Relationships in the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) s1

EPC Exhibit 131-9.1.2 May 21, 2009

THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

Dewey Section

To: Caroline Kent, Chair Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee

Cc: Members of the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee Karl E. Debus-López, Chief, U.S. General Division

From: Giles Martin, Assistant Editor Winton Matthews, Consultant Dewey Decimal Classification OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.

Via: Joan S. Mitchell, Editor in Chief Dewey Decimal Classification OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.

Re: Asia Minor and Turkey

Relocations From To Topic --3921 --3923 Pergamum --[3925] –39313 Bithynia Province

Expansions Table 2 Topic Warrant in WorldCat –393 15 Honorias Province –393 17 Paphlagonia Province –393 32 Helenopontus Province –393 37 Pontus Polemoniacus Province –394 2 Southeast central Turkey to ca. 640 –496 12 European portion of Çanakkale Gallipoli Peninsula: 2,301 Province (Çanakkale Ili)

1 Table 2 Topic Warrant in WorldCat –496 14 Edirne Province (Edirne Ili) 281 –496 15 Kırklareli Province (Kırklareli Ili) 24 –496 16 Tekirdağ Province (Tekirdağ Ili) 44 –562 2 Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale Ili) 107 –562 3 Balıkesir Province (Balıkesir Ili) 132 –562 4 Manisa Province (Manisa Ili) 151 –562 5 Izmir Province (Izmir Ili) 1444 (includes 445 for Bergama) –562 6 Aydın Province (Aydın Ili) 210 –562 7 Burdur, Denizli, Muğla provinces Burdur : 37 (illeri) Denizli : 61 Muğla : 99 –562 8 Afyon, Kütahya, Usak provinces Afyon: 126 (illeri) Kütahya: 107 Usak: 16 –563 1 Bursa Province (Bursa İli) 478 –563 2 Asian portion of İstanbul Province (İstanbul İli) –563 3 Kocaeli and Yalova provinces (illeri) Kocaeli: 199 (including 74 for İzmit) Yalova: 9 (province formed in 1995) –563 4 Bilecik, Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya Bilecik: 13 provinces (illeri) Bolu: 64 Düzce: 6 (province formed in 1999) Sakarya : 27 –563 5 Eskişehir Province (Eskişehir İli) 162 –563 6 Ankara Province (Ankara İli) 943 –563 7 Bartın, Çankırı, Karbük, Kastamonu, Bartın: 3 Zonguldak provinces (illeri) Çankırı: 40 Karbük: 6 Kastamonu: 111 Zonguldak: 95 Table 2 Topic Warrant in WorldCat

2 –563 8 Amasya, Kırıkkale, Samsun, Sinop, Amasya: 62 Yozgat provinces (illeri) Kırıkkale: 18 Samsun: 62 Sinop: 87 Yozgat: 46 –563 83 Çorum Province (Çorum İli) Çorum: 343 (including 272 for Boğazkoy) –564 1 Aksaray, Kayseri, Kırsehir, Nevsehir, Aksaray: 26 Niğde provinces (illeri) Cappadocia: 370 Kırşehir: 58 Niğde: 38 –564 12 Kayseri Province (Kayseri İli) 226 –564 14 Nevsehir Province (Nevsehir Ili) 42 (but the tourist center of Cappadocia) –564 2 Konya Province (Konya İli) 411 –564 3 Isparta Province (Isparta İli) 82 –564 4 Antalya Province (Antalya İli) 246 –564 5 Karaman Provinces (Karaman İli) 36 –564 6 Mersin Province (Mersin İli) 330 (includes 251 for Tarsus) –564 7 Adana and Osmaniye provinces (illeri) Adana: 217 Osmaniye: 6 –564 8 Hatay Province (Hatay İli) 530 (includes 402 for Antioch) –564 9 Gaziantep and Kilis provinces (illeri) Gaziantep: 214 Kilis: 12 –565 1 Şanlıurfa Province (Şanlıurfa İli) Şanlıurfa: 230 Urfa: 39 –565 2 Adıyaman Province (Adıyaman İli) 72 (includes 28 for Nemrut Dağı Mound) –565 3 Kahramanmaraş Province 82 (Kahramanmaraş İli) –565 4 Malatya Province (Malatya İli) 145 –565 5 Sivas Province (Sivas İli) 251

3 Table 2 Topic Warrant in WorldCat –565 6 Ordu and Tokat provinces (illeri) Ordu: 39 Tokat: 50 –565 7 Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane Bayburt: 11 provinces (illeri) Giresun: 63 Gümüşhane: 23 –565 8 Trabzon Province (Trabzon İli) 331 –566 22 Ardahan, Artvin, Rize provinces Ardahan: 18 (illeri) Artvin: 54 Rize: 65 –566 24 Erzurum Province (Erzurum İli) Erzurum: 286 –566 26 Ağrı, Iğdır, Kars provinces (illeri) Ağrı: 26 Iğdır: 15 Kars: 177 –566 28 Hakkâri and Van provinces (illeri) Hakkâri: 34 Van: 212 –566 72 Bitlis and Muş provinces (illeri) Bitlis: 74 Muş: 65 –566 73 Bingöl Province (Bingöl İli) Bingöl: 21 –566 74 Erzincan Province (Erzincan İli) Erzincan: 102 –566 75 Tunceli Province (Tunceli İli) Tunceli: 96 –566 76 Elazığ Provinces (Elazığ Ili) Elazığ: 71 –566 77 Diyarbakır Province (Diyarbakır İli) Diyarbakır: 264 –566 78 Batman, Mardin, Siirt, Şirnak Batman: 14 provinces (illeri) Mardin: 92 Siirt: 29 Şirnak: 10

Turkey and Asia Minor This exhibit is for discussion only at this stage. Before it reaches its final form, we would want to get feedback from the National Library of Turkey (Milli Kütüphane), from the European DDC Users’ Group (EDUG), and from other interested parties.

4 Winton left ancient Asia Minor for me (Giles) to work on, though since then he has been involved in this exhibit as a consultant. Before working on Asia Minor in --392-393 in Table 2, I checked on literary warrant for provinces in modern Turkey, since it was going to be necessary to make links between parts of Asia Minor and the modern provinces. I found adequate warrant for most provinces. This fixes an issue here that ancient Asia Minor was developed in rather more detail than modern Turkey. Modern provinces with relatively little warrant are grouped together as far as possible. Some of the warrant is for ancient cities and provinces, e.g., a lot of the large warrant for Izmir is for the city under its earlier name Smyrna. Some is for non-Turkish material, e.g., a lot of the warrant for the European portion of Çanakkale Province is for the World War I history of the Gallipoli peninsula. I have given the literary warrant in WorldCat, extracted from the FAST authority file, in the third column of the table of expansions on pp. 1-4 above. In general, the provinces with literary warrant of 100 or more were given their own number, while provinces with less warrant were grouped with others. I next worked on the Roman provinces of what was then Asia Minor and part of Syria, and what is now Turkey. The development follows the arrangement of the provinces in 395 A.D., which I found documented in two places: (1) in William R. Shepherd’s Historical Atlas, in a plate titled “The Roman Empire about 395”, which can be found on the Web at http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/romeancientrome/ig/Maps-of-Rome-and-the-Empire/The- Roman-Empire-about-395.htm and at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_empire_395.jpg (I have a print copy of a later edition of the Atlas, and the map is the same in it) (2) Maps of the Roman dioceses in the region as at 400 A.D. in the Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dioecesis_Asiana_400_AD.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dioecesis_Orientis_400_AD.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dioecesis_Pontica_400_AD.png These two sources generally agree with each other: the differences are with details such as the exact position of boundaries. We need to do more work connecting the old provinces in --392-395 and the current provinces in --562-566, and it would help if we had maps of the region around 400 A.D. with more detail than those that we currently have. Left over at that point were the topics in --5667 Southeast central Turkey to ca. 640, an area that in 395 A.D. was in the northeast part of the Roman diocese of the East, and is an area not provided for in the current --3 in Table 2 among Syria, Asia Minor, Armenia and Mesopotamia. (There was a Roman province of Mesopotamia which falls in this region). It’s of some historic interest, as it includes the pre-Roman kingdom of Osroene, and I’ve expanded for it at --3942.

