Co-Requisite – Characteristics Of Science

Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______1. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. What is endosymbiosis? Organelle Function Golgi How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells? Ribosome Nucleus How doesLysosome the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis? Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole

Describe the structure of the cell membrane. (make a sketch).

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic

Compare and contrast Active and Passive Transport. What is Osmosis?

What is the equation for Photosynthesis? What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

What do we call organisms that can How are photosynthesis and respiration almost opposite processes? do photosynthesis? ..that cannot? Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______Macromolecules/Organic Compounds carbohydrates: Proteins Lipids nucleic acids function- function- Functions- function-

What is the “most” famous carb in Biology? ______What is its formula? ______What is the name of the process that produces it? What are the 2 What are they made N.Acids? What is the name of the process that breaks it down? of? ______What is the carb. that is found in plant cell walls?_____ Fungi cell walls?______

Enzymes How do enzymes function as catalysts?

-What’s a catalyst do to the rate of a chemical reaction?

-What type of macromolecule are enzymes? (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, or nucleic acid)

-How can you speed up an enzyme?

-How can you slow down an enzyme?

-Sometimes enzymes are denatured (destroyed). What can we do to denature enzymes?

If an enzyme is denatured, what will happen to the chemical reaction that it controls?

Photosynthesis / Respiration Plants make it during photosynthesis, and all cells have to break it during respiration. What is it?

Where does all of the energy for organisms originate from?

Where do plants get their energy (glucose/carbohydrates) from?

Where do consumers get their energy from? What is the formula for photosynthesis?

What is the name of the pigment that traps sunlight?

What is the name of the organelle found in eukaryotes that can perform photosynthesis?

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

-______respiration occurs without the presence of oxygen to produce only ______ATPS. -Where does this type of respiration occur within a cell?

-______respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen to produce up to ______ATPS. - Where does this type of respiration occur within a cell?

According to the theory of Endosymbiosis, these organelles were at one time ancient ______that were engulfed by larger cells to form the first eukaryotes. Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______2. A nalyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and DNA RNA transmitting cellular information.______# of strands ______Monomers ______Major function ______4 Bases Location in cell How is a protein made? Describe both steps. What is stands for

Sketch a DNA molecule. What shape is it?

c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability. What is meiosis? ______How does meiosis play a role in reproductive variability? ______ What is crossing over? ______ How many chromosomes do human have in their somatic cells? ______Gametes?____ Define the following:  Diploid: ______ Haploid:______ Heterozygous: ______ Homozygous:______ Pea plants have seeds that are either round or wrinkled. In this cross, what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? ______genotypic ratio? ______ If a gene is described as sex-linked, what chromosome is it on? ______

d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including Explain each of the following: • Alterations during replication.______• Insertions:______• Deletions:______• Substitutions:______• List some mutagenic factors that can cause the DNA to become altered:______

Trisomy 21 Hemophilia Sickle Cell Anemia Colorblindness Describe the following:

e. How does sexual reproduction help a species to survive?

f. How is the knowledge of DNA used in forensics, medicine, and agriculture. Give an example of each.

3. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. a. Classification: What are the eight levels of classification? ______,______,______,______,______, ______,______Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______

Which levels has organisms that are the most related?______

Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plant Animals Prokaryotic or eukaryotic Single or multicellular Heterotrophic or Autotrophic

4. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes.

*Organization of the Biosphere

b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems.

*Explain the energy pyramid to the right.______

* What do the arrows in the food chain to the right represent? ______*Where does the algae get its energy? ______*Give two words that describes the algae? ______*How does the energy pyramid and the food chain relate to each other? ______

*Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).______

c. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. *What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? ______What is this point called?

d. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and power consumption.

*Explain the graph to the right.______

*Sketch what the graph would look like if there were no limiting factors:

e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______

*Complete the chart. Gravitropism Phototropism Thigmotrophism What is causes plants to do Why this is helpful

5. Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. a. Trace the history of the theory. * Who came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection? ______

* What is natural selection? ______b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution. *What are the two rates of evolution? Explain each. 1. 2.

c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory. *Give five pieces of evidence to support the theory of evolution:______d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. *How does natural selection help to change organisms overtime? ______

*When two organisms are not related, but have similar features this is called ______evolution. * When two organisms evolve together, so that they must have each other to survive, this is called ______. e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance). * Explain why you should always take all of your antibiotics even when you feel better? ______

 Extras:

*Explain this diagram? ______

*Explain why viruses are considered to be nonliving. ______

______

*What is the correct order of amino acids that would be made from this sequence of DNA: GTACTAGGTTAACTG mRNA:______*How do the amino acids get to the ribosome? Amino Acids:______

*Matter (cycles, flows) through an ecosystem, while energy (cycles, flows) through it.

*Which group of plants produces their seeds in cones? ______in fruits?______Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______

*Where does cellular respiration take place?______