Estne volumen in toga, an solum tibi libet me videre? Is that a scroll in your toga, or are you just happy to see me? Prehende uxorem meam, sis! Take my wife, please!

Quantum materiae materietur marmota monax si marmota monax materiam possit materiari? How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?

Nihil est--in vita priore ego imperator Romanus fui. That's nothing--in a previous life I was a Roman Emperor.

Recedite, plebes! Gero rem imperialem! Stand aside plebians! I am on imperial business.

Vescere bracis meis. Eat my shorts.

Sic faciunt omnes. Everyone is doing it.

Fac ut vivas. Get a life.

Anulos qui animum ostendunt omnes gestemus! Let's all wear mood rings!

Catapultam habeo. Nisi pecuniam omnem mihi dabis, ad caput tuum saxum immane mittam. I have a catapult. Give me all the money, or I will fling an enormous rock at your head. Figures of Speech for Writing Poetry and Prose Caleb’s Creek AG 2010-2011

Figures of speech are various devices used by writers to make their works more interesting, more meaningful, more evocative, and more thoughtful. They are different from types of writing (narrative, persuasive, poetic, descriptive, expository), forms of writing (essay, story, poem ((in its many forms such as limerick, haiku, sonnet)), novel, drama, screenplay, research paper, letters, resume, short story, novella, abstracts), and genre (historical fiction, mystery, realistic fiction, non-fiction, science fiction, fantasy, autobiography, myths, legends, fairy tales, romance, folktales, biography etc), * Sometimes forms of writing and genre are intermingled. For our discussions we will use the above lists as reference.

Following are some of the figures of speech we will learn in AG. Some are more common than others and you already know them. However, the more types you know and the more often you use different types, the more interesting your writing will be. You will also be better able to understand authors’ deeper meanings in their works.

Figures of Speech:

The Big Five:

1) Metaphor: an implied comparison between two objects or people. Ex: “the moon was a kind face smiling down on us” or “she has the heart of a lion”. The ability to use metaphors is, perhaps, the most important skill a writer can develop. 2) Simile: compares two unlike items using ‘like’ and ‘as’. Ex: “her hair is like cotton candy”; “he is as strong as an ox”. 3) Imagery: vivid, sensory description. Imagery is the use of language to invite readers to sense, (smell, see, hear, feel and be a part of), a writer’s work. This is an essential skill for writers. Ex: “The taste of that first defeat was bitter and cold.” 4) Personification: giving human qualities to animals or objects. Ex: “the sun smiled on us, while the mountains reached to cover us with their shadows”. 5) Irony: while there are three types of irony, we will focus on ‘verbal irony’. In verbal irony there is a difference between what is said and what is meant. For example: you could say: “that sure was a great book” when, in fact you meant the opposite (sarcasm is often ironic). Or, seeing someone struggling to move a couch, someone could say: “that looks like a lot of fun”.

Lesser, but very important Figures of Speech:

6) Hyperbole: exciting exaggeration. Ex: “And fired the shot heard ‘round the world.” 7) Overstatement and understatement: irony is often the effect of understatement and overstatement. Ex: having just hit the winning home run, the girl says, “I guess my coach will like that”. 8) Meiosis: a kind of humorous understatement that is intended to belittle or dismiss by making it seem less important than it should be; also, to degrade or belittle using epithets or invective; 9) Metonymy: substitution of a word or phrase to stand for another. Ex: “the bill passed the Senate but the White House has not issued a statement” ….in this case “the White House” means “the President”; 10) Paradox: a statement that is not logical and may seem ridiculous. Ex: “this is the beginning of the end”; or “they must go to war to make peace”. 11) Alliteration: the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. Ex: “buckets of big blue berries”. 12) Consonance: closely related to alliteration, is the repetition of consonant sounds near the end of words in a phrase or sentence. Ex: “some mammals are clammy”. 13) Assonance: also close to alliteration, this is the repetition of vowel sounds in a phrase or sentence. Ex: “the old oar of oak rowed the boat” (hear the long ‘o’ sound repeated?) 14) Onomatopoeia: the use of a word to imitate the sound made by an object or action. Ex: “lion roared”, “bees buzzed”, “cannon boomed”.

