1. Energy That Reaches Earth from the Sun Is

1. Energy that reaches Earth from the Sun is 11. Herbivores, carnivores, and scavengers are all examples of? a. heat. c. mechanical energy a. producers. C. consumers b. radiant energy. d. potential energy b. decomposers. D. omnivores

2. Photosynthesis transforms Radiant energy from the Sun into? 12. A food web is more complex than a food chain because? a. plants. c. mechanical energy a. most ecosystems have no producers. b. heat. d. chemical energy b. tertiary consumers eat only one kind of food. c. energy increases through a food web. 3. In addition to sunlight, photosynthesis requires? d. most organisms eat more than one kind of food. a. water. c. nitrogen b. oxygen. d. sulfur 13. If you eat a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast, which of the following are you? 4. In the process of photosynthesis, plants manufacture? a. producer c. secondary producer a. water. c. sugars b. primary consumer d. decomposer b. proteins. d. nitrogen 14. What is the source for all energy that enters an ecosystem? 5. One of the products of photosynthesis is? a. bacteria c. primary consumers a. water. c. hydrogen chloride b. the Sun d. the Earth b. carbon dioxide. d. oxygen 15. Which of the following is an example of a primary consumer? 6. Photosynthesis takes place in plant cells in structures called? a. herbivore c. scavenger a. chloroplasts. C. nuclei b. carnivore d. decomposer b. mitochondria. D. vacuoles 16. Glucose molecules contain stored energy for plants. Glucose is made 7. Photosynthesis cannot occur without a supply of? from carbon dioxide and water molecules during photosynthesis. What kind a. carbon dioxide. C. sulfur of energy do plants use to make glucose molecules? b. nitrogen. D. oxygen a. Electrical c. light b. Sound d. kinetic 8. In an energy pyramid, producers are found at what level? a. the top. C. the bottom. 17. Which of the following is Organic? b. the middle. D. anywhere in the pyramid. a. H2O c. O2 b. Cl2 d. C2H6O 9. In an ecosystem, secondary consumers usually have? a. less available energy than primary consumers. b. more available energy than primary consumers. c. more available energy than producers. d. the same available energy as primary consumers.

10. Which of the following is an example of a producer in an ecosystem? a. bird c. wolf b. grass d. squirrel 18. Which of the following energy pyramids shows the correct flow of 22. Which of these environmental factors is the most important difference energy? between the taiga and tundra biomes? a. amount of rainfall c. length of winters b. amount of sunlight d. range of temperatures

23. Which of these environments has the least amount of diversity of life forms? a. an estuary c. the backyard pond b. a desert d. a rain forest

24. Which of these kinds of living things are most common in a deep ocean environment? a. aquatic plants c. large marine mammals b. fish that eat plankton d. microscopic decomposers

25. Areas that receive little rainfall and have extreme high and low temperatures will most likely have organisms that — Foxes a. are adapted for aquatic environments b. conserve water c. migrate seasonally d. are active only during the daytime

Grasses 26. Which of these factors threatens the survival of the living things in an ecosystem? a. biodiversity c. predators b. pollution d. producers

19. Which of these is an example of an ecosystem? 27. What is the term for the number and variety of living things in an a. a beaver pond c. the water in an ocean ecosystem? b. a school of fish d. the air dissolved in water a. community c. populations b. species d. biodiversity 20. Which of the following is an example of a biotic factor in an ecosystem? a. the air c. the sunlight 28. Which of these does not explain why selective cutting of trees in forests b. the animals d. the water is more sustainable than clear-cutting? a. Cutting trees selectively is faster than clear-cutting. 21. Which of these biomes is characterized by deciduous trees? b. Cutting trees selectively reduces the chances of soil erosion. a. the tundra c. the tropical forest c. Cutting trees selectively promotes more rapid re-growth of the forest. b. the desert d. the temperate forest d. Cutting trees selectively leaves individuals that can produce more of the same species. 29. Which of these is a sustainable way to control insect pests on crop plants 32. Each step on the key compares two in ecosystems that include farmland? a. species c. traits a. applying fewer chemical pesticides b. animals d. trees b. applying more fertilizers to make the plants stronger c. increasing the number of natural insect predators 33. If a tree has clusters of needles greater than 10, you go to - d. introducing exotic insect-eating species a. step 1 b. step 2 c. step 3 d. step 4

