Appendix A: Survey of Measures of Diversity Used in Tests That Support the IDH

Appendix A, Svensson et al.

Appendix A: Survey of measures of diversity used in tests that support the IDH. J. Robin Svensson, Mats Lindegarth, Per R. Jonsson, and Henrik Pavia. Disturbance-diversity models: what do they really predict and how are they tested?

Measure of diversity used to test the IDH Publication Richness Shannon's H' Evenness Other measure

Ackley, J. W., P. J. Muelleman, R. E. Carter, R. W. Henderson, and R. Powell. 2009. A rapid assessment of herpetofaunal diversity in variously Supported altered habitats on Dominica. Applied Herpetology 6:171-184.

Anderson, R. C., D. Nelson, M. R. Anderson, and M. A. Rickey. 2005. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) browsing effects Not Supported Supported Not Supported on tallgrass prairie forbs: Diversity and species abundances. Natural Areas Journal 25:19-25.

Andersson, M. S. and S. R. Gradstein. 2005. Impact of management intensity on non-vascular epiphyte diversity in cacao plantations in western Ecuador. Supported Biodiversity and Conservation 14:1101-1120.

Aronson, R. B. and W. F. Precht. 1995. Landscape patterns of reef coral diversity - a test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Journal of Supported Supported Supported Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 192:1-14.

Asch, R. G. and J. S. Collie. 2008. Changes in a benthic megafaunal community due to disturbance from bottom fishing and the establishment of Not Supported Supported a fishery closure. Fishery Bulletin 106:438-456.

1 Appendix A, Svensson et al.

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Austen, M. C., S. Widdicombe, and N. Villano-Pitacco. 1998. Effects of biological disturbance on diversity and structure of meiobenthic nematode Supported Supported Not Supported communities. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 174:233-246.

Austen, M. C., S. Widdicombe, and N. Villano-Pitacco. 1998. Second test Supported Supported Not Supported within the same study

Banitz, T., A. Huth, V. Grimm, and K. Johst. 2008. Clumped versus scattered: how does the spatial correlation of disturbance events affect Supported biodiversity? Theoretical Ecology 1:231-240.

Baniya, C. B., T. Solhoy, and O. R. Vetaas. 2009. Temporal changes in species diversity and composition in abandoned fields in a trans-Himalayan Supported landscape, Nepal. Plant Ecology 201:383-399.

Benmayor, R., A. Buckling, M. B. Bonsall, M. A. Brockhurst, and D. J. Hodgson. 2008. The interactive effects of parasitesf disturbance, and Supported productivity on experimental adaptive radiations. Evolution 62:467-477.

Bertrand, C., E. Franquet, N. Chomerat, and A. Cazaubon. 2004. An approach to the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis at the landscape scale: Supported the effects of hydrodynamic disturbance on phytoplankton communities. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie 161:351-369.

Biswas, S. R. and A. U. Mallik. 2010. Disturbance effects on species diversity and functional diversity in riparian and upland plant communities. Supported Not Supported Supported Ecology 91:28-35.

Biswas, S. R. and A. U. Mallik. 2010.Second test within the same Supported Not Supported experiment

Bongers, F., L. Poorter, W. D. Hawthorne, and D. Sheil. 2009. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis applies to tropical forests, but Supported disturbance contributes little to tree diversity. Ecology Letters 12:798-805.

Bowers, M. A. 1993. Influence of herbivorous mammals on an old-field Supported Not Supported plant community - years 1-4 after disturbance. Oikos 67:129-141.

Bowers, M. A. 1993. Second test within the same study Supported Not Supported

Braccia, A. and J. R. Voshell. 2007. Benthic macroinvertebrate responses to increasing levels of cattle grazing in Blue Ridge Mountain streams, Virginia, Supported USA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 131:185-200.

Brockhurst, M. A., A. Buckling, and A. Gardner. 2007. Cooperation peaks at Supported intermediate disturbance. Current Biology 17:761-765.

Brown, C. S., A. F. Mark, G. P. Kershaw, and K. J. M. Dickinson. 2006. Secondar succession 24 years after disturbance of a New Zealand high-alpine Supported Supported Supported cushionfield. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 38:325-334.