Figures of Speech that are types of Words or Ideas: 15) Oxymoron: two words or phrases that are really opposites. Ex: “accurate estimate”, “awfully nice”, “little giant”, “small crowd”. Oxymorons can be used to add a twist and interest to writing. 16) Jargon: (very similar to slang) words that are specific to a subject and only understood within a special group. Ex: “I can’t seem to scroll on my mouse.” (computer talk), or “we got the perp!” (police talk). When using dialogue, it is very important to learn the jargon of the characters you are writing about. 17) Euphemism: a nicer way of saying something, or using a pleasant word to stand for an unpleasant one. Ex: “between jobs” instead of “unemployed”, or “lose your lunch” instead of “vomit”. These are helpful in dialogue to establish the quality of a character. 18) Puns: a play on words that is usually funny. Ex: “at McDonald’s Patty felt shaken and fried up by the end of her shift”. 19) Idioms: words and phrases that have come to mean something quite different than what they seem. Ex: “chew the fat”, “a piece of cake”, “cry wolf”, “on pins and needles”. 20) Analogies: comparing two words in a similar way that two others are compared, (in math this is very much like proportions…two ratios, which each compare two numbers, are equal: 3:4::6:8….three is to four as six is to eight, or 3/4 = 6/8)….Ex: “the captain is to his ship as the chief is to his tribe”. ***There are several kinds of analogies…..two of the most common are synonyms and antonyms, but there are also contronyms (one word that has two opposite meanings), homonyms (words with same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings), homophones (same sound, different meanings), homographs (same spelling, different meanings), cause/effect; item to collection and many more. 21) Cliches are very much like idioms except that they are so commonly used that they have lost their interest and are only useful to create a sense of dullness regarding a character, via his/her dialogue. Ex: “skinny as a rail”, “white as a ghost”. 22) Slang the special and very informal vocabulary of a group with common interests (such as burglars), usually thought to be language that is unacceptable in proper language and may even be vulgar. 23) Vernacular is the native language or speech common to a particular area, or to a social or professional group. 24) Colloquialisms are words or expressions that occur in informal conversation, but would be out of place in formal conversation. 25) Parody is a humorous or satirical imitation of a person, event or literary work; they may be a simple phrase or a full literary piece; Yet, More Ways to Enrich Your Writing with Figures of Speech 26) Conceit is a fanciful metaphor that likens one thing to something else that is seemingly very different as in Shakespeare’s “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” or Dickinson’s “There is no frigate like a book.” 27) Litotes is a figure of speech involving understatement created by creating a positive statement by contradicting its opposite as in “not bad at all” to mean “good”. 28) Extended metaphor is the continuation of a metaphor through a work by making many comparisons of unlike objects or images. 29) Antithesis is the direct opposite or the placing of opposing parts of a sentence in order to achieve a balance of ideas as in “Give me liberty or give me death.” 30) Mixed metaphor is the use of two or more metaphors which are illogical when combined such as: “The President will put the ship of state on its feet.” 31) Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which the second half reverses the order of the first half as in “for we that live to please, must please to live; 32) Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a verb or adjective is applied to two nouns, but where one application is inappropriate e.g. (for example) “with weeping eyes and hearts”. 33) Prolepsis is foreshadowing or anticipation; a figure of speech in which a future act is shown to be already accomplished or existing (“I believe you will succeed.”).

Others to be considered include: allusion (passing or casual reference to), connotation (the associated or secondary meaning to a word or expression) and denotation (the exact meaning of a word or expression), innuendo (an indirect suggestion about a person or thing that is usually intended to disparage), malapropisms (misuse of words by confusing meanings of words that are similar in sound as with “He was a man of great statue” or “he had to use a fire distinguisher.”), anagrams (words or phrases made by mixing up the letters of other words or phrases as in “the eyes” for “they see”), adages (a traditional saying expressing a common experience; a proverb), spoonerisms (the often unintentional switching of sounds in words such as “a blushing crow” instead of a “crushing blow”), anaphora (repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive sentences for emphasis as in Lincoln’s “We cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow this ground”), aphorisms (a strong or terse saying that contains a general truth such as “power tends to corrupt”), epigrams (any witty, ingenious or pointed saying strongly or harshly expressed…..similar to sarcasm), palindromes (a verse, line, word or number that reads the same forwards or backwards as in “Madam I’m Adam”), allegory (the representation of abstractions through material and concrete forms) and more. It is important to practice figures of speech and to look for them in others’ work. Figures of speech make our language and literature much richer and more interesting. Please consider using them in your writing and speaking.

Figures of speech are of such importance that they must always occupy a prominent place in every treatise on style or criticism. 1. Though differing in special character or effects, they all have one thing in common, and that is, they contribute beyond anything else to the embellishment of style. Some create a picture before the mind; others gratify the sense of proportion; others adorn the subject by contrasting it with some other which is like or unlike; and thus in various ways they appeal to the aesthetical sensibilities. 2. They contribute to perspicuity, by the power which many of them have of throwing fresh light upon a subject by presenting it in a new and unexpected form. This is especially the case with comparison, metaphor, and example, and many others of the figures of relativity, which are used by writers who would never adopt them merely for ornament. They are used to illustrate a subject, which thus gains a clearness that could be given in no other way. 3. They add to the persuasiveness of style. They give variety to it, by enabling the author to change his form of expression at will. Thus a perpetual freshness and vivacity is the result, together with an attractive brilliancy. Old thoughts, which have lost their force through familiarity, may thus be rendered striking by assuming a novel shape, under which they have all the force of an original statement. 4. In the whole world of literature, both ancient and modern, figures of speech occupy a foremost place. The Sacred Scriptures abound in them, because the Hebrew mind delighted in Oriental imagery. Nowhere can be found such an immense number of figures so effectively presented. Antithesis and parallel embrace all the poetry and no little of the prose of both the Old and New Testament. A place only less prominent is held by figures in the literature of Greece and Rome. The most famous passages of poetry--epic, lyric, and dramatic--the noblest strains of eloquence, the most vivid descriptions, all exhibit their presence and effective force. Not the least sign of their power may be perceived in the common language of every-day life. Every one uses exclamation, interrogation, comparison, metaphor, hyperbole, climax, vision; the figures of amplification and extenuation are indispensable in eager, animated conversation; so also are iteration, emphasis, periphrasis, litotes. All these and many more are incessantly used; and always indicate vivacity or energy. This fact shows that while art and elaboration can make the highest use of figurative language, nature also resorts to it; and as nature has invented it, so she prompts its use and shows its effectiveness.