Table 1 Climatic and Soil Characteristics of the Four Study Vegetations
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Article title: Productive leaf functional traits of Chinese savanna species
Journal name: Plant Ecology
Author names: Jiao-Lin Zhang · L. Poorter · Kun-Fang Cao
Corresponding author: Kun-Fang Cao, Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China and Yuanjiang Dry-Hot-Valley Ecological Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang 653300, Yunnan, China. e-mail: [email protected]
1 Table S1 Climate and soil characteristics of Chinese and other tropical savannas Yuanjiang Darwin Brazil Zambia Site (China, Asia) (Australia) (Neotropics) (Africa) Coordination 23o41'N, 12o40'S, 15o33'S, 13o33'S, 101o51'E 130o90'E 56o6'W 32o30'E Altitude (m) 770 1028 Mean annual temperature (oC) 23.8 27.8 25.7 22.0 Mean annual precipitation (mm) 803 1711 1366 1011 Percentage of precipitation in the rainy 79 97 90 98 season (%) Seasonality index of precipitation 0.58 0.91 0.63 1.04 At 0–20 cm soil depth Organic matter (%) 1.22 1.45 0.75 N (mg g–1) 1.10 0.60 0.55 0.45 P (mg g–1) 0.380 0.11 0.011 0.009 K (mg g–1) 25.2 0.020 0.053 Ca (mg g–1) 2.13 0.16 0.82 Mg (mg g–1) 3.41 0.103 Cation exchange capacity (μeq g–1) 10.1 3.7 35.0 pH 6.0 4.9 7.0 Climate data of other tropical savannas were from Bowman and Prior (2005) or from the world climate website (http://www.worldclimate.com/) Seasonality index of precipitation follows Walsh and Lawler (1981) For soil properties of Australian savanna see Bowman and Prior (2005) and for those of Brazilian and Zambian savannas see Archibold (1995)
2 Table S2 Species included in this study Species¶ Family Life form§ Phenology‡ Antidesma bunius Euphorbiaceae T WD Bridelia stipularis Euphorbiaceae L WD Buchanania latifolia Anacardiaceae T WD† Callicarpa nudiflora Verbenaceae S DD# Carissa spinarum Apocynaceae S E† Crotalaria linifolia Caesalpiniaceae S DD# Cyclobalanopsis helferiana Fagaceae T E Dendrolobium triangulare Papilionaceae S WD†# Ehretia corylifolia Boraginaceae T WD# Eriobotrya henryi Rosaceae T E Ficus semicordata Moraceae T WD Fraxinus malacophylla Oleaceae T DD Gochnotia decora Compositae T WD Grewia celtidifolia Tiliaceae T WD# Haldina cordifolia Rubiaceae T WD Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae T WD† Morus australis Moraceae T WD Olea cuspidate Oleaceae T E Osteomeles schwerinae Rosaceae S E† Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae T WD† Pistacia weinmannifolia Anacardiaceae T E Pittosporum kerrii Pittosporaceae T E Polyalthia cerasoides Annonaceae T WD# Psidium guajava Myrtaceae T E Quercus aliena Fagaceae T WD Quercus cocciferoides Fagaceae T E Smilax ferox Smilacaceae L E Symplocos racemosa Symplocaceae T WD† Terminalia franchetii Combretaceae T WD Terminthia paniculata Anacardiaceae S DD# Vitex negundo Verbenaceae S WD# Wendlandia tinctoria Rubiaceae T DD# Woodfordia fruticosa Lythraceae S DD# ¶For authorities consult the Tropicos database (http://www.tropicos.org) §Life form: L = liana; S = shrub; T = tree ‡Phenology: DD = drought deciduous species; E = evergreen species; WD = winter deciduous species †Species with leaf flushing in the late dry season #Species with shoot dieback in the late dry season