Issues There are some smaller issues here, but the big issue is whether to: (1) Expand the Turkish provinces on the current arrangement in DDC. (2) Follow the rearrangement and expansion used in the Turkish translation of Edition 20. (3) Have a new arrangement subordinate to --561 (relocated from --562-566), so that all of the Asian part of Turkey is subordinate to the main number for Turkey.

5 We have chosen to expand the Turkish provinces following the current arrangement in the DDC. The expansion that appeared in the Turkish translation of DDC 20 was developed at a time when there was less concern about interoperability with the standard edition. In the Turkish translation, Turkish provinces in Europe were relocated from –4961 to –56221 and 56226-56229, a violation of one of the basic rules for placement of geographic areas in Table 2. We also decided not to relocate existing provisions for Turkey to –561. Attached are two appendixes: Appendix 1 is a draft of the proposed changes and expansions in Table 2, and appendix 2 is an earlier draft of this exhibit sent to the EDUG WG 930, which contains an earlier proposal for changes and expansions in Table 2. The differences between the arrangements are:

--4961 Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ are kept together as a group in both, but Çanakkale is moved to the first position in the later arrangement.

--5631-5633 The earlier version had İstanbul first, as part of the largest city in the country. The later arrangement has Bursa first, as the most western province.

--564 The earlier arrangement moves generally from west to east. The later starts in the northeastern corner, then goes around counter-clockwise, which has the advantage of continuing from the end of --563. In addition, Kayseri is included with the Cappadocian provinces at --5641.

--5651-5654 The new version gives Adıyaman and Malatya their own numbers, rather than grouping them together.

--5667 The earlier version had a northwest to southeast sweep through the region, while the new arrangement starts with the provinces next to those at the end of the previous region (--5662) and goes counterclockwise. In addition, Bingol, Elazığ and Tunceli now all have their own numbers.

6 Appendix 1: Draft of Table 2 for Asia Minor and Turkey Following is a draft of the relevant parts of Table 2 with additions marked with an underline and deletions marked by strike-through.

–391 1 Northern Aegean Islands Including Northern Sporades (including Skyros Island), Thasos Island, Samothrace Island, Lemnos Island; Imbros, Tenedos islands (Option: Class Skyros Island in --49515; class Northern Sporades in --4954; class Samothrace Island, Thasos Island in --4957; class Lemnos Island in --49582; class Imbros, Tenedos islands in --562 --5622)

–392 Western Asia Minor Diocese of Asia (Dioecesis Asiana) Class here *Western Asia Minor, comprehensive works on Asia Minor For Aegean Islands, see - - 391; for eastern Asia Minor, see --393 (Option: Class in --561)

–392 1 Mysia and Troas Hellespontus Province Including Balıkesir and Çanakkale provinces to ca. 640; Pergamum, Cyzicus, Mysia, Troas, Troy Pergamum relocated to - - 3923 (Option: Class in --562 Çanakkale Province to ca. 640, Troas, Troy in - - 5622; class Balıkesir Province to ca. 640, Mysia in - - 5623)

–392 2 Lydia Province Including Sardis Class here Manisa Province to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --562 --5624)

–392 3 Ionia Asia Province Including Pergamum [ formerly - - 3921]; Aydın Province to ca. 640; Ephesus, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, Miletus, Smyrna Class here İzmir Province to ca. 640; Ionia For Aegean Islands, see --391 (Option: Class in --562 İzmir Province to ca. 640, Ionia, Ephesus, Pergamum, Smyrna in - - 5625; class Aydın Province to ca. 640, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, Miletus in - - 5626)

–392 4 Caria Province Including Burdur, Denizli, Muğla provinces to ca. 640; Halicarnassus (Option: Class in --562 --5627)

7 –[392 5] Bithynia Province Relocated to - - 39313 (Option: Class in --563)

–392 6 Phrygia Including Afyon, Eskişehir, Kütahya, Usak provinces to ca. 640; Phrygia Pacatiana, Phrygia Salutaris provinces (Option: Class in –562 Afyon, Kütahya, Usak provinces to ca. 640 in - - 5628; class Eskişehir Province to ca. 640 in - - 5635)

–392 7 Lycaonia and Pisidia Provinces Including Isparta, Karaman, Konya provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --564 Konya Province to ca. 640 in - - 5642; Isparta Province to ca. 640 in - - 5643; class Karaman Province to ca. 640 in - - 5645)

–392 8 Lycia Province Class here western part of Antalya Province to ca. 640, comprehensive works on Antalya Province to ca. 640 For eastern part of Antalya Province to ca. 640, see - - 3929 (Option: Class in --564 --5644)

–392 9 Pamphylia Province Class here eastern part of Antalya Province to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --564 --5644)

–393 Eastern Asia Minor and Cyprus Subdivisions are added for eastern Asia Minor and Cyprus together, for eastern Asia Minor alone Class here Diocese of Pontus (Dioecesis Ponticus) For Armenia, see - - 3955 (Option: Class eastern Asia Minor in --561)

–393 1 Bithynia, Honorias, Paphlagonia provinces (Option: Class in --563)

– 393 13 Bithynia Province [ formerly - - 3925] Including Asian portion of İstanbul Province to ca. 640; Bursa, Kocaeli, Yalova provinces to ca. 640 (Options: Class Bithynia Province in - - 563; class Bursa Province to ca. 640 in - - 5631; class Asian portion of İstanbul Province to ca. 640 in - - 5632; class Kocaeli and Yalova provinces to ca. 640 in - - 5633)

8 – 393 15 Honorias Province Including Bilecik, Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in - - 5634)

– 393 17 Paphlagonia Province Including Bartın, Çankırı, Karbük, Kastamonu, Zonguldak provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in - - 5637)

–393 2 Galatia Prima and Galatia Salutaris provinces Including Ankara, Kırıkkale provinces to ca. 640 Class here Galatia (Option: Class in --563 Ankara Province to ca. 640, Galatia in - - 5636; class Kırıkkale Province to ca. 640 in - - 5638)

–393 3 Helenopontus and Pontus Polemoniacus provinces Class here Pontus (Option: Class Pontus in --565)

– 393 32 Helenopontus Province Including Amasya, Çorum, Samsun, Sinop, Yozgat provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in - - 5638)

