2.1 Introduction: and Rafael Contreras Rangel

Notes Principal authors 2.1 Introduction: www.economist.com/node/16481593 and Rafael Contreras Rangel.

2.2 The Benefits and Costs of Disease Resistance in Wheat, Stan Cox, Mother Earth News, 14 March 2014. Read more: http://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/the-benefits-and-costs- of-disease-resistance-in-wheat-zbcz1403.aspx#ixzz2w1uEY5kA. Main organizations External links 1. Borlaug Global Rust Initiative. 2. FAO. 3. Animation of stem rust life cycle. References (General) 1. Singh, Prof. V.; Dr. P. C. Pandey, Dr. D. K. Jain (2008). A Text Book of Botany. India: Rastogi. p. 15.132. ISBN 978-81-7133-904-4. 2. US Department of Agriculture (2.3.1 Rusts, 2.5 Management of rust fungi diseases)

1f.Mohanan C. (2010). Rust Fungi of Kerala. Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Research Institute. p. 148. ISBN 81-85041-72-5. 2f. Schumann, G. & D'Arcy, C. (2010). Essential plant pathology. APS Press 3f. Scott, K.J, & Chakravorty, A.K., (1982), The Rust fungi. Academic Press. 4f. Peterson, R., (1974). The Rust Fungus Life Cycle. The Botanical Review. 40(4), 453-513. 5f. Central Science Laboratory. (2006). Plant Healthcare: Rusts [Fact Sheet]. Retrieved from www.csldiagnostics.co.uk 6f. http://www.backyardnature.net/f/rusts.htm. 7f. Schumann, G. & D'Arcy, C. (2010). Essential plant pathology. APS Press. 8f. Craigie, J.H. (1931). Phytopathology, 21, 1001. 9f. Osherov, N. and G.S. May, The molecular mechanisms of conidial germination. FEMS Microbiol. Lett, 2001. 199(2): p. 153–160. 10f. Dickinson, M. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2003. 11f. Deising, H.B., S. Werner, and M. Wernitz, The role of fungal appressoria in plant infection. Microbes Infect, 2000. 2(13): p. 1631-41. 12f. Zhou, X.L., et al., A mechanosensitive channel in whole cells and in membrane patches of the fungus Uromyces. Science, 1991. 253(5026): p. 1415. 13f. Voegele, R.T. and K. Mendgen, Rust haustoria: nutrient uptake and beyond. New Phytologist, 2003. 159(1): p. 93-100. 14f. Schumann, G. & D'Arcy, C. (2010). Essential plant pathology. APS Press. 15f. Cornell University. (2010). Daylily rust: Puccinia hemerocallidis [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://plantclinic.cornell.edu. 16f. Peterson, R., (1974). The Rust Fungus Life Cycle. The Botanical Review. 40(4), 453-513. 17f. Hooker, Arthur L (1967). The Genetics and Expression of Resistance in Plants to Rusts of the Genus Puccinia. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol 5 (1): 163–178. 18f. Schumann, G. & D'Arcy, C. (2010). Essential plant pathology. APS Press. 19f. Cornell University. (2005). White Pine Blister Rust: Cronartium ribicola [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://plantclinic.cornell.edu. 20f. Marsalis, M. & Goldberg, N. (2006). Leaf, Stem, And Stripe Rust Diseases of Wheat. [Fact sheet]. New Mexico State University. 21f. Schumann, G. & D'Arcy, C. (2010). Essential plant pathology. APS Press. 22f. Wallis, C. & Lewandowski, D. (2008). Cedar Rust Diseases of Ornamental Plants. [Fact Sheet]. Ohio State University. 23f. http://www.stopsoybeanrust.com/viewStory.asp?StoryID=1140. 24f. Central Science Laboratory. (2006). Plant Healthcare: Rusts [Fact Sheet]. Retrieved from www.csldiagnostics.co.uk. 25f. Marsalis, M. & Goldberg, N. (2006). Leaf, Stem and Stripe Rust Diseases of Wheat. [Fact sheet]. New Mexico State University. (2.3.2 Stem wheat rust)