30. What does the term sustainability mean in reference to ecosystems? 34. Which has leaves with clusters of 2–5 needles? a. It means that changes to the nonliving factors will not affect the living a. pine tree c. true cedar tree things. b. larch tree d. giant sequoia b. It means that an ecosystem can continue being healthy without some of its parts. 35. Which statement best describes the characteristics of a giant sequoia? c. It means that the loss of one species will not cause an ecosystem’s a. flat, scale like needles that are short and sharp destruction. b. flat, scale like needles that are stiff d. It means using natural resources without using them up c. clustered needles that are soft d. clustered needles that are short and sharp Use the dichotomous key to answer questions 31-34. 36. Which type of ecosystem damage can be caused by lightning? a. forest fire c. flooding b. wind damage to trees d. storm surge

37. What is the most likely reason why these early flowers gradually changed to many different types of flowers over time? a. The flowers’ traits were genetically engineered. 31. A tree with soft needles that are not clustered is most likely a b. The environments of the flowers stayed the same. a. pine tree c. true cedar tree c. The genetic material of the flowers stayed the same. b. larch tree d. giant sequoia d. The flowers adapted to environmental conditions. 38.Four workers at a moving company lifted heavy boxes for 4 hours. The table below shows the total weight and distance lifted by each worker. Weights and Distances Lifted by Four Workers

Worker Total Weight Lifted Total Distance Lifted 42. What changes in genetic traits have occurred to the mice population in the illustration above? 1 2,800 Newtons 76 meters

2 2,700 Newtons 78 meters a. White mice that were able to blend into the snow covered mountains and were not as easily spotted by their predators. 3 2,500 Newtons 82 meters b. Brown mice that were not able to blend into the snow covered mountains had less predators and were able to produce more offspring with the same 4 3,000 Newtons 74 meters trait in coat color. c. Brown mice moved away and left only the white mice to reproduce d. White mice that were not able to blend into the snow covered mountains Which worker did the most work? had color. A. Worker 1 c. Worker 3 B. Worker 2 d. Worker 4 43. Which of these kinds of living things are you most likely to see in an area where ecological succession is just beginning? 39. In what area of the United States are ecosystems most likely to be a. lichens and mosses c. woody shrubs and vines damaged by tornados? b. grasses and wildflowers d. large trees and shrubs a. in the central plains c. in the desert Southwest b. near the Rocky Mountains d. near the coast of California 44. A garden is a microhabitat in which ecological succession can be observed. Which of these organisms are usually the pioneer species in a garden undergoing succession? a. birds b. fungi c. weeds d. worms

45. Ecosystems in what location are most likely to be damaged by hurricanes? a. in a desert area c. by an inland lake 40. Which process does this diagram best represent? b. far from the ocean shore d. near the coast a. ecological succession c. natural selection b. genetic engineering d. asexual reproduction 46. Which of these changes to an ecosystem is most likely caused by a tornado? 41. Which of these is a role of ecological succession? a. rivers overflow their banks a. to recycle the elements used by living things b. branches are broken off of trees b. to provide places for animals to live c. storm surges flood the coast c. to keep soil from eroding d. coastal areas are flooded d. to create stable ecosystems 47. Seeds are the major source of food for finches. A drought increases the number of large seeds and decreases the number of small seeds available to d. sea level dropping to uncover a sand bar the finches. During periods of drought only the finches with large beaks will be able to crack and eat the large seeds. How will this affect the finch 53. What is a pioneer species? population? a. a species discovered during the Mesozoic period a. The populations of all the finches will decrease b. a group of hardy organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary stage of b. Finches with large beaks will be able to eat and survive and thus produce succession and that begin an area’s soil building process offspring with larger beaks c. a species that came over on the Mayflower c. Finches with small beaks will be able to eat and survive and thus produce d. an explorer from a different country offspring with smaller beaks d. Finches with smaller beaks will find ways to eat the larger seeds and thus 54. After a fire where soil is present is an example of survive to produce more offspring with smaller beaks. ______. A secondary succession c. deforestation 48. Evidence suggests that dinosaurs became extinct when a large meteorite B primary succession d. pioneer species struck in the area of the Yucatán Peninsula. Scientists hypothesize that this enormous impact killed all the dinosaurs, even those on the other side of 55. When a volcano erupts and makes a lava field years later the area starts Earth, because the — to change. This type of succession would be ______. a. debris thrown into the atmosphere blocked sunlight A secondary succession c. primary succession b. heat flash from the impact immediately vaporized all life-forms B pioneer succession d. fast succession c. impact blasted the atmosphere surrounding Earth into space d. intense heat completely boiled away the oceans