– 393 37 Pontus Polemoniacus Province Including Ardahan, Artvin, Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Ordu, Rize, Tokat, Trabzon provinces to ca. 640 (Options: Class Pontus Polemoniacus Province in - - 565; class Ordu and Tokat provinces to ca. 640 in - - 5656; class Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane provinces to ca. 640 in - - 5657; class Trabzon to ca. 640 in - - 5658; class Ardahan, Artvin, Rize provinces to ca. 640 in - - 56622)

–393 4 Cappadocia Two Roman provinces Including Aksaray, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --564 Aksaray, Kırşehir, Niğde provinces to ca. 640 in - - 5641; class Kayseri Province to ca. 640 in - - 56412; class Nevşehir Province to ca. 640 in - - 56414)

9 –393 5 Cilicia Prima, Cilicia Secunda, Isauria provinces Including Adana and Osmaniye provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --564 Mersin Province to ca. 640, Cilicia Prima and Isauria provinces in - - 5646; class Adana and Osmaniye provinces to ca. 640, Cilicia Secunda Province in - - 5647)

–393 6 Commagene Northern part of Euphratensis Province The part of Euphratensis Province in present-day Turkey Including Cyrrhestica; Adıyaman; Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Malatya provinces to ca. 640 Class here Commagene; comprehensive works on Euphratensis Province For southern part of Euphratensis Province, southern part of Cyrrhestica, see - - 39432 (Options: Class in --564 Gaziantep and Kilis provinces to ca. 640, Cyrrhestica in - - 5649; class Adıyaman Province to ca. 640, Commagene in - - 5652; class Kahramanmaraş Province to ca. 640, comprehensive works on Euhratensis Province in - - 5653; class Malatya Province to ca. 640 in --5654)

–393 7 Cyprus to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --5693)

–394 Middle East to 640 (Option: Class in --56)

– 394 2 Southeast central Turkey to ca. 640 Including Batman, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Erzincan, Mardin, Muş, Şanlıurfa, Siirt, Şirnak, Tunceli provinces (illeri) to ca. 640 Class here Osroene (Options: Class Şanlıurfa Province to ca. 640 in - - 5652; class Southeast central Turkey, Batman, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Erzincan, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Şirnak, Tunceli provinces to ca. 640, Osroene in - - 5667)

–394 3 Syria to ca. 640 For Phoenicia, see --3944 (Option: Class in --5691; class Palmyra in --56912)

–394 31 Hatay Province of modern Turkey Class here Antioch (Option: Class --564 - - 5648)

10 –394 32 Desert provinces of modern Syria Including southern part of Euphratensis Province, southern part of Cyrrhestica Class here Palmyra (Option: Class --56912)

–395 5 Armenia to ca. 640 Including Ağrı, Ardahan, Artvin, Erzurum, Hakkâri, Iğdır, Kars, Sivas, Van provinces of Turkey to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --5662 Sivas province to to ca. 640 in - - 5655; Armenia to ca. 640 in - - 5662; class Erzurum Province to ca. 640 in - - 56624; class Ağrı, Iğdır, Kars provinces to ca. 640 in - - 56626; class Hakkâri and Van provinces to ca. 640 in - - 56628)

–496 1 Turkey in Europe (Eastern Thrace) Including Edirne (Adrianople), Kırklareli, Tekirdağ provinces (illeri); European portion of Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale İli) Class comprehensive works on Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale İli) in --563 See also --16389 for Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara (Option: Class here Eastern Thrace to ca. 640; prefer - - 39861)

– 496 12 European portion of Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale Ili) Class here Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu) Class comprehensive works on Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale Ili) in - - 5622

– 496 14 Edirne Province (Edirne Ili) Including Edirne (Adrianople)

– 496 15 Kırklareli Province (Kırklareli Ili)

– 496 16 Tekirdağ Province (Tekirdağ Ili)

–496 18 Istanbul Province (Istanbul Ili) Class here Istanbul (Constantinople) For Asian portion of İstanbul Province, see --563 --5632 See also --16389 for Bosporus (Option: Class here ancient Constantinople to ca. 640; prefer --398 --398618)

11 –561 Turkey Class here Asia Minor For divisions of Turkey, see --562–566 (Options: Class here ancient Asia Minor, western Asia Minor; prefer --392. Class here ancient eastern Asia Minor; prefer --393)

______

> --562–566 Divisions of Turkey Class comprehensive works in --561 For Turkey in Europe, see --4961

–562 Western Turkey Including Afyon, Aydın, Balıkesir, Burdur, Çanakkale, Denizli, İzmir, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Usak provinces (illeri) Including Bozca (Tenedos) and İmroz (Imbros) islands For European portion of Çanakkale Province, see --4961 See also --16389 for Dardanelles (Options: Class here ancient Imbros and Tenedos islands; prefer --3911. Class here ancient Mysia and Troas; prefer --3921. Class here ancient Lydia; prefer --3922. Class here ancient Ionia; prefer --3923. Class here ancient Caria; prefer --3924. Class here ancient Phrygia; prefer --3926)

– 562 2 Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale Ili) Including Bozca (Tenedos) and Gökçeada (İmroz, Imbros) islands For European portion of Çanakkale Province, see - - 49612 See also - - 16389 for Dardanelles (Option: Class here ancient Imbros and Tenedos islands; prefer - - 3911. Class here Çanakkale Province to ca. 640, Troas, Troy; prefer - - 3921)

– 562 3 Balıkesir Province (Balıkesir Ili) (Option: Class here Balıkesir Province to ca. 640, Mysia; prefer - - 3921)

– 562 4 Manisa Province (Manisa Ili) (Option: Class here Manisa Province to ca. 640, Lydia; prefer - - 3922

– 562 5 Izmir Province (Izmir Ili) Including Bergama (Pergamum), Efes (Ephesus), İzmir (Smyrna) (Option: Class here İzmir Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3923)

– 562 6 Aydın Province (Aydın Ili) (Option: Class here Aydın Province to ca. 640, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, Miletus; prefer - - 3923)

12 – 562 7 Burdur, Denizli, Muğla provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Burdur, Denizli, Muğla provinces to ca. 640, Caria; prefer - - 3924)

– 562 8 Afyon, Kütahya, Usak provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Afyon, Kütahya, Usak provinces to ca. 640, Phrygia; prefer - - 3926)

–563 North central Turkey Including Amasya, Ankara, Bartın, Bilecik, Bolu, Bursa, Çankırı, Çorum, Eskişehir, Karbük, Kastamonu, Kırıkkale, Kocaeli, Sakarya, Samsun, Sinop, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak provinces (illeri); Asian portion of İstanbul Province (İstanbul İli) Class comprehensive works on İstanbul Province (İstanbul İli) in --49618 See also --16389 for Bosporus, Sea of Marmara (Options: Class here ancient Bithynia to ca. 640; prefer --3925 --39313. Class here ancient Paphlagonia; prefer --3931. Class here ancient Galatia; prefer --3932)

– 563 1 Bursa Province (Bursa İli) (Option: Class here Bursa Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 39313)

– 563 2 Asian portion of İstanbul Province (İstanbul İli) Class comprehensive works on İstanbul Province (İstanbul İli) in - - 49618 (Option: Class here Asian portion of İstanbul Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 39313)

– 563 3 Kocaeli and Yalova provinces (illeri) Including İzmit (Nicomedia) (Option: Class here Kocaeli and Yalova provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 39313)