Buckling, A., R. Kassen, G. Bell, and P. B. Rainey. 2000. Disturbance and Supported diversity in experimental microcosms. Nature 408:961-964.

Buddle, C. M., D. W. Langor, G. R. Pohl, and J. R. Spence. 2006. Arthropod responses to harvesting and wildfire: Implications for emulation of natural Supported disturbance in forest management. Biological Conservation 128:346-357.

Burt, J. W. and K. J. Rice. 2009. Not all ski slopes are created equal: Disturbance intensity affects ecosystem properties. Ecological Applications Not Supported Supported 19:2242-2253.

Cadotte, M. W. 2007. Competition-colonization trade-offs and disturbance Supported effects at multiple scales. Ecology 88:823-829.

Cardinale, B. J., H. Hillebrand, and D. F. Charles. 2006. Geographic patterns of diversity in streams are predicted by a multivariate model of disturbance Supported Not Supported and productivity. Journal of Ecology 94:609-618.

Cleary, D. F. R., A. O. Mooers, K. A. O. Eichhorn, J. van Tol, R. de Jong, and S. B. J. Menken. 2004. Diversity and community composition of Supported Not Supported butterflies and odonates in an ENSO-induced fire affected habitat mosaic: a case study from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Oikos 105:426-446.

Cleary DFR, Mooers AO, Eichhorn KAO, et al. ii Supported Supported

Collins, S. L., S. M. Glenn, and D. J. Gibson. 1995. Experimental-Analysis of Intermediate Disturbance and Initial Floristic Composition - Decoupling Supported Cause and Effect. Ecology 76:486-492.

Connell, J. H., T. E. Hughes, C. C. Wallace, J. E. Tanner, K. E. Harms, and A. M. Kerr. 2004. A long-term study of competition and diversity of corals. Supported Not Supported Ecological Monographs 74:179-210.

Connell, J. H., T. E. Hughes, C. C. Wallace, J. E. Tanner, K. E. Harms, and Not Supported Supported A. M. Kerr. 2004. Second test within the same study

Connell, J. H., T. E. Hughes, C. C. Wallace, J. E. Tanner, K. E. Harms, and Not Supported Supported A. M. Kerr. 2004. Third test within the same study

Connell, J. H., T. E. Hughes, C. C. Wallace, J. E. Tanner, K. E. Harms, and Supported Supported A. M. Kerr. 2004. Fourth test within the same study

Crooks, K. R., A. V. Suarez, and D. T. Bolger. 2004. Avian assemblages along a gradient of urbanization in a highly fragmented landscape. Biological Supported Conservation 115:451-462.

De Cauwer, B., D. Reheul, K. D'Hooghe, I. Nijs, and A. Milbau. 2006. Disturbance effects on early succession of field margins along the shaded Supported and unshaded side of a tree lane. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 112:78-86. del Pozo, A., C. Ovalle, M. A. Casado, B. Acosta, and J. M. de Miguel. 2006. Effects of grazing intensity in grasslands of the Espinal of central Supported Chile. Journal of Vegetation Science 17:791-798.

Devictor, V. and A. Robert. 2009. Measuring community responses to large- scale disturbance in conservation biogeography. Diversity and Distributions Supported Supported Not Supported 15:122-130.

Doak, D. F. and M. G. Loso. 2003. Effects of grizzly bear digging on alpine plant community structure. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 35:421- Not Supported Supported 428.

Doak, D. F. and M. G. Loso. 2003. Second test within the same study Supported Not Supported

D'Odorico, P., F. Laio, L. Ridolfi, and M. T. Lerdau. 2008. Biodiversity enhancement induced by environmental noise. Journal of Theoretical Supported Biology 255:332-337.

Dorrough, J., J. Ash, and S. McIntyre. 2004. Plant responses to livestock grazing frequency in an Australian temperate grassland. Ecography 27:798- Supported 810.