49. What kind of change in an ecosystem would most likely be caused by a storm surge? a. flooding of habitats c. animal’s food supplies increase b. plants get too much sunlight d. ponds dry up

50. Which best describes how hail can change an ecosystem? a. new species are added to the ecosystem b. the amount of nutrients in the soil increases 56. This diagram can be used to illustrate the- c. the water level in rivers and streams decreases a. effects of reduced competition between different types of plant life d. plants and animals can be killed b. effect of human intervention on a stable ecosystem c. primary ecological succession from bare rock to stable ecosystem 51. Which of these is the best definition of ecological succession? d. evolution of mosses to trees over 200 years a. the gradual breakdown of solid rock into soil b. the gradual replacement of one biological community by another 57. ______is the normal, gradual changes that occur in the types of c. any gradual change that makes an ecosystem more healthy species that live in an area. d. any gradual change that happens in an ecosystem a. adaptations b. ecosystems c. succession d. habitat 52. Which of these events will be followed by secondary succession? 58. What is succession? a. hot lava cooling to form rock A. gradual, natural changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be b. a wildfire destroying a forest primary or secondary c. the melting of a mountain glacier B. when a habitat is destroyed C. when animals adapt to their environment object multiplied by the distance the object moves as a result of the force. D. when the southern states in the united states broke apart from the northern All four girls do the same amount of work on their wheelbarrows. Which states girl must exert the greatest amount of force on her wheelbarrow to move it up her ramp? 59. Which sequence would best describe the stages of primary succession? a. A, B, C, D c. D, B, A, C a. Girl A b. Girl B c. Girl C d. Girl D b. A, C, B, D d. C, A, B, D 66. Which of the following statements explains why no work is done when 60. During primary ecological succession, you hold a heavy object? the initial formation of soil helps establish - A. Work does not require motion. a. grasses c. shrubs B. Work involves distance as well as force. b. mushrooms d. trees C. Work requires a balanced force. 61. ______begins in a place without any soil and can take D. None of the above. hundreds of years. a. secondary succession c. lichen 67. Tropism is a plant’s growth in a certain direction in response to a b. weathering d. primary succesion stimulus. Study the chart below and answer the question that follows.

62. What is a climax community? Tropism Plant response a. The top community in a food chain b. community made up of pioneer species Geotropism Plant’s growth in response to gravity. c. grasses and shrubs Phototropism Plant’s growth in response to light. d. stable, end stage of succession in which the plants and animals of a community use resources efficiently Hydrotropism Plant’s growth in response to water. and balance is maintained by disturbances such as fire Thigmotropism ???

63. Which organisms are carnivores? Which of the following best describes thigmotropism? A. Grass & trees B. Mouse, rabbit & cricket A. The way a plant grows in response to sunlight. C. Deer & mountain lion B. The way a plant grows in response to air pressure. D. Frog, snake & hawk C. The way a plant grows in response to touch. 64. A decrease in the grass population, will most immediately decrease the available D. The way a plant grows in response to the presence of oxygen. energy to the – A. Mouse B. Hawk C. Snake D. Frog 65. The work performed on an object is determined by the force applied to the