– 563 4 Bilecik, Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Bilecik, Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya provinces to ca. 640, Honorias Province; prefer - - 39315)

– 563 5 Eskişehir Province (Eskişehir İli) (Option: Class here Eskişehir Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3926)

– 563 6 Ankara Province (Ankara İli) (Option: Class here Ankara Province to ca. 640, Galatia Prima and Galatia Salutaris provinces ; prefer - - 3932)

13 – 563 7 Bartın, Çankırı, Karbük, Kastamonu, Zonguldak provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Bartın, Çankırı, Karbük, Kastamonu, Zonguldak provinces to ca. 640, Paphlagonia Province; prefer - - 39317)

– 563 8 Amasya, Çorum, Kırıkkale, Samsun, Sinop, Yozgat provinces (illeri) (Options: Class here Kırıkkale Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3932. Class here Amasya, Samsun, Sinop, Yozgat provinces to ca. 640, Helenopontus province; prefer - - 39332)

– 563 83 Çorum Province ( Çorum İli) (Option: Class here Çorum Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 39332)

–564 South central Turkey Including Adana, Aksaray, Antalya, Gaziantep, Hatay, İçel, Isparta, Karaman, Kayseri, Kilis, Kırşehir, Konya, Nevşehir, Niğde, Osmaniye provinces (illeri); *Taurus Mountains (Toros Dağları) (Options: Class here ancient Pisidia; prefer --3927. Class here ancient Lycia; prefer --3928. Class here ancient Pamphylia --3929. Class here ancient Cappadocia; prefer --3934. Class here ancient Cilicia; prefer --3935. Class here ancient Commagene; prefer --3936. Class here ancient Antioch; prefer --3943)

– 564 1 Aksaray, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde provinces (illeri) Class here Cappadocia (Kapadokya) (Option: Class here Aksaray, Kırşehir, Niğde provinces, Cappadocia to ca. 640; prefer - - 3934)

– 564 12 Kayseri Province (Kayseri İli) (Option: Class here Kayseri Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3934)

– 564 14 Nevşehir Province (Nevşehir İli) (Option: Class here Kayseri Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3934)

– 564 2 Konya Provinces (Konya İli ) (Option: Class here Konya Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3927)

– 564 3 Isparta Province (Isparta İli) (Option: Class here Isparta Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3927)

– 564 4 Antalya Province (Antalya İli) (Options: Class here western part of Antalya Province to ca. 640, Lycia; prefer - - 3928. Class here eastern part of Antalya Province to ca. 640, Pamphylia; prefer - - 3929)

14 – 564 5 Karaman Provinces (Karaman İli ) (Option: Class here Karaman Provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 3927)

– 564 6 Mersin Province (Mersin İli) Former name: İçel Province (İçel İli) Including Tarsus (Option: Class here Mersin Province to ca. 640, Cilicia Prima and Isauria provinces; prefer - - 3935)

– 564 7 Adana and Osmaniye provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Adana and Osmaniye provinces to ca. 640, Cilicia Secunda Province; prefer - - 3935)

– 564 8 Hatay Province (Hatay İli) Including Antakya (Antioch) (Option: Class here Hatay Province, Antioch to ca. 640; prefer - - 39431)

– 564 9 Gaziantep and Kilis provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Gaziantep and Kilis provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 3936)

–565 East central Turkey Including Adıyaman, Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Kahramanmaraş, Malatya, Ordu, Sivas, Tokat, Trabzon, Urfa provinces (illeri) (Options: Class here ancient Pontus to ca. 640; prefer --3933. Class here Pontus Polemoniacus Province; prefer --39337)

– 565 1 Şanlıurfa Province ( Şanlıurfa İli) Variant name: Urfa Province (Urfa İli) (Option: Class here Şanlıurfa Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3942)

– 565 2 Adıyaman Province (Adıyaman İli) (Option: Class here Adıyaman Provinces to ca. 640, Commagene; prefer - - 3936)

– 565 3 Kahramanmaraş Province (Kahramanmaraş İli) (Option: Class here Kahramanmaraş Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3936)

– 565 4 Malatya Province (Malatya İli) (Option: Class here Malatya Provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 3936)

– 565 5 S ivas Province ( S ivas İli) (Option: Class here S ivas Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3955)

15 – 565 6 Ordu and Tokat provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Ordu and Tokat provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 39337)

– 565 7 Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 39337)

– 565 8 Trabzon Province (Trabzon İli) Former name: Trebizond (Option: Class here Trabzon Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 39337)

–566 Eastern Turkey

–566 2 Northeastern Turkey Including Ağrı, Ardahan, Artvin, Erzurum, Hakkâri, Iğdır, Kars, Rize, Van provinces (illeri) Class here comprehensive works on Armenia region For country of Armenia, see --4756 (Option: Class here ancient Armenia to ca. 640; prefer --3955)

– 566 22 Ardahan, Artvin, Rize provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Ardahan, Artvin, Rize provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 39337)

– 566 24 Erzurum Province ( Erzurum İli) (Option: Class here Erzurum Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3955)

– 566 26 Ağrı, Iğdır, Kars provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Ağrı, Iğdır, Kars provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 3955)

– 566 28 Hakkâri and Van provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Hakkâri and Van provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 3955)

–566 7 Southeast central Turkey Including Batman, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Erzincan, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Şirnak, Tunceli provinces (illeri) Class here comprehensive works on Kurdistan For Iranian Kurdistan, see --5554; for Iraqi Kurdistan, see --5672 (Option: Class here southeast central Turkey to ca. 640; prefer --3942)

16 – 566 72 Bitlis and Muş provinces (illeri)

– 566 73 Bingöl Provinces (Bingöl İli )

– 566 74 Erzincan Province ( Erzincan İli)

– 566 75 Tunceli Province (Tunceli İli )

– 566 76 Elazığ Province (Elazığ İli )

– 566 77 Diyarbakır Province ( Diyarbakır İli)

– 566 78 Batman, Mardin, Siirt, Şirnak provinces (illeri)

17 Appendix 2: Draft sent EDUG WG 930 Asia Minor and Turkey From: Giles Martin, Assistant Editor Winton Matthews, Consultant Dewey Decimal Classification OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. April 24th, 2009 This is a draft of a proposed EPC Exhibit 131 9.1.2, and is being submitted to the European Dewey Users’ Group (EDUG) Working Group (WG) 930 for comments. We request a response by the end of Friday, May 1st, 2009. The most important questions that we would like EDUG WG 930 to address are: (1) Whether to follow the development in the Turkish translation of Edition 20, which involves significant relations of parts of Turkey. (2) Whether to develop for all the provinces of Turkey, or just develop according to literary warrant as below. We have not completed work on parts of present-day Turkey which were in Armenia, Mesopotamia or Syria back at the time of the Roman Empire, so that options are incomplete for those areas. We would welcome comments and suggestions on those areas.