Engelmoer, D. J. P. and D. E. Rozen. 2009. Fitness trade-offs modify community composition under contrasting disturbance regimes in Supported Pseudomonas flouresens microcosms. Evolution 63:3031-3037.

England, P. R., J. Phillips, J. R. Waring, G. Symonds, and R. Babcock. 2008. Modelling wave-induced disturbance in highly biodiverse marine macroalgal Supported Not Supported communities: support for the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Marine and Freshwater Research 59:515-520.

English, E. I. and M. A. Bowers. 1994. Vegetational gradients and proximity to Woodchuck (Marmota monax) borrows in an old field. Journal of Supported Mammalogy 75:775-780.

Fedoroff, E., J. F. Ponge, F. Dubs, F. Fernandez-Gonzalez, and P. Lavelle. 2005. Small-scale response of plant species to land-use intensification. Supported Supported Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 105:283-290.

Ferreira, M. N. and S. Rosso. 2009. Effects of human trampling on a rocky shore fauna on the Sao Paulo coast, southeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Supported Biology 69:993-999.

Flecker, A. S. and B. W. Taylor. 2004. Tropical fishes as biological bulldozers: Density effects on resource heterogeneity and species diversity. Supported Ecology 85:2267-2278.

Fleming, G. M., J. E. Diffendorfer, and P. H. Zedler. 2009. The relative importance of disturbance and exotic-plant abundance in California coastal Supported sage scrub. Ecological Applications 19:2210-2227.

Flöder, S. and U. Sommer. 1999. Diversity in planktonic communities: An experimental test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Limnology and Supported Supported Oceanography 44:1114-1119.

Fox, J. F. 1981. Intermediate levels of soil disturbance maximize alpine plant Supported Supported diversity. Nature 293:564-565.

Gallet, R., S. Alizon, P. A. Comte, A. Gutierrez, F. Depaulis, M. van Baalen, E. Michel, and C. D. M. Muller-Graf. 2007. Predation and disturbance Supported interact to shape prey species diversity. American Naturalist 170:143-154.

Graham, J. H., A. J. Krzysik, D. A. Kouacic, J. J. Duda, D. C. Freeman, J. M. Emlen, J. C. Zak, W. R. Long, M. P. Wallace, C. Chamberlin-Graham, J. P. Supported Not Supported Nutter, and H. E. Balbach. 2009. Species richness, equitability, and abundance of ants in disturbed landscapes. Ecological Indicators 9:866-877.

Guo, Q. F. 1996. Effects of bannertail kangaroo rat mounds on small-scale Supported plant community structure. Oecologia 106:247-256.

Gutt, J., P. Koubbi, and M. Eleaume. 2007. Mega-epibenthic diversity off Terre Adelie (Antarctica) in relation to disturbance. Polar Biology 30:1323- Supported 1329.

Hacker, S. D. and M. D. Bertness. 1999. Experimental evidence for factors maintaining plant species diversity in a New England salt marsh. Ecology Supported 80:2064-2073.

Hiltunen, T., J. Laakso, and V. Kaitala. 2006. Interactions between environmental variability and immigration rate control patterns of species Supported diversity. Ecological Modelling 194:125-131.

Hiura, T. 1995. Gap formation and species diversity in Japanese beech forests - a test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis on a geographic Supported scale. Oecologia 104:265-271.

Hixon, M. A. and W. N. Brostoff. 1983. Damselfish as keystone species in reverse - intermediate disturbance and diversity of reef algae. Science Supported 220:511-513.

Huang, H., J. S. Lian, X. P. Huang, L. M. Huang, R. L. Zou, and D. R. Wang. 2006. Coral cover as a proxy of disturbance: A case study of the Supported Supported Supported biodiversity of the hermatypic corals in Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands in the South China Sea. Chinese Science Bulletin 51:129-135.

Hughes, A. R., J. E. Byrnes, D. L. Kimbro, and J. J. Stachowicz. 2007. Reciprocal relationships and potential feedbacks between biodiversity and Supported disturbance. Ecology Letters 10:849-864.