3 Table S3 Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) of the species-trait correlation matrix. All variables were log10-transformed prior to analysis PCA 1 PCA 2 % of variance explained 37.4 29.4 Eigenvectors RPS –0.29 0.86 SD –0.07 0.32 GCL 0.21 0.41 SPI 0.12 0.67 LA –0.39 –0.42 LS 0.11 0.92 LT 0.56 –0.17 LD –0.88 –0.34 SLA –0.50 0.76 N –0.66 0.36 P –0.03 0.91 N/P –0.40 –0.59 K –0.52 0.82 Ca –0.22 –0.61 Mg 0.04 0.51
gs 0.94 0.30
Aa 0.89 0.35
Am 0.53 0.85 PNUE 0.79 0.45 PPUE 0.76 –0.24
WUEi –0.95 –0.32 δ13C –0.93 0.35 See Table 1 for the trait abbreviations
4 Table S4 Coefficients (r, upper off-diagonal) and significance levels (P value, lower off-diagonal) of Pearson’s correlation for 26 traits 13 TUE TP TS TLE RPS SD GCL SPI LA LS LT LD SLA N P N/P K Ca Mg gs Aa Am PNUE PPUE WUEi δ C TUE 0.354 0.656 0.219 -0.589 -0.260 0.406 0.282 0.197 -0.123 0.659 -0.546 -0.269 -0.634 -0.124 -0.431 -0.155 0.119 0.296 -0.045 0.061 -0.212 0.399 0.122 0.133 0.111 TP 0.116 0.699 0.479 -0.014 -0.199 0.450 0.407 -0.520 0.316 0.853 -0.690 -0.436 -0.608 -0.348 -0.108 0.045 -0.086 0.092 -0.050 -0.061 -0.558 -0.147 -0.242 0.012 0.014 TS 0.001 0.000 0.463 -0.723 -0.404 0.549 0.314 -0.279 0.096 0.958 -0.787 -0.474 -0.673 -0.394 -0.113 -0.290 0.102 0.121 -0.187 -0.118 -0.646 -0.143 -0.154 0.210 0.700 TLE 0.340 0.028 0.035 -0.174 -0.416 0.543 0.300 -0.345 0.251 0.528 -0.373 -0.347 -0.314 -0.399 0.219 -0.070 -0.366 -0.227 -0.497 -0.301 -0.521 -0.358 -0.105 0.444 -0.121 RPS 0.005 0.953 0.000 0.451 0.384 -0.346 -0.053 -0.124 0.168 -0.517 0.441 0.235 0.350 0.208 0.059 0.446 -0.233 -0.098 0.227 0.118 0.309 0.058 -0.012 -0.291 -0.532 SD 0.254 0.387 0.069 0.061 0.086 -0.709 0.119 -0.080 0.494 -0.380 0.622 -0.157 0.148 0.024 0.112 0.118 -0.185 -0.160 0.144 0.402 0.353 0.397 0.261 0.096 -0.110 GCL 0.068 0.041 0.010 0.011 0.124 0.000 0.616 -0.021 -0.112 0.575 -0.688 -0.139 -0.422 -0.341 0.057 -0.166 -0.235 -0.027 -0.192 -0.235 -0.469 -0.214 0.088 0.094 0.030 SPI 0.215 0.067 0.165 0.186 0.820 0.607 0.003 -0.108 0.396 0.379 -0.270 -0.361 -0.423 -0.454 0.212 -0.098 -0.537 -0.225 -0.112 0.067 -0.252 0.101 0.363 0.202 -0.082 LA 0.392 0.016 0.221 0.125 0.592 0.729 0.928 0.640 -0.649 -0.362 0.220 0.289 0.096 0.235 -0.228 -0.130 0.315 0.123 0.048 -0.164 0.204 0.164 0.029 -0.168 -0.139 LS 0.597 0.163 0.677 0.273 0.465 0.023 0.629 0.076 0.001 0.163 0.119 -0.420 0.034 -0.268 0.384 0.087 -0.452 -0.178 -0.184 0.185 -0.110 -0.091 0.160 0.344 -0.194 LT 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.016 0.090 0.006 0.090 0.107 0.481 -0.823 -0.480 -0.710 -0.394 -0.146 -0.149 0.024 0.144 -0.163 -0.108 -0.663 -0.117 -0.173 0.169 0.539 LD 0.010 0.001 0.000 0.096 0.045 0.003 0.001 0.236 0.338 0.608 0.000 0.005 0.436 0.111 0.265 -0.003 0.034 -0.160 -0.028 -0.035 0.287 0.070 0.292 -0.047 -0.686 SLA 0.239 0.048 0.030 0.123 0.305 0.496 0.547 0.108 0.204 0.058 0.028 0.982 0.629 0.607 -0.212 0.417 0.069 0.050 0.164 -0.072 0.686 0.139 -0.046 -0.251 -0.598 N 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.165 0.120 0.521 0.056 0.056 0.679 0.884 0.000 0.048 0.002 0.638 0.088 0.308 0.015 -0.146 0.098 0.003 0.607 -0.227 -0.151 -0.126 -0.705 P 0.592 0.122 0.077 0.073 0.365 0.917 0.130 0.039 0.306 0.241 0.077 0.632 0.004 0.002 -0.710 0.282 0.363 0.394 0.431 0.247 0.782 0.284 -0.318 -0.376 -0.319 N/P 0.051 0.642 0.626 0.340 0.801 0.629 0.805 0.356 0.319 0.086 0.527 0.246 0.356 0.705 0.000 -0.081 -0.461 -0.643 -0.467 -0.322 -0.434 -0.615 0.297 0.364 -0.172 K 0.503 0.845 0.202 0.762 0.043 0.610 0.473 0.673 0.575 0.708 0.520 0.991 0.060 0.175 0.216 0.728 -0.164 0.241 0.095 -0.267 0.246 -0.043 -0.271 -0.347 -0.686 Ca 0.606 0.712 0.659 0.103 0.309 0.423 0.304 0.012 0.165 0.040 0.918 0.883 0.765 0.949 0.106 0.036 0.479 0.534 0.100 -0.067 -0.040 -0.120 -0.277 -0.158 -0.029 Mg 0.193 0.693 0.600 0.322 0.671 0.488 0.907 0.327 0.595 0.441 0.532 0.489 0.829 0.527 0.077 0.002 0.293 0.013 0.174 0.045 0.106 0.292 -0.182 -0.205 -0.198
gs 0.859 0.844 0.459 0.036 0.366 0.570 0.444 0.657 0.850 0.464 0.519 0.898 0.444 0.700 0.074 0.050 0.706 0.692 0.490 0.713 0.627 0.732 0.336 -0.791 0.772
Aa 0.811 0.809 0.641 0.225 0.640 0.099 0.348 0.792 0.516 0.462 0.670 0.872 0.737 0.991 0.323 0.192 0.284 0.793 0.858 0.000 0.661 0.787 0.603 -0.145 0.710
Am 0.415 0.020 0.005 0.032 0.227 0.165 0.058 0.329 0.431 0.675 0.004 0.184 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.082 0.342 0.880 0.684 0.001 0.001 0.670 0.342 -0.288 0.191 PNUE 0.126 0.587 0.597 0.173 0.832 0.128 0.427 0.710 0.544 0.738 0.666 0.797 0.607 0.399 0.286 0.011 0.874 0.659 0.273 0.001 0.000 0.005 0.570 -0.366 0.585 PPUE 0.640 0.349 0.555 0.688 0.962 0.311 0.738 0.152 0.912 0.539 0.507 0.256 0.861 0.562 0.214 0.246 0.292 0.282 0.483 0.188 0.010 0.179 0.021 -0.042 0.805
WUEi 0.598 0.962 0.402 0.065 0.241 0.704 0.712 0.421 0.506 0.162 0.502 0.828 0.237 0.618 0.124 0.138 0.159 0.530 0.413 0.000 0.499 0.183 0.163 0.873 -0.765 δ13C 0.813 0.976 0.080 0.796 0.219 0.814 0.949 0.862 0.766 0.677 0.212 0.089 0.156 0.077 0.485 0.713 0.089 0.950 0.670 0.072 0.114 0.717 0.222 0.054 0.076 See Table 1 for the trait abbreviations Bold numbers indicate significant correlations between pairs of traits
5 Table S5 Foliar nutrient status of the Chinese savanna species Nutrient concentration(mg g–1) Ratio to N (%) Chinese savanna Reference deficient concentration Chinese savanna Reference critical ratio species species N 17.6 12–15 100 P# 1.16 1.2–1.5 7 10 K 10.7 3.5–5.0 62 33
Ca 13.6 0.4–0.6 80 4 Mg 2.57 0.4–0.6 15 4 #Comparison of foliar nutrient concentrations of Chinese savanna species with reference deficient concentrations and critical ratios of nutrients to N set by Brække and Salih (2002) indicates that among the five foliar nutrients measured here only P limits photosynthesis for Chinese savanna species