Relocations From To Topic --3921 --3923 Pergamum --[3925] –39313 Bithynia Province

Expansions –393 15 Honorias Province –393 17 Paphlagonia Province –393 32 Helenopontus Province –393 37 Pontus Polemoniacus Province –496 12 Edirne Province (Edirne Ili) 281 –496 13 Kırklareli Province (Kırklareli Ili) 24 –496 14 Tekirdağ Province (Tekirdağ Ili) 44 –496 16 European portion of Çanakkale Province Gallipoli Peninsula: 2,301 (Çanakkale Ili) –562 2 Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale Ili) 107

18 –562 3 Balıkesir Province (Balıkesir Ili) 132 –562 4 Manisa Province (Manisa Ili) 151 –562 5 Izmir Province (Izmir Ili) 1444 (includes 445 for Bergama) –562 6 Aydın Province (Aydın Ili) 210 –562 7 Burdur, Denizli, Muğla provinces (illeri) Burdur : 37 Denizli : 61 Muğla : 99 –562 8 Afyon, Kütahya, Usak provinces (illeri) Afyon: 126 Kütahya: 107 Usak: 16 –563 1 Asian portion of İstanbul Province (İstanbul İli) –563 2 Kocaeli and Yalova provinces (illeri) Kocaeli: 199 (including 74 for İzmit) Yalova: 9 (province formed in 1995) –563 3 Bursa Province (Bursa İli) 478 –563 4 Bilecik, Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya provinces (illeri) Bilecik: 13 Bolu: 64 Düzce: 6 (province formed in 1999) Sakarya : 27 –563 5 Eskişehir Province (Eskişehir İli) 162 –563 6 Ankara Province (Ankara İli) 943 –563 7 Bartın, Çankırı, Karabük, Kastamonu, Zonguldak Bartın: 3 provinces (illeri) Çankırı: 40 Karabük: 6 Kastamonu: 111 Zonguldak: 95 –563 8 Amasya, Çorum, Kırıkkale, Samsun, Sinop, Yozgat Amasya: 62 provinces (illeri) Çorum: 71 Kırıkkale: 18 Samsun: 62

19 Sinop: 87 Yozgat: 46 –564 1 Antalya Province (Antalya İli) 246 –564 2 Isparta Province (Isparta İli) 82 –564 3 Karaman and Konya provinces (illeri) Karaman: 36 Konya: 411 –564 4 Mersin Province (Mersin İli) 330 (includes 251 for Tarsus) –564 5 Aksaray, Kırsehir, Nevsehir, Niğde provinces Aksaray: 26 (illeri) Cappadocia: 370 Kırşehir: 58 Nevsehir: 42 Niğde: 38 –564 6 Kayseri Province (Kayseri İli) 226 –564 7 Adana and Osmaniye provinces (illeri) Adana: 217 Osmaniye: 6 –564 8 Hatay Province (Hatay İli) 530 (includes 402 for Antioch) –564 9 Gaziantep and Kilis provinces (illeri) Gaziantep: 214 Kilis: 12 –565 2 Şanlıurfa Province (Şanlıurfa İli) Şanlıurfa: 230 Urfa: 39 –565 3 Kahramanmaraş Province (Kahramanmaraş İli) 82 –565 4 Adıyaman and Malatya provinces (illeri) Adıyaman: 44 Malatya: 145 –565 5 Sivas Province (Sivas İli) 251 –565 6 Ordu and Tokat provinces (illeri) Ordu: 39 Tokat: 50 –565 7 Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane provinces (illeri) Bayburt: 11 Giresun: 63 Gümüşhane: 23 –565 8 Trabzon Province (Trabzon İli) 331

20 –566 22 Ardahan, Artvin, Rize provinces (illeri) Ardahan: 18 Artvin: 54 Rize: 65 –566 24 Erzurum Province (Erzurum İli) Erzurum: 286 –566 26 Ağrı, Iğdır, Kars provinces (illeri) Ağrı: 26 Iğdır: 15 Kars: 177 –566 28 Hakkâri and Van provinces (illeri) Hakkâri: 34 Van: 212 –566 72 Erzincan Province (Erzincan İli) Erzincan: 102 –566 73 Bingol, Elazığ, Tunceli provinces (illeri) Bingöl: 21 Elazığ: 71 Tunceli: 96 –566 75 Bitlis and Muş provinces (illeri) Bitlis: 74 Muş: 65 –566 77 Diyarbakır Province (Diyarbakır İli) Diyarbakır: 264 –566 78 Batman, Mardin, Siirt, Şirnak provinces (illeri) Batman: 14 Mardin: 92 Siirt: 29 Şirnak: 10

Turkey and Asia Minor Winton left ancient Asia Minor for me to work on. Before doing that, I felt that we should check on literary warrant for expansions in modern Turkey, and found adequate warrant for most provinces. This fixes a issue here that ancient Asia Minor was developed in rather more detail than modern Turkey. Provinces with relatively little warrant are grouped together as far as possible. Some of the warrant is for ancient cities and provinces, e.g., a lot of the large warrant for Izmir is for the city under its earlier name Smyrna. Some is for non-Turkish material, e.g., a lot of the warrant for the European portion of Çanakkale Province is for the World War I history of the Gallipoli peninsula. I have given the literary warrant in WorldCat, extracted from the FAST authority file, in the third column of the table of relocations on pp. 1-4 above. In general, provinces with literary warrant of 100 or more were given their own number, while provinces with less warrant were grouped with others

After putting together the development, I compared it with that in the Turkish translation of Edition 20, Dewey Onlu Sınıflama ve bağıntılı dizin : 20. basımın Türkçe çeviri ve uyarlaması. This expands for Turkey to the level of the districts (ilçeler) rather than just the provinces (iller),

21 which is clearly not justified in the English language edition. It also places the provinces in Europe in --56221 and --56226-56229 rather than in --4961.

However, apart from that, it represents a radical relocation of many of the provinces from their position in the English-language edition. Here are the provinces in the order proposed below:

Proposed Dewey Onlu Sınıflama Province –496 12 –562 28 Edirne –496 13 –562 29 Kırklareli –496 14 –562 27 Tekirdağ –496 16 –562 21 Çanakkale -- Europe –496 18 –562 26 Istanbul -- Europe –562 2 –562 21 Çanakkale -- Asia –562 3 –562 22 Balıkesir –562 4 –562 12 Manisa –562 5 –562 11 İzmir –562 6 –562 13 Aydın –562 7 –564 12 Burdur –562 7 –562 15 Denizli –562 7 –562 14 Muğla –562 8 –562 17 Afyon –562 8 –562 18 Kütahya –562 8 –562 16 Usak –563 1 –562 26 Istanbul -- Asia –563 2 –562 252 Kocaeli –563 2 –562 265 5 Yalova (province formed in 1995) –563 3 –562 23 Bursa –563 4 –562 24 Bilecik –563 4 –563 11 Bolu –563 4 –563 111 4 Düzce (province formed in 1999) –563 4 –562 251 Sakarya –563 5 –565 14 Eskişehir –563 6 –565 11 Ankara –563 7 –563 13 Bartın –563 7 –565 13 Çankırı –563 7 –563 127 Karabük (province formed in 1995) –563 7 –563 14 Kastamonu –563 7 –563 12 Zonguldak –563 8 –563 22 Amasya –563 8 –565 31 Çorum –563 8 –565 12 Kırıkkale –563 8 –563 21 Samsun –563 8 –563 15 Sinop –563 8 –565 32 Yozgat