Ikeda, H. 2003. Testing the intermediate disturbance hypothesis on species diversity in herbaceous plant communities along a human trampling gradient Not Supported Not Supported Supported using a 4-year experiment in an old-field. Ecological Research 18:185-197.

Jara, V. C., J. H. S. Miyamoto, B. A. P. da Gama, M. Molis, M. Wahl, and R. C. Pereira. 2006. Limited evidence of interactive disturbance and nutrient Supported Supported effects on the diversity of macrobenthic assemblages. Marine Ecology- Progress Series 308:37-48.

Jiang, L. and S. N. Patel. 2008. Community assembly in the presence of Supported disturbance: A microcosm experiment. Ecology 89:1931-1940.

Johst, K., J. Gutt, C. Wissel, and V. Grimm. 2006. Diversity and disturbances in the antarctic megabenthos: Feasible versus theoretical Supported disturbance ranges. Ecosystems 9:1145-1155.

Johst, K. and A. Huth. 2005. Testing the intermediate disturbance hypothesis: when will there be two peaks of diversity? Diversity and Supported Distributions 11:111-120.

Kadmon, R. and Y. Benjamini. 2006. Effects of productivity and disturbance Supported on species richness: A neutral model. American Naturalist 167:939-946.

Kammer, P. M. and A. Mohl. 2002. Factors controlling species richness in alpine plant communities: An assessment of the importance of stress and Supported disturbance. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 34:398-407.

Kimbro, D. L. and E. D. Grosholz. 2006. Disturbance influences oyster Supported Not Supported community richness and evenness, but not diversity. Ecology 87:2378.

Kobayashi, T., B. G. Sanderson, and G. N. G. Gordon. 2005. A phytoplankton community in a temperate reservoir in New South Wales, Australia: relationships between similarity and diversity indices and Not Supported Supported Supported measures of hydrological disturbance. Marine and Freshwater Research 56:203-214.

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Lafon, C. W. 2004. Ice-storm disturbance and long-term forest dynamics in Supported the Adirondack Mountains. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:267-276.

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Lenz, M., M. Molis, and M. Wahl. 2004a. Experimental test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis: frequency effects of emersion on Not Supported Supported Supported fouling communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 305:247-266.

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Li, J., W. A. Loneragan, J. A. Duggin, and C. D. Grant. 2004. Issues affecting the measurement of disturbance response patterns in herbaceous Supported Not Supported Not Supported vegetation - A test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Plant Ecology 172:11-26.

Li, J., W. A. Loneragan, J. A. Duggin, and C. D. Grant. 2004. Second test Supported Not Supported within the same study

Li, J., W. A. Loneragan, J. A. Duggin, and C. D. Grant. 2004. Third test Supported Not Supported within the same study

Lindholm, M., D. O. Hessen, and L. Ramberg. 2009. Diversity, dispersal and disturbance: cladoceran species composition in the Okavango Delta. African Supported Zoology 44:24-35.

Lite, S. J., K. J. Bagstad, and J. C. Stromberg. 2005. Riparian plant species richness along lateral and longitudinal gradients of water stress and flood Supported disturbance, San Pedro River, Arizona, USA. Journal of Arid Environments 63:785-813.

Liu, B., W. Z. Zhao, Z. J. Wen, J. R. Teng, and X. H. Li. 2009. Floristic Characteristics and Biodiversity Patterns in the Baishuijiang River Basin, Supported Not Supported Supported China. Environmental Management 44:73-83.

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Melis, C., M. Sundby, R. Andersen, A. Moksnes, B. Pedersen, and E. Roskaft. 2007. The role of moose Alces alces L. in boreal forest - the effect Supported on ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) abundance and diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 16:1321-1335.

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Miyake, Y. and S. Nakano. 2002. Second test within the same study Not Supported Supported

Molino, J. F. and D. Sabatier. 2001. Tree diversity in tropical rain forests: A validation of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Science 294:1702- Supported 1704.

Molis, M., M. Lenz, and M. Wahl. 2003. Radiation effects along a UV-B gradient on species composition and diversity of a shallow-water Supported Supported Not Supported macrobenthic community in the western Baltic. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 263:113-125.

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