6 Dataset S1 Means for species from Chinese savanna and other tropical dry and wet communities 13 Species TUE TP TS TLE RPS SD GCL SPI LA LS LT LD SLA N P N/P K Ca Mg gs Aa Am PNUE PPUE WUEi δ C References Chinese savanna
Antidesma bunius 55.0 149 249 16.0 0.60 245 34.6 0.29 20 2.08 502 188 106 15.1 1.17 12.8 14.3 11.5 3.88 0.24 13.3 61 This study
Bridelia stipularia 171 557 105 0.16 11.5 122 76
Buchanania latifolia 48.3 87 90 11.7 0.96 977 16.0 0.25 130 2.36 236 537 79 13.3 0.77 17.1 7.1 13.9 1.34 0.15 12.1 95 101 3.84 84 -27.6
Callicarpa nudiflora 21.3 48 23 8.8 2.04 617 13.8 0.12 83 2.05 100 651 154 23.5 1.47 16.2 13.3 7.9 2.72 0.33 15.8 242 144 5.10 48
Carissa spinarum -28.3
Crotalaria linifolia -26.4
Cyclobalanopsis helferuana 25.0 88 81 17.5 1.09 384 29.1 0.32 22 3.02 333 448 67 15.4 0.74 21.0 5.3 4.4 1.38 0.28 17.6 117 106 4.88 62 -28.5
Dendrolobium triangulare 12.9 57 35 12.1 1.61 528 11.6 0.07 18 2.19 116 668 129 26.5 1.56 17.1 11.8 14.3 1.48 0.26 14.4 166 88 3.29 57
Ehretia corylifolia 21.4 136 79 13.2 1.72 311 20.0 0.12 38 1.68 300 417 80 14.9 1.11 13.5 11.4 15.7 3.60 0.23 10.2 82 77 2.29 47
Eriobotrya henryi 344 382 76 0.20 14.0 106 72
Ficus semicordata 22.1 85 61 8.8 1.37 632 15.2 0.15 129 2.35 176 494 115 22.3 1.57 14.6 12.9 26.6 2.96 0.41 15.8 181 3.57 40
Fraxinus malacophylla 21.4 123 70 31.4 1.89 522 20.8 0.23 15 2.74 242 470 88 16.6 0.90 18.6 15.7 5.5 1.29 0.20 12.5 111 93 3.82 64
Gochnotia decora 38.0 99 84 19.5 1.16 287 27.4 0.22 65 2.15 238 456 92 14.9 0.75 20.0 15.4 8.4 1.73 0.22 10.2 93 88 3.84 47
Grewia celtidifolia 23.8 73 51 11.3 1.41 1076 10.8 0.12 75 1.96 159 664 95 15.3 1.06 14.4 13.4 16.3 5.10 0.21 13.9 130 120 3.81 68
Haldina cordifolia 30.0 49 51 12.5 0.95 310 25.5 0.20 185 1.04 151 535 124 16.9 1.28 13.7 10.2 12.0 2.44 0.26 13.6 161 134 3.90 56
Lannea coromandelica 41.0 80 74 16.0 1.08 566 12.8 0.09 44 2.12 210 454 105 20.8 1.88 11.1 10.7 10.0 1.79 0.27 15.4 181 122 2.99 60
Morus australis 37.5 88 75 16.3 1.16 209 25.0 0.13 133 1.24 217 427 108 17.6 1.97 8.9 7.1 47.6 5.21
Olea cuspidate -27.9
Osteomeles schwerinae -28.5
Phyllanthus emblica -27.5
Pistacia weinmannifolia 20.0 124 88 13.3 1.43 694 16.8 0.19 2 3.98 235 444 96 16.9 1.06 16.6 12.1 11.0 2.23 -27.9
Pittosporum kerrii 236 411 103 0.17 10.5 108 64
Polyalthia cerasoides 23.0 67 78 20.8 0.85 282 22.4 0.14 57 2.78 188 407 131 22.9 1.27 18.0 12.5 8.4 2.43 0.12 8.9 116 71 2.83 79
Psidium guajava 222 513 88 0.25 12.6 111 50
Quercus aliena 16.3 80 63 15.6 1.27 768 20.8 0.33 59 2.82 175 595 96 20.7 1.00 21.0 6.1 8.1 0.96 0.18 12.7 122 83 3.78 74
Quercus cocciferoides 183 586 93 0.19 9.9 91 54
Smilax ferox 29.5 139 106 19.0 1.32 179 28.8 0.15 47 1.26 286 246 142 14.5 0.89 16.3 8.2 10.4 1.48
Symplocos racemosa 36.7 83 182 20.0 0.47 254 18.8 0.09 30 2.09 315 453 70 13.9 0.73 19.2 4.8 27.1 2.69 0.18 13.0 92 92 3.89 74 -28.3
Terminalia franchetii 160 619 101 0.21 10.4 105 49
Terminthia paniculata 25.8 103 54 20.8 1.79 396 23.1 0.21 22 3.63 204 539 91 19.9 0.99 20.4 13.6 10.4 2.80 0.13 11.8 107 76 3.36 90 -26.4