22 –564 1 –564 11 Antalya –564 2 –564 13 Isparta –564 3 –565 23 Karaman –564 3 –565 21 Konya –564 4 –564 21 Mersin (former İçel) –564 5 –565 22 Aksaray –564 5 –565 33 Kırşehir –564 5 –565 41 Nevsehir –564 5 –565 42 Niğde –564 6 –565 43 Kayseri –564 7 –564 22 Adana –564 7 –564 222 7 Osmaniye (province formed in 1996) –564 8 –564 23 Hatay –564 9 –566 72 Gaziantep –564 9 –566 721 2 Kilis (province formed in 1994) –565 2 –566 74 Şanlıurfa (Turkish: Urfa) –565 3 –566 71 Kahramanmaraş –565 4 –566 73 Adıyaman –565 4 –566 21 Malatya –565 5 –565 35 Sivas –565 6 –563 23 Ordu –565 6 –565 34 Tokat –565 7 –563 29 Bayburt –565 7 –563 24 Giresun –565 7 –563 28 Gümüşhane –565 8 –563 25 Trabzon –566 22 –566 33 Ardahan –566 22 –563 27 Artvin –566 22 –563 26 Rize –566 24 –566 31 Erzurum –566 26 –566 36 Ağrı –566 26 –566 37 Iğdır –566 26 –566 32 Kars –566 28 –566 39 Hakkâri –566 28 –566 38 Van –566 72 –566 24 Erzincan –566 73 –566 25 Bingöl –566 73 –566 23 Elazığ –566 73 –566 22 Tunceli –566 75 –566 35 Bitlis –566 75 –566 34 Muş –566 77 –566 75 Diyarbakır –566 78 –566 76 Batman –566 78 –566 77 Mardin –566 78 –566 78 Siirt

23 –566 78 –566 79 Şirnak

And here are the provinces in the order of the Turkish translation:

Proposed Dewey Onlu Sınıflama Province –562 5 –562 11 İzmir –562 4 –562 12 Manisa –562 6 –562 13 Aydın –562 7 –562 14 Muğla –562 7 –562 15 Denizli –562 8 –562 16 Usak –562 8 –562 17 Afyon –562 8 –562 18 Kütahya –496 16 –562 21 Çanakkale -- Europe –562 2 –562 21 Çanakkale -- Asia –562 3 –562 22 Balıkesir –563 3 –562 23 Bursa –563 4 –562 24 Bilecik –563 4 –562 251 Sakarya –563 2 –562 252 Kocaeli –496 18 –562 26 Istanbul -- Europe –563 1 –562 26 Istanbul -- Asia –563 2 –562 265 5 Yalova (province formed in 1995) –496 14 –562 27 Tekirdağ –496 12 –562 28 Edirne –496 13 –562 29 Kırklareli –563 4 –563 11 Bolu –563 4 –563 111 4 Düzce (province formed in 1999) –563 7 –563 12 Zonguldak –563 7 –563 127 Karabük (province formed in 1995) –563 7 –563 13 Bartın –563 7 –563 14 Kastamonu –563 8 –563 15 Sinop –563 8 –563 21 Samsun –563 8 –563 22 Amasya –565 6 –563 23 Ordu –565 7 –563 24 Giresun –565 8 –563 25 Trabzon –566 22 –563 26 Rize –566 22 –563 27 Artvin –565 7 –563 28 Gümüşhane –565 7 –563 29 Bayburt –564 1 –564 11 Antalya –562 7 –564 12 Burdur –564 2 –564 13 Isparta

24 –564 4 –564 21 Mersin (former İçel) –564 7 –564 22 Adana –564 7 –564 222 7 Osmaniye (province formed in 1996) –564 8 –564 23 Hatay –563 6 –565 11 Ankara –563 8 –565 12 Kırıkkale –563 7 –565 13 Çankırı –563 5 –565 14 Eskişehir –564 3 –565 21 Konya –564 5 –565 22 Aksaray –564 3 –565 23 Karaman –563 8 –565 31 Çorum –563 8 –565 32 Yozgat –564 5 –565 33 Kırşehir –565 6 –565 34 Tokat –565 5 –565 35 Sivas –564 5 –565 41 Nevsehir –564 5 –565 42 Niğde –564 6 –565 43 Kayseri –565 4 –566 21 Malatya –566 73 –566 22 Tunceli –566 73 –566 23 Elazığ –566 72 –566 24 Erzincan –566 73 –566 25 Bingöl –566 24 –566 31 Erzurum –566 26 –566 32 Kars –566 22 –566 33 Ardahan –566 75 –566 34 Muş –566 75 –566 35 Bitlis –566 26 –566 36 Ağrı –566 26 –566 37 Iğdır –566 28 –566 38 Van –566 28 –566 39 Hakkâri –565 3 –566 71 Kahramanmaraş –564 9 –566 72 Gaziantep –564 9 –566 721 2 Kilis (province formed in 1994) –565 4 –566 73 Adıyaman –565 2 –566 74 Şanlıurfa (Turkish: Urfa) –566 77 –566 75 Diyarbakır –566 78 –566 76 Batman –566 78 –566 77 Mardin –566 78 –566 78 Siirt –566 78 –566 79 Şirnak

25 So an obvious question is whether we should redevelop Turkey along the lines of the Turkish translation. Another question is whether we should give each province its own number.

I next worked on the Roman provinces of what was then Asia Minor and part of Syria, and what is now Turkey. The development follows the arrangement of the provinces in 395 A.D., which I found documented in two places: (1) in William R. Shepherd’s Historical Atlas, in a plate titled “The Roman Empire about 395”, which can be found on the Web at http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/romeancientrome/ig/Maps-of-Rome-and-the-Empire/The- Roman-Empire-about-395.htm and at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_empire_395.jpg (I have a print copy of a later edition of the Atlas, and the map is the same in it) (2) Maps of the Roman dioceses in the region as at 400 A.D. in the Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dioecesis_Asiana_400_AD.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dioecesis_Orientis_400_AD.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dioecesis_Pontica_400_AD.png These two sources generally agree with each other: the differences are with details such as the exact position of boundaries.

–391 1 Northern Aegean Islands Including Northern Sporades (including Skyros Island), Thasos Island, Samothrace Island, Lemnos Island; Imbros, Tenedos islands (Option: Class Skyros Island in --49515; class Northern Sporades in --4954; class Samothrace Island, Thasos Island in --4957; class Lemnos Island in --49582; class Imbros, Tenedos islands in --562 --5622)

–392 Western Asia Minor Diocese of Asia (Dioecesis Asiana) Class here *Western Asia Minor, comprehensive works on Asia Minor For Aegean Islands, see - - 391; for eastern Asia Minor, see --393 (Option: Class in --561)

–392 1 Mysia and Troas Hellespontus Province Including Balıkesir and Çanakkale provinces to ca. 640; Pergamum, Cyzicus, Mysia, Troas, Troy Pergamum relocated to - - 3923 (Option: Class in --562 Çanakkale Province to ca. 640, Troas, Troy in - - 5622; class Balıkesir Province to ca. 640, Mysia in - - 5623)

–392 2 Lydia Province Including Sardis Class here Manisa Province to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --562 --5624)

26 –392 3 Ionia Asia Province Including Pergamum [ formerly - - 3921]; Aydın Province to ca. 640; Ephesus, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, Miletus, Smyrna Class here İzmir Province to ca. 640; Ionia For Aegean Islands, see --391 (Option: Class in --562 İzmir Province to ca. 640, Ionia, Ephesus, Pergamum, Smyrna in - - 5625; class Aydın Province to ca. 640, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, Miletus in - - 5626)

