Unit Topic: Evolution and Classification

C.P. Biology

Unit Topic : Evolution and Classification

Broad Concept: Evolution is the result of changes in a population that occur in constantly changing environments. Over many generations, changes in the genetic makeup of populations may affect biodiversity through speciation and extinction.

Study Assignments and Objectives:

Origin of Life Study Assignment - MBtext 14.1-3 Additional: http://bit.ly/S05dbQ and/or http://www.bozemanscience.com/010-abiogenesis or http://www.bozemanscience.com/011- the-origin-of-life-scientific-evidence or http://bit.ly/1irHAnk or http://bit.ly/QNOIyA  Describe the several scientific explanations for the origin of life on earth

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Supporting Evidence Study Assignment - MBtext 15.2, 306-308, 16.3 Additional: https://www.youtube.com/user/sciencestatedclearly and/or http://www.bozemanscience.com/002-examples-of-natural- selection and/or http://www.bozemanscience.com/speciation or http://bit.ly/1kb0VpE Study Assignment MBtext 15.1, 3 Additional: http://bit.ly/1irHAnk and/or http://www.bozemanscience.com/004-evidence-for-evolution and/or http://www.bozemanscience.com/evolution-continues or http://bit.ly/1mPhlq3 • Compare and contrast Lamarck and Darwin’s theories of evolution and identity which theory is most accepted today • Explain and give an example of an acquired trait • Describe who Darwin was, his voyage on the Beagle, his study and conclusion of the Galapagos Finches • Explain Darwin’s Theories: Descent with Modification and Natural Selection  Describe geographical and reproductive isolation and how they lead to the formation of a new species • Identify the three types of Natural Selection (stabilizing, directional, disruptive) by predicting on a graph the variation of traits within the population after natural selection has taken place. • Describe sexual selection • Distinguish between patterns of evolution: co-evolution, divergent and convergent evolution • Explain how evolution is demonstrated by evidence from: the fossil record, comparative anatomy, genetics, molecular biology, examples of natural selection (and artificial selection).

Species and Populations Study Assignment - MBtext 16.1 Additional: http://www.bozemanscience.com/003-genetic-drift or http://bit.ly/1nUdLec and http://bit.ly/1pFqeXQ or http://bit.ly/1ny8Tyf Study Assignment - MBtext 16.2 Additional: http://www.bozemanscience.com/007-speciation-and-extinction or http://bit.ly/1rCVYdD • Define population, gene pool, allele frequency and genetic equilibrium • Describe the five factors that disrupt genetic equilibrium causing evolution • Contrast gradualism and punctuated rates of speciation

Taxonomy Study Assignment - MBtext 18.1 – 3 Additional: http://bit.ly/1rvQkZ6 or http://www.bozemanscience.com/three-domains-of-life and http://www.bozemanscience.com/classification-of-life • Describe how species are classified: reproductively distinct groups that are also behaviorally, morphologically and molecularly unique.  Describe and identify limitations of morphological and biological concepts of species • Integrate ideas from the morphological species concept and biological species concept to define what a specie is • Define Taxonomy and describe Carolus Linneaeus’ contribution to classification • List the seven levels of classification in proper order • Know how to correctly write a scientific name-- binomial nomenclature • Use a Phylogenetic Tree to show evolutionary relationships • Know the characteristics of the seven kingdoms and how they are characterized into three domains

Study Guide/Review Questions:

Origin of Life 1. Explain the difference between biogenesis and spontaneous generation. 2. How old do we believe the earth is? 3. How long has life been on earth? How may it have begun? 4. Define: autotroph, heterotroph, chemotroph, chemosynthesis, panspermia. 5. What is endosymbiosis and how does it explain the development of eukaryotes?

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 1. What is an acquired trait? Do acquired traits change the genotype of an organism? 2. Describe how both Darwin and Lamarck would explain how giraffes got a long neck. 3. If a trait increases an organism’s ability to survive but NOT its ability to reproduce is that organism have a high “fitness”? Explain. 4. Draw the bell curve that represents traits for most populations. On the same graph using different colors to label what stabilizing, directional and disruptional selection due to the population. 5. Define specie. Why did Darwin title his book “Origin of Species?” 6. Which pattern of evolution most likely results in the formation of a new species, co-evolution, divergent or convergent? Explain. 7. How can geographic isolation lead to speciation? 8. How can reproductive isolation lead to speciation? 9. Fruit fly embryos and frog embryos differ from each other more than frog embryos and human embryos do. What does this tell you about how the three species are related? 10. What do vestigial structures suggest? 11. The hemoglobin of humans is nearly identical to that of a gorilla. What does this suggest about the length of time that has passed since the last common ancestor of humans and gorillas lived? 12. What are homologous structures? Give an example and explain how they prove common ancestry.

