Stylistic Variation in Spanish Phonology

STYLISTIC VARIATION IN SPANISH PHONOLOGY

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate

School of the Ohio State University

Richard E. Morris, M.A.

* * * * *

The Ohio State University 1998

Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fernando Martínez-Gil, Adviser

Professor Wayne J. Redenbarger ______Adviser Professor Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach Department of Spanish and Portuguese

ABSTRACT

This dissertation is an investigation of phonological variation occurring as a function of stylistic choice in Spanish. The main variable processes include glide formation, vowel coalescence, vowel deletion, nasal and lateral place assimilation, nasal neutralization, continuancy assimilation, obstruent devoicing, voicing assimilation, and aspiration. Optimality Theory (OT) is the theoretical framework. Previous generative work on phonological variation in Spanish and other languages has been couched in discussions of “optional” or “variable” rules. More recently, a principle of “floating” constraints (FCs) has been applied to explain inter- speaker variation. The present study develops the FC theory of variation and applies it systematically to the analysis of stylistic data from several dialects of Spanish. It is argued that stylistic variation in Spanish - and indeed in all languages - is the result of variable dominance relations among ranked universal constraints. The primary advantage of the FC model is its ability to account for all speech processes, variable as well as categorical, within a single framework. Under this model, constraints fall into two broadly-defined constraint families,

MARKEDNESS and FAITHFULNESS. Data from a variety of Spanish dialects are given to show that when FAITHFULNESS constraints outrank MARKEDNESS constraints, maximally distinctive (careful speech) forms are optimized. When the reverse is true, maximally economical (casual speech) forms are optimized. Forms associated with intermediate

ii speech styles are allowed by the interleaving of FAITHFULNESS and MARKEDNESS constraints, and often represent a “compromise” between careful and casual style.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

There are many individuals I would like to thank for their contribution to this finished dissertation. First, I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee for their support throughout the long process. My adviser Dr. Fernando Martínez-Gil was a valuable critic; he always knew the challenging questions to keep me focused and thinking. Thanks also to Dr. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach for his input and also for agreeing to serve on my committee on fairly short notice. I would like to give special thanks to Dr. Wayne Redenbarger, who taught me almost everything I know about Latin, morphology, and lexical phonology. He always enjoyed a good debate, even if there was no whiteboard handy, and even if we often disagreed. I will truly miss these impromptu discussions. I would like to thank Dr. Christiane Laeufer, whose love for all types of linguistics was infectious and inspired me to persevere while I was a Master’s student in French linguistics, and who has always had time to chat with me about topics of mutual interest. I was honored to have her on my candidacy examination committee in 1996. I owe thanks also to Dr. Terrell Morgan, whose vast knowledge of Spanish dialects and dialectology as well as phonology has been a resource for me many times over the past four years. Thanks also for advising me in academic matters at various stages. Thank you Dr. Jan Macián for doing your best to keep me employed - at least partially - as a departmental lecturer while I finished this dissertation. These acknowledgments would

iii be incomplete without a special thanks to Dr. Judith Rusciolelli at Middle Tennessee State University, who entrusted me with a job offer while this dissertation was still in progress. My greatest thanks of all go to my parents Robert and Beverly Morris, without whose support - tangible and intangible - this dissertation simply would not have been possible.

iv VITA

May 13, 1968...... Born - Rapid City, South Dakota, USA

1990...... B.A. French, German, Cornell College, Iowa

1990 - 1992...... Graduate Teaching Associate Department of French and Italian The Ohio State University

1992...... M.A. French linguistics, The Ohio State University

1993...... Instructor of French Columbus State Community College, Ohio

1995, 1996...... Research Assistant The Ohio State University

1997...... Instructor of English as a Second Language Capital University, Ohio

1994 - 1997...... Graduate Teaching Associate Department of Spanish and Portuguese The Ohio State University

PUBLICATIONS

Published translations

1. On French-language Tunisian literature, (translation of Tahar Bekri), Research in African Literatures 23:2, 177-182, (1992).

v 2. “Poetic idiom among the Akyé of Côte d’Ivoire: the agnanda-nou, (translation of Agnès Monnet), Research in African Literatures 24:2. 108-116, (1993).

FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Field: Spanish and Portuguese Minor Field: Spanish phonology and morphology, Romance linguistics

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract...... ii

Acknowledgments...... iii

Vita...... v

Chapters:

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1

1.1 Variability in language...... 1 1.2 Speed and style...... 10 1.2.1 Optional and variable rules...... 10 1.2.2 Gestural overlap and gestural reduction...... 20 1.2.3 Fast speech and control...... 22 1.3 The Theoretical framework: Optimality Theory...... 28 1.3.1 Preview of OT constraints...... 28 1.3.2 FAITHFULNESS vs. MARKEDNESS...... 30 1.3.3 Colina (1995)...... 31 1.3.4 Partial ranking theories of variation...... 33 1.3.5 Constraining FCs? Some acquisitional evidence...... 38 1.3.6 Probabilistic prediction in the FC theory...... 41 1.4 Distinctive feature structure...... 43 1.5 Preliminary conclusions and organization of the study...... 45

2. FEATURAL, SEGMENTAL, AND MORAIC FAITHFULNESS...... 47 IN SYLLABLE MERGER

2.1 Syllable merger...... 47 2.1.1 Previous treatments of syllable merger...... 48 2.1.2 Experimental evidence for mid glide raising...... 53 2.1.3 Preliminaries to an OT analysis...... 57 2.1.4 MAX-µ and MAX-µ-WI...... 60 2.1.5 The Data...... 62 2.1.6 An OT account...... 66 2.2 Stressed syllable merger...... 72 2.2.1 The Data...... 79 2.2.2 An OT account...... 83 2.3 Vowel deletion in Chicano Spanish...... 92

vii 2.3.1 Rule ordering and rule persistence...... 94 2.3.2 An OT account...... 98 2.3.3 More about Chicano: the OCP...... 104 2.4 Identical (long) vowels...... 109

2.4.1 Structure fusion in V1V1 sequences...... 109

2.4.2 The Effect of stress on V1V1 sequences...... 112 2.4.3 An OT account...... 115 2.5 Vowel super-sequences...... 122 2.5.1 Sonority conditions on super-sequences...... 123 2.5.2 An OT account...... 125 2.6 Summary...... 132

3. CONSONANT ASSIMILATION, NEUTRALIZATION...... 134 AND ASPIRATION

3.1 Place assimilation...... 135 3.1.1 Feature spreading...... 138 3.1.2 The Spreading imperative...... 146 3.1.3 LICENSE-PLACE and consonant release...... 150 3.1.4 Assimilation and overlap: some articulatory considerations...... 152 3.1.5 An OT account...... 155 3.2 Nasal neutralization, place faithfulness, and assimilation...... 166 3.2.1 Constraints on nasal place...... 172 3.2.2 An OT account...... 176 3.3 Voicing assimilation, continuancy assimilation, and devoicing...... 186 3.3.1 Voicing assimilation...... 186 3.3.2 Continuancy assimilation...... 189 3.3.3 Devoicing...... 196 3.3.4 Constraining the coda...... 198 3.3.5 An OT account...... 203 3.3.5.1 Type 1...... 206 3.3.5.2 Type 2...... 210 3.3.5.3 Type 3...... 212 3.4 Aspiration...... 216 3.4.1 Some aspiration varieties...... 220 3.4.2 Which feature gets left?...... 221 3.4.3 An OT account...... 224 3.5 Summary...... 237

4. CONCLUDING REMARKS...... 241

Bibliography...... 250