–392 4 Caria Province Including Burdur, Denizli, Muğla provinces to ca. 640; Halicarnassus (Option: Class in --562 --5627)

–[392 5] Bithynia Province Relocated to - - 39313 (Option: Class in --563)

–392 6 Phrygia Including Afyon, Eskişehir, Kütahya, Usak provinces to ca. 640; Phrygia Pacatiana, Phrygia Salutaris provinces (Option: Class in –562 Afyon, Kütahya, Usak provinces to ca. 640 in - - 5628; class Eskişehir Province to ca. 640 in - - 5635)

–392 7 Lycaonia and Pisidia Provinces Including Isparta, Karaman, Konya provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --564 Isparta Province to ca. 640 in - - 5642; class Karaman and Konya provinces to ca. 640 in - - 5643)

–392 8 Lycia Province Class here western part of Antalya Province to ca. 640, comprehensive works on Antalya Province to ca. 640 For eastern part of Antalya Province to ca. 640, see - - 3929 (Option: Class in --564 --5641)

–392 9 Pamphylia Province Class here eastern part of Antalya Province to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --564 --5641)

27 –393 Eastern Asia Minor and Cyprus Subdivisions are added for eastern Asia Minor and Cyprus together, for eastern Asia Minor alone Class here Diocese of Pontus (Dioecesis Ponticus) For Armenia, see - - 3955 (Option: Class eastern Asia Minor in --561)

–393 1 Bithynia, Honorias, Paphlagonia provinces (Option: Class in --563)

– 393 13 Bithynia Province [ formerly - - 3925] Including Asian portion of İstanbul Province to ca. 640; Bursa, Kocaeli, Yalova provinces to ca. 640 (Options: Class Bithynia Province in - - 563; class Asian portion of İstanbul Province to ca. 640 in - - 5631; class Kocaeli and Yalova provinces to ca. 640 in - - 5632; class Bursa Province to ca. 640 in - - 5633)

– 393 15 Honorias Province Class here Bilecik, Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in - - 5634)

– 393 17 Paphlagonia Province Class here Bartın, Çankırı, Karabük, Kastamonu, Zonguldak provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in - - 5637)

–393 2 Galatia Prima and Galatia Salutaris provinces Class here Ankara Province to ca. 640; Galatia (Option: Class in --563 --5636)

–393 3 Helenopontus and Pontus Polemoniacus provinces Class here Pontus (Option: Class Pontus in --565)

– 393 32 Helenopontus Province Class here Amasya, Samsun, Yozgat provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in - - 5638)

28 – 393 37 Pontus Polemoniacus Province Class here Ardahan, Artvin, Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Ordu, Rize, Tokat, Trabzon provinces to ca. 640 (Options: Class Pontus Polemoniacus Province in - - 565; class Ordu and Tokat provinces to ca. 640 in - - 5656; class Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane provinces to ca. 640 in - - 5657; class Trabzon to ca. 640 in - - 5658; class Ardahan, Artvin, Rize provinces to ca. 640 in - - 56622)

–393 4 Cappadocia Two Roman provinces Class here Aksaray, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class --564 Aksaray, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde provinces in - - 5645; class Kayseri Province in - - 5646)

–393 5 Cilicia Prima, Cilicia Secunda, Isauria provinces Class here Adana and Osmaniye provinces to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --564 Mersin Province to ca. 640, Cilicia Prima and Isauria provinces in - - 5644; class Adana and Osmaniye provinces to ca. 640, Cilicia Secunda Province in - - 5647)

–393 6 Commagene Northern part of Euphratensis Province The part of Euphratensis Province in present-day Turkey Including Cyrrhestica Class here Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis provinces to ca. 640, Commagene; comprehensivce works on Euphratensis Province For southern part of Euphratensis Province, southern part of Cyrrhestica, see - - 39432 (Options: Class in --564 Gaziantep and Kilis provinces to ca. 640, Cyrrhestica in - - 5649; class Kahramanmaraş Province to ca. 640, comprehensive works on Euhratensis Province in - - 5653; Adıyaman and Malatya provinces to ca. 640, Commagene in --5654)

–393 7 Cyprus to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --5693)

–394 3 Syria to ca. 640 For Phoenicia, see --3944 (Option: Class in --5691; class Palmyra in --56912)

–394 31 Hatay Province of modern Turkey Class here Antioch (Option: Class —564)

29 –394 32 Desert provinces of modern Syria Including southern part of Euphratensis Province, southern part of Cyrrhestica Class here Palmyra (Option: Class —56912)

–395 5 Armenia to ca. 640 Including Ağrı, Ardahan, Artvin, Erzurum, Hakkâri, Iğdır, Kars, Van provinces of Turkey to ca. 640 (Option: Class in --5662 ; class Erzurum Province in - - 56624; class Ağrı, Iğdır, Kars provinces in - - 56626; class Hakkâri and Van provinces in - - 56628)

–496 1 Turkey in Europe (Eastern Thrace) Including Edirne (Adrianople), Kırklareli, Tekirdağ provinces (illeri); European portion of Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale İli) Class comprehensive works on Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale İli) in --563 See also --16389 for Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara (Option: Class here Eastern Thrace to ca. 640; prefer - - 39861)

– 496 12 Edirne Province (Edirne Ili) Including Edirne (Adrianople)

– 496 13 Kırklareli Province (Kırklareli Ili)

– 496 14 Tekirdağ Province (Tekirdağ Ili)

– 496 16 European portion of Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale Ili) Class here Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu) Class comprehensive works on Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale Ili) in - - 5622

–496 18 Istanbul Province (Istanbul Ili) Class here Istanbul (Constantinople) For Asian portion of İstanbul Province, see --563 --5631 See also --16389 for Bosporus (Option: Class here ancient Constantinople to ca. 640; prefer --398 --398618)

30 –561 Turkey Class here Asia Minor For divisions of Turkey, see --562–566 (Options: Class here ancient Asia Minor, western Asia Minor; prefer --392. Class here ancient eastern Asia Minor; prefer --393)

> --562–566 Divisions of Turkey Class comprehensive works in --561 For Turkey in Europe, see --4961

–562 Western Turkey Including Afyon, Aydın, Balıkesir, Burdur, Çanakkale, Denizli, İzmir, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla, Usak provinces (illeri) Including Bozca (Tenedos) and İmroz (Imbros) islands For European portion of Çanakkale Province, see --4961 See also --16389 for Dardanelles (Options: Class here ancient Imbros and Tenedos islands; prefer --3911. Class here ancient Mysia and Troas; prefer --3921. Class here ancient Lydia; prefer --3922. Class here ancient Ionia; prefer --3923. Class here ancient Caria; prefer --3924. Class here ancient Phrygia; prefer --3926)

– 562 2 Çanakkale Province (Çanakkale Ili) Including Bozca (Tenedos) and Gökçeada (İmroz, Imbros) islands For European portion of Çanakkale Province, see - - 49616 See also - - 16389 for Dardanelles (Option: Class here ancient Imbros and Tenedos islands; prefer - - 3911. Class here Çanakkale Province to ca. 640, Troas, Troy; prefer - - 3921)