1d. Singh, Ravi P.; Hodson, David; Huerta-Espino, Julio; Jin, Yue; Njau, Peter; Wanyera, Ruth; Herrera-Foessel, Sybil and Ward, Richard W. (2008). "Will Stem Rust Destroy The World's Wheat Crop?". Advances in Agronomy 98: 272–309. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)00205-8. 2d. Karen Kaplan A red alert for wheat July 22, 2009 BrandX/ LA Times 3d. Jin, Y; Steffenson, Bj; Miller, Jd, 1994: Inheritance of resistance to pathotypes QCC and MCC of Puccinia graminis fsp tritici in barley line Q21861 and temperature effects on the expression of resistance. Phytopathology 84(5): 452-455 4d. Schumann, G.L.; Leonard, K. J. (2000 (updated 2011)). "Stem rust of wheat (black rust)". The Plant Health Instructor. doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2000-0721-01. 5d. Peterson, Ronald H. (1974). "The rust fungus life cycle". The Botanical Review 40: 453–513. doi:10.1007/BF02860021. 6d. Singh, Ravi P.; Hodson, David P.; Huerta-Espino, Julio; Jin, Yue; Bhavani, Sridhar; Njau, Peter; Herrera-Foessel, Sybil; Singh, Pawan K.; Singh, Sukhwinder; Govindan, Velu (8 September 2011). "The Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus is a Threat to World Wheat Production". Annual Review of Phytopathology 49 (1): 465–481. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095423. (2.3.3 Yellow stripe rust) 1g. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y4011E/y4011e0g.htm Accessed 2012-08-08. 2g. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-100-5-0432. 3g. Ali, Sajid; Pierre Gladieux, Marc Leconte, Angélique Gautier, Annemarie F. Justesen, Mogens S. Hovmøller, Jérôme Enjalbert, Claude de Vallavieille-Pope (23-01-2014). "Origin, Migration Routes and Worldwide Population Genetic Structure of the Wheat Yellow Rust Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici". PLOS Pathogens 10: e1003903. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003903. 4g. http://www.striperust.wsu.edu. 5g. http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/factsheet/wheat-stripe-rust08.pdf. 6g. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-02-11-0078. g Ali S. (2012) Population biology and invasion history of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici at worldwide and local scale, Ph.D. dissertation. Université Paris-Sud 11. g Chen, X. M. 2005. Epidemiology and control of stripe rust [Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici] on wheat. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 27:314-337. g de Vallavieille-Pope, C, Ali, S, Leconte, M, Enjalbert, J, Delos, M, Rouzet, J (2012) Virulence dynamics and regional structuring of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in France between 1984 and 2009. Plant Disease 96:131-140. g Doodson, J.K., Manners, J.G. and Myers, A. (1964). Some effects of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) on the growth and yield of spring wheat. Ann. Bot. 28: 459-472. g Eriksson, J. and E. Henning. 1896. Die Getreideroste. Ihre Geschichte und Natur sowie Massregein gegen dieselben. P. A. Norstedt and Soner, Stockholm. 463 pp. g Hogg, W.H., C.E. Hounam, A.K. Malik, and J.C. Zadoks. 1969. Meteorological factors affecting the epidemiology of wheat rusts. WMO Tech Note 99. 143 pp. g Hovmøller, M. S., Sørensen, C. K., Walter, S., Justesen, A. F. (2011) Diversity of Puccinia striiformis on cereals and grasses. Annual Review of Phytopathology 49, 197-217. g Hylander, N., I. Jorstad and J.A. Nannfeldt. 1953. Enumeratio uredionearum Scandinavicarum. Opera Bot. 1:1-102. g Jin, Y., Szabo, L.J., and Carson, M. 2010. Century-old mystery of Puccinia striiformis life history solved with the identification of Berberis as an alternate host. Phytopathology 100:432-435. g Poehlman J.M. and D.A. Sleper. 1995. Breeding Field Crops. 4th Ed. Iowa State Press/Ames, Iowa 50014. g Robbelen, G. and Sharp, E. L., 1978. Mode of inheritance, interaction and application of genes conditioning resistance to yellow rust. Adv. Plant Breeding, 9, 88 pp. g Saari, E. E. and Prescott, J. M., 1985. World distribution in relation to economic losses. Pages 259-298, in: The Cereal Rusts Vol. II: Diseases, distribution, epidemiology and control, A. P. Roelfs and W. R. Bushnell eds., Academic Press, Orlando, Fl. g Stubbs, R. W., 1985. Stripe rust. Pages 61–101 in: The Cereal Rusts Vol. II: Diseases, distribution, epidemiology and control, A. P. Roelfs and W. R. Bushnell eds., Academic Press, Orlando, Fl. Zadoks, J. C. and Bouwman, J. J., 1985. Epidemiology in Europe. Pages 329-369 in: The Cereal Rusts Volume II: Diseases, distribution, epidemiology and control, A. P. Roelfs and W. R. Bushnell eds., Academic Press, Orlando, Fl. ghttp://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/ad_hoc/36400500Publications/CerealRusts/The %20Cereal%20Rusts_VOLUME%20II.pdf. ghttp://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/ad_hoc/36400500Cerealrusts/stripe_rust_control. pdf. ghttp://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/ad_hoc/36400500Cerealrusts/Pst-life-cycle %20Phyto-reprint.pdf. ghttp://www.cimmyt.org. ghttp://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/site_main.htm?modecode=36-40-05-00. (2.4.2 Nomenclatural history of wheat rust) 1b. Winter, George (1882). in Rabenhorst Kryptogamen Flora. p. 924. 2b. Gaeumann, Ernst (1959). Rostpilze Mitteleuropas. 3b. Mains, E. B. (1932). "Host specialization in the leaf rust of grasses, Puccinia rubigo- vera.". Mich. Acad. Sci. (17): 289–394. 4b. Wilson, M; D. M. Henderson (1966). British Rust Fungi. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521068390. 5b. Cummins, George B. (1971). Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses and Bamboos. Springer. ISBN 9780387053363. 6b. Urban, Z. (1969). "Die Grasrostpilze Mitteleuropas mit besonderer Brücksichtigung der Tschechoslowakei". Rozpr. Cs. Akad. Ved. Ser. mat. prir. 7b. Savile, D. B. O. (1984). Taxonomy of the Cereal Rust Fungi (in The Cereal Rusts vol 1). 8b. Marková, J; Urban, Z. (1998). "The rust fungi of grasses in Europe. 6. Puccinia persistens". Acta Univ Carol 41: 329–402. 9b. Abbasi, M.; Ershad, D.; Hedjaroude, G. A. (2005). "Taxonomy of Puccinia recondite s. lat. causing brown rust on grasses". Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 41 (4): 631–662. 10b. Singh 2008: 11b. USDA 2010: (2.5 Preventative action) 1a. Brown, J. K. M., and Hovmller, M. S. (2002). Aerial dispersal of pathogens on the global and continental scales and its impact on plant disease. Science 297, 537–541. 2a. Mishra, A. N., K. Kaushal, S. R. Yadav, G. S. Shirsekar, and H. N. Pandey. "The Linkage between the Stem Rust Resistance Gene Sr2 and Pseudo-black Chaff in Wheat Can Be Broken." Plant Breeding 124.5 (2005): 520-22. Print. 3a. Pretorius, Z. A., R. P. Singh, W. W. Wagoire, and T. S. Payne. "Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis. f. sp. tritici in Uganda." Plant Disease 84, no. 2 (2000): 203-203. 4a. Schumann, G.L. and K.J. Leonard. 2000. Stem rust of wheat (black rust). The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2000-0721-01. Updated 2011. 5a. Singh, Ravi P., David P. Hodson, Julio Huerta-Espino, Yue Jin, Peter Njau, Ruth Wanyera, Sybil A. Herrera-Foessel, and Richard W. Ward. "Will stem rust destroy the world's wheat crop?." Advances in agronomy 98 (2008): 271-309. 6a. Singh, R. P., William, H. M., Huerta-Espino, J., and Rosewarne, G. (2004b). Wheat rust in Asia: Meeting the challenges with old and new technologies. In ‘‘New Directions for a Diverse Planet: Proceedings ofthe 4th International Crop Science Congress,’’http://www.cropscience.org.au./icsc2004/symposia/3/7/141_singhrp.htm (accessed on April 18, 2013). September 26–October 1, 2004. Brisbane, Australia. 7a. 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(2.5 Preventative Action, 2.5.6 Australia) Further References More detailed information can be obtained from the DPI Information Note Series: www.depi.vic.gov.au/graindiseases Cereal Diseases Guide (AG1160)

