In General Terms, Explain How the Basic Plant Life Cycle with Alternation of Generations

Study Guide 38/39 Key Terms: 38 39 aggregate fruit abscisic acid (ABA) anther action potential apomixis action spectrum asexual apoptosis reproduction auxin callus avirulent carpel biotic coleoptile blue-light coleorhiza photoreceptors complete brassinosteroids flower circadian rhythm dioecious cytokinins dormancy day-neutral plant double de-etiolation fertilization elicitor endosperm ethylene epicotyl etiolation fragmentation expansins fruit florigen hypocotyl gene-for-gene incomplete recognition flower gibberellins megaspore gravitropism microspore heat-shock protein monoecious hypersensitive multiple fruit response (HR) ovary jasmonic acid ovule long-day plant petal oligosaccharin protoplast photomorphogenesis fusion photoperiodism radicle phototropism receptacle phytoalexin scion phytochromes scutellum PR protein seed coat salicylic acid self- second messenger incompatibility short-day plant sepal statolith simple fruit systemic acquired stamen resistance (SAR) stigma thigmomorphogenesis stock thigmotropism style triple response transgenic tropism vernalization virulent 1. In general terms, explain how the basic plant life cycle with alternation of generations is modified in angiosperms. 2. Distinguish between: complete and incomplete flowers, bisexual and unisexual flowers, monoecious and dioecious plant species. 3. Name the structures that represent the male and female gametophytes of flowering plants. 4. Describe the development of an embryo sac and explain the fate of each of its cells. 5. Distinguish between pollination and fertilization. 6. Describe mechanisms that prevent self-pollination. 7. Outline the process of double fertilization. Explain the adaptive advantage of double fertilization in angiosperms. 8. Explain how fertilization in animals is similar to that in plants. 9. Describe the fate of the ovule and ovary after double fertilization. Note where major nutrients are stored as the embryo develops. 10. Describe the development of a plant embryo from the first mitotic division to the embryonic plant with rudimentary organs. 11. Distinguish among simple, aggregate, and multiple fruit. Give an example of each type of fruit. 12. Explain how seed dormancy can be advantageous to a plant. Describe some conditions for breaking dormancy. 13. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing sexually and asexually. 14. Describe the process of protoplast fusion and its potential agricultural impact. 15. Describe two transgenic crops. 16. Describe some of the biological arguments for and against genetically modified crops. 17. Describe the signal pathways associated with de-etiolation, including second messengers. 18. Describe the two main mechanisms by which a signaling pathway can activate an enzyme. 19. Explain, using several examples, what researchers have learned about the activity of plant hormones by study of mutant plants. 20. For the following scientists, describe their hypothesis, experiments, and conclusions about the mechanism of phototropism: Charles and Francis Darwin, Peter Boysen-Jenson, Fretis went. 21. List six classes of plant hormones, describe their major functions, and note where they are produced in the plant. 22. Explain how a hormone may cause its effect on plant growth and development. 23. Do the investigation on the textbook website under 39.2 called “What plant hormones affect organ production?” Write your answers to the questions given on your study guide. 24. According to the acid growth hypothesis, explain how auxin can initiate cell elongation. 25. Describe the evidence that suggests that factors other than auxin from the terminal bud may control apical dominance. 26. Describe how stem elongation and fruit growth depend on a synergism between auxin and gibberellins. 27. Explain the probable mechanism by which gibberellins trigger seed germination. 28. Describe how abscisic acid (ABA) helps prepare a plant for winter. 29. Describe the role of ethylene in the triple response to mechanical stress, apoptosis, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening. 30. Define photomorphogenesis and note which colors are most important to this process. 31. Define circadian rhythm and explain what happens when an organism is artificially maintained in a constant environment. 32. Distinguish among short-day, long-day, and day-neutral plants. Explain why these names are misleading. 33. Explain what factors other than night length may control flowering and what is necessary for flowering to occur. 34. Describe how plants apparently tell up from down. Explain why roots display positive gravitropism and shoots exhibit negative gravitropism. 35. Explain how plants deter herbivores with physical and chemical defenses. 36. Describe the multiple ways that plants defend against pathogens.