– 562 3 Balıkesir Province (Balıkesir Ili) (Option: Class here Balıkesir Province to ca. 640, Mysia; prefer - - 3921)

– 562 4 Manisa Province (Manisa Ili) (Option: Class here Manisa Province to ca. 640, Lydia; prefer - - 3922

– 562 5 Izmir Province (Izmir Ili) Including Bergama (Pergamum), Efes (Ephesus), İzmir (Smyrna) (Option: Class here İzmir Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3923)

– 562 6 Aydın Province (Aydın Ili) (Option: Class here Aydın Province to ca. 640, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, Miletus; prefer - - 3923)

31 – 562 7 Burdur, Denizli, Muğla provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Burdur, Denizli, Muğla provinces to ca. 640, Caria; prefer - - 3924)

– 562 8 Afyon, Kütahya, Usak provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Afyon, Kütahya, Usak provinces to ca. 640, Phrygia; prefer - - 3926)

–563 North central Turkey Including Amasya, Ankara, Bartın, Bilecik, Bolu, Bursa, Çankırı, Çorum, Eskişehir, Karbük, Kastamonu, Kırıkkale, Kocaeli, Sakarya, Samsun, Sinop, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak provinces (illeri); Asian portion of İstanbul Province (İstanbul İli) Class comprehensive works on İstanbul Province (İstanbul İli) in --49618 See also --16389 for Bosporus, Sea of Marmara (Options: Class here ancient Bithynia to ca. 640; prefer --3925 --39313. Class here ancient Paphlagonia; prefer --3931. Class here ancient Galatia; prefer --3932)

– 563 1 Asian portion of İstanbul Province (İstanbul İli) Class comprehensive works on İstanbul Province (İstanbul İli) in - - 49618 (Option: Class here Asian portion of İstanbul Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 39313)

– 563 2 Kocaeli and Yalova provinces (illeri) Including İzmit (Nicomedia) (Option: Class here Kocaeli and Yalova provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 39313)

– 563 3 Bursa Province (Bursa İli) (Option: Class here Bursa Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 39313)

– 563 4 Bilecik, Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Bilecik, Bolu, Düzce, Sakarya provinces to ca. 640, Honorias Province; prefer - - 39315)

– 563 5 Eskişehir Province (Eskişehir İli) (Option: Class here Eskişehir Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3926)

– 563 6 Ankara Province (Ankara İli) (Option: Class here Ankara Province to ca. 640, Galatia Prima and Galatia Salutaris provinces; prefer - - 3932)

32 – 563 7 Bartın, Çankırı, Karabük, Kastamonu, Zonguldak provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Bartın, Çankırı, Karabük, Kastamonu, Zonguldak provinces to ca. 640, Paphlagonia Province; prefer - - 39317)

– 563 8 Amasya, Çorum, Kırıkkale, Samsun, Sinop, Yozgat provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Amasya, Samsun, Yozgat provinces to ca. 640, Helenopontus province; prefer - - 39332)

–564 South central Turkey Including Adana, Aksaray, Antalya, Gaziantep, Hatay, İçel, Isparta, Karaman, Kayseri, Kilis, Kırşehir, Konya, Nevşehir, Niğde, Osmaniye provinces (illeri); *Taurus Mountains (Toros Dağları) (Options: Class here ancient Pisidia; prefer --3927. Class here ancient Lycia; prefer --3928. Class here ancient Pamphylia --3929. Class here ancient Cappadocia; prefer --3934. Class here ancient Cilicia; prefer --3935. Class here ancient Commagene; prefer --3936. Class here ancient Antioch; prefer --3943)

– 564 1 Antalya Province (Antalya İli) (Options: Class here western part of Antalya Province to ca. 640, Lycia; prefer - - 3928. Class here eastern part of Antalya Province to ca. 640, Pamphylia; prefer - - 3929)

– 564 2 Isparta Province (Isparta İli) (Option: Class here Isparta Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3927)

– 564 3 Karaman and Konya provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Karaman and Konya provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 3927)

– 564 4 Mersin Province (Mersin İli) Former name: İçel Province (İçel İli) Including Tarsus (Option: Class here Mersin Province to ca. 640, Cilicia Prima and Isauria provinces; prefer - - 3935)

– 564 5 Aksaray, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde provinces (illeri) Class here Cappadocia (Option: Class here Aksaray, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde provinces, Cappadocia to ca. 640; prefer - - 3934)

– 564 6 Kayseri Province (Kayseri İli) (Option: Class here Kayseri Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3934)

33 – 564 7 Adana and Osmaniye provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Adana and Osmaniye provinces to ca. 640, Cilicia Secunda Province; prefer - - 3935)

– 564 8 Hatay Province (Hatay İli) Including Antakya (Antioch) (Option: Class here Hatay Province, Antioch to ca. 640; prefer - - 3943)

– 564 9 Gaziantep and Kilis provinces (illeri)

–565 East central Turkey Including Adıyaman, Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Kahramanmaraş, Malatya, Ordu, Sivas, Tokat, Trabzon, Urfa provinces (illeri) (Options: Class here ancient Pontus to ca. 640; prefer --3933. Class here Pontus Polemoniacus Province; prefer - - 39337)

– 565 2 Şanlıurfa Province ( Şanlıurfa İli) Variant name: Urfa Province (Urfa İli)

– 565 3 Kahramanmaraş Province (Kahramanmaraş İli)

– 565 4 Adıyaman and Malatya provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Adıyaman and Malatya provinces to ca. 640, Commagene; prefer - - 3936)

– 565 5 S ivas Province ( S ivas İli)

– 565 6 Ordu and Tokat provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Ordu and Tokat provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 39337)

– 565 7 Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 39337)

– 565 8 Trabzon Province (Trabzon İli) Former name: Trebizond (Option: Class here Trabzon Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 39337)

34 –566 Eastern Turkey

–566 2 Northeastern Turkey Including Ağrı, Ardahan, Artvin, Erzurum, Hakkâri, Iğdır, Kars, Rize, Van provinces (illeri) Class here comprehensive works on Armenia region For country of Armenia, see --4756 (Option: Class here ancient Armenia to ca. 640; prefer --3955)

– 566 22 Ardahan, Artvin, Rize provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Ardahan, Artvin, Rize provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 39337)

– 566 24 Erzurum Province ( Erzurum İli) (Option: Class here Erzurum Province to ca. 640; prefer - - 3955)

– 566 26 Ağrı, Iğdır, Kars provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Ağrı, Iğdır, Kars provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 3955)

– 566 28 Hakkâri and Van provinces (illeri) (Option: Class here Hakkâri and Van provinces to ca. 640; prefer - - 3955)

–566 7 Southeast central Turkey Including Batman, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Erzincan, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Şirnak, Tunceli provinces (illeri) Class here comprehensive works on Kurdistan For Iranian Kurdistan, see --5554; for Iraqi Kurdistan, see --5672

– 566 72 Erzincan Province ( Erzincan İli)

– 566 73 Bingol, Elazığ, Tunceli provinces (illeri)

– 566 75 Bitlis and Muş provinces (illeri)

– 566 77 Diyarbakır Province ( Diyarbakır İli)

– 566 78 Batman, Mardin, Siirt, Şirnak provinces (illeri)