This Activity Will Provide Information For Sections A

Name: ______Per: ______Date: ______

This activity will provide information for sections A.4 of Unit 3: Petroleum: Making and Breaking Bonds.

Go to the following website: http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm 1. List three examples of products that come from petroleum.

Click on “Next” to get to the next page. You should now be at the page: Crude Oil. 2. What is “crude oil” a term for? ______; What other name does crude oil go by? ______; What type of fuel is crude oil? ______

3. What are hydrocarbons?

4. Is crude oil made only of hydrocarbons? _____ If not list the other substances found in crude oil from the most amount to the least amount.

5. What do hydrocarbons contain a lot of? ______What is the smallest hydrocarbon? ______Write its formula here: ______6. List the major classes of hydrocarbons and their chemical formulas (either general formula or the specific formula). Describe each and give a specific example. Class Name Formula Description Example Click on “Next” to get to the next page. You should now be at the page: From Crude Oil. 7. What is the problem with crude oil?

8. What is oil refining all about?

9. What does the oil refinery process start with?

10. What is the relationship between hydrocarbon length and boiling point?

11. What process is used to separate the different hydrocarbons?

Look at the diagram and fill in the chart: Temperature Fraction name # of carbons

12. Fill in the table on the products of Crude Oil: State or # of Boiling Product name Use phase C Point Petroleum gas Naphtha or Ligroin Gasoline - motor fuel Kerosene Gas oil or Diesel distillate Lubricating oil Heavy gas or Fuel oil Residuals

Click on “Next” to get to the next page. You should now be at the page: The Refining Process 13. Define the following terms. Fractions:

Fractional Distillation: 14. What does chemical processing do to the fractions that come off of crude oil?

What is conversion?

15. Why do refineries treat fractions?

16. Why do refineries combine various fractions?

Click on the term “octane ratings”. 17. What does the octane rating of gasoline tell you about that gasoline?

18. What is engine “knocking” caused from?

Click on “Next” to get the next page. You should now be at the page: Octane History. 19. Where does the name octane come from?

20. List the number of carbon atoms for each of the following substances: Name # of C Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane 21. How does heptane handle compression?

22. How does octane handle compression? Which one do you want to put in your car and why?

23. What does an 87 rating on gasoline mean?

24. What chemical was discovered during WW I that could be added to gasoline and improve its octane reading? 25. What are the side effects of adding lead to gasoline?

26. What can still use leaded gasoline?

Go to the following website: http://auto.howstuffworks.com/question347.htm 27. What does MTBE stand for?

28. Why did MTBE get added to gasoline?

29. What does oxygenated mean? Why is this important in terms of pollution?

30. What is the main problem with MTBE?

31. What is the most likely chemical to replace MTBE?

Click the “Back” button three times to get back to the page The Refining Process. Go to the top of the page and click on the Fractional Distillation name inside the Table of Contents box. 32. What has to be done to crude oil before it is separated? ______What physical property is used to separate crude oil? ______33. What is a fractional distillation column?

34. What happens to the vapors as they rise in the columns?______35. What state does it become as it cools and what is this process called?

Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction between molecules. Small hydrocarbon molecules readily separate from each other because of the weaker intermolecular forces compared to larger hydrocarbons which have increasingly stronger intermolecular forces. 36. Using the table from #12, put the fractions in order from weakest to strongest intermolecular forces.