Species and Populations 1. Describe the three main sources of variation within a population. 2. What two processes can introduce a new allele into a population? What can a new allele cause? 3. Describe the difference between gene flow and genetic drift. 4. Why is a large population necessary to maintain genetic equilibrium? 5. Define population. Do individuals or populations evolve? Support your answer. 6. What is a shortcoming of the biological species concept? 7. Define today’s concept of a species. 8. Contrast the two different hypothesis to the rate of speciation: gradual vs. punctuated

Classification 1. What are the seven levels of organization that Linneaus used to categorize organisms? 2. Write your name the way it would appear scientifically. 3. List three domains and which kingdom belongs to which domain. Write a defining characteristic for each kingdom.

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

LAMARCK’S THEORIES

• Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) • Theory: first to propose that ______descend from a ______. (Living species were descended from similar extinct species evident in fossil record)

To Explain how species change Lamarck hypothesized:

• Acquired trait: a trait NOT determined by ______, it arises during an organism’s ______as a result of behavior and can be passed onto ______.

Example:

CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)

• Sailed around the World in Beagle for five years- collected specimens and recorded lots of data • Darwin reasoned that Earth is dynamic, constantly changing-- earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain formations • Changes are a long, slow process- organisms must adapt to changes or go ______• Studied species of finches on the Galapagos Islands which led to his two theories:

Descent with Modification

• Newer forms appearing in the fossil record are actually ______of older species • All living things had descended from ______

Modifications by Natural Selection • Describes 1. Living things face a constant ______for existence: organisms produce more than can survive.

2. Not all organisms are created equal: variation is the raw material for natural selection: -______-recombination of DNA (______/ ______) -sexual reproduction (random fusion of gametes)

3. Non-random ______and reproduction: environment affects individuals in a population differently -Individuals with traits best suited to their environment (______) survive and reproduce in high numbers -Fitness: ______

4. Favorable traits are ______

5. Adaptation: The number of organisms with ______increases within a population Populations ______change to become more suited to the environment

*The environment decides which alleles are favored not the individual*

Mechanisms of Evolution: Population Genetics Study of Evolution from a genetics point of view

Gene Pool: All the genes and all the alleles for those genes in a population Example:

Allele Frequency: The occurrence of an allele within a gene pool Example:

Genetic Equilibrium:

-In a non-evolving population ______in maintained. -There are five forces that ______genetic equilibrium and cause EVOLUTION

1. Spontaneous ______: occur at a very low rate but can introduce a new ______-create ______for natural selection to act on

2. Migration causes gene flow Gene flow: process -creates ______for natural selection to act on

3. Genetic Drift: allele frequencies change as a result of random events or chance -Has a larger effect on ______Example:

4. Non-random mating: mate selection is often introduced either by specific traits or location

5. Natural Selection- can alter variation in a population three ways

a. Stabilizing Selection: favors individuals with the ______phenotype of the trait. Example:

b. Directional Selection: Environmental conditions favor individuals of one ______phenotype. Example: 3. Disruptive Selection: Environmental conditions favor individuals of both ______. Example:

Evidence for Common Ancestry

1. Fossils: traces of a long-dead organism -Develop from hard body parts:

2. Homologous Structures: Same internal structures but different functions Example:

Analogous Structures: serve identical functions but differ anatomically and in development Example:

3. Vestigial Structure: “useless” features-were useful to an ancestor Can share a common ancestor with an organism that has function version Examples:

4. Similarities in Embryology

5. Similarities in macromolecules: Very precise and used heavily to determine relatedness Quantitative- compare sequences of: ______**The number of differences suggests the ______

Patterns of Evolution There are several ways species can change to adapt to their habitats

Coevolution Two or more species change together Ex: predators/preys

Convergent Environment selects for similar phenotypes but ancestors were different Two dissimilar species becoming similar Ex: shark vs. dolphin (analogous structures)

Divergent Two similar species becoming dissimilar as they respond to different environments Ex: Darwin’s finches

Speciation How one species evolves into two different species

Definition of Species a. Morphological: Members of a species have similar internal and external structures and appearance

Problem: Some organisms appear different but ______b. Biological: Members of a species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring but cannot breed with other groups

Problem: c. Species: Single type of organism that are ______similar and can interbreed to produce ______offspring

How New Species Arise

Isolation: Two parts of a formerly interbreeding population stop interbreeding

Geographic Isolation: ______of members of a population -Habitat becomes divided -No ______-Two subpopulations now have ______

Examples:

Reproductive Isolation: Prevent Gene Flow

Examples:

Rates of Speciation: Takes thousands to millions of years to produce new species Gradual Punctuated