Victorian Winter Crop Summary

Wallwork H (2000) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases. For rust identification, send rusted plant samples in a paper envelope (do not use plastic wrapping) to: Australian Cereal Rust Survey. Plant Breeding Institute. Private Bag 4011, Narellan NSW 2567 Contact/Services available from DEPI DEPI Field Crop Pathology, Grains Innovation Park,110 Natimuk Rd, Horsham 3400. Tel (03) 5362 2111, or the DEPI Customer Service Centre 136 186. Acknowledgements This Information Note (AG1351) was developed by Grant Hollaway in June 2009. It was reviewed by Frank Henry, Farm Services Victoria. Financial support by the GRDC (Grains Research & Development Corporation) is gratefully acknowledged. Last Updated: July 2012.

Stem Rust of Wheat Note Number: AG1251 Published: June 2005 Updated: July 2012 Reviewed: June 2013 Dr Grant Hollaway, Senior Plant Pathologist Cereals Further references More detailed information can be obtained from the DEPI Information Note Series: www.dpi.vic.gov.au/graindiseases Cereal Diseases Guide (AG1160) Victorian Winter Crop Summary Wallwork H (2000) Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases. DPI Taking Care with Foliar Fungicides Beard et al (2004) Managing Stem Rust of Wheat. Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food, Farmnote No73/2004 (reviewed 2006) http://www.agric.wa.gov.au For rust identification, send rusted plant samples in a paper envelope (do not use plastic wrapping) to: Australian Cereal Rust Survey. Plant Breeding Institute. Private Bag 4011, Narellan NSW 2567 Contact/Services available from DEPI DEPI Field Crop Pathology, Grains Innovation Park,110 Natimuk Rd, Horsham 3400. Tel (03) 5362 2111, or the DEPI Customer Service Centre 136 186. Acknowledgement This Information Note (AG1251) was prepared by Dr Grant Hollaway (DEPI Horsham) with assistance from Frank Henry (DEPI Horsham) and the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program (Cobbitty). Financial support by the Grains Research and Development Corporation is gratefully acknowledged. Last updated July 2012. Note Number: AG1351 Published: June 2008 Updated: July 2012