7 Vitex negundo 21 2.88
Wendlandia tinctoria 40.8 113 95 19.2 1.18 579 23.8 0.33 38 3.27 265 414 91 14.6 1.22 12.2 9.5 5.5 3.16 0.23 15.0 138 133 3.51 65 -27.7
Woodfordia fruticosa 39.2 149 112 18.3 1.35 598 19.9 0.24 13 4.18 310 394 82 13.6 1.05 13.0 9.4 11.3 3.22 0.32 17.8 146 150 4.32 55 -28.3
Other tropical savannas
Styrax ferrugineus 176 Hao et al. 2008
Hymenaea stignocarpa 145
Myrsine guianensis 194
Symplocos lanceolata 145
Miconia pohliana 184
Aegiphila lhotzkiana 96
Schefflera macrocarpa 34 Bucci et al. 2004
Styrax ferrugineus 51
Kielmeyera coriaceae 59
Ouratea hexasperma 60
Byrsonima crassifolia 0.22 6.0 27 -30.2 Goldstein et al. 1989 Curatella americana 0.30 6.0 20 -29.1
Palicourea rigida -26.7
Bowdichia virgilioides -28.3
Casearia sylvestris -30.1
Cochlospermum gillivraei 0.35 5.5 16 -28.2
Genipa caruto 0.30 4.0 13 -29.6
Godmania macrocarpa -28.6
Godmania macrocarpa 83 18.5 154 Medina and Francisco 1994 Curatella americana 99 12.5 134
Andira humilis 84 11.8 99
Eriotheca gradilipes 72 11.1 80
Anacardium nanum 88 11.1 97
Aegiphyla lhoizkiana 83 9.4 78 Prado and de Moreas 1997 Annona coriacea 67 9.3 62
Aspidosperma tomentosa 71 10.2 72
Bauhinia holophylla 70 10.4 73
Bowdichia virgilioides 60 9.2 55
Campomanesia aromatica 67 10.5 70
8 Caryocar brasiliense 85 9.4 80
Connarus suberosus 68 12.2 82
Davilla rugosa 60 10.2 61
Didymopanax vinosum 68 17.6 119
Duguetia furfuracea 60 9.7 58
Gochnatia floribunda 60 16.2 96
Kielmeyera coriacea 49 10.5 51
Miconia albicans 65 12.9 84
Miconia ligustroides 76 14.0 107
Piptocarpa rotundifolia 63 12.3 77
Qualea dichotoma 70 10.9 76
Styrax camporum 48 8.1 39
Tibouchina stenocarpa 74 19.8 146
Tocoyena formosa 63 6.5 41
Ficus racemosa 72 180 361 152 24.1 1.74 13.9 16.4 250 145 4.45 Prior et al. 2003
Ficus scobina 39 300 275 120 30.1 1.86 16.2 12.3 152 71 2.53
Mallotus nesophilus 42 240 311 132 22.4 1.47 15.2 13.2 175 109 3.69
Melaleuca leucadendra 24 450 336 67 10.5 0.82 12.8 18.7 129 172 4.88
Terminalia microcarpa 41 190 424 120 22.8 1.68 13.6 13.3 167 103 3.08
Wrightia pubescens 27 200 268 192 32.4 1.64 19.8 9.6 182 79 3.44
Brachychiton megaphyllus 304 310 323 102 20.2 1.27 15.9 10.6 108 75 2.64
Buchanania obovata 157 370 450 61 11.5 0.72 16.0 10.6 64 78 2.76
Erythrophleum chlorostachys 22 210 477 100 22.8 0.81 28.1 10.9 110 68 4.21
Eucalyptus tetrodonta 85 380 476 55 7.1 0.33 21.5 11.1 62 122 5.82
Planchonia careya 68 230 360 119 18.2 1.11 16.4 10.6 127 98 3.55
Syzygium suborbiculare 63 370 378 72 12.0 0.63 19.0 11.1 82 96 4.03
Terminalia ferdinandiana 121 260 397 99 15.1 0.90 16.8 9.4 94 87 3.24
Callitris intratropica 45 11.1 0.69 16.1 7.8 36 45 1.62
Cochlospermum fraseri 82 160 387 167 17.6 0.80 22.0 9.4 157 125 6.08
Corymbia foelscheana 91 410 541 45 7.8 0.37 21.1 12.9 59 106 4.94
Melaleuca viridiflora 24 560 417 43 7.7 0.37 20.8 14.1 61 111 5.11
Planchonia careya 64 250 411 99 16.0 0.85 18.8 10.2 100 88 3.65
Syzygium eucalyptoides ssp. 45 420 301 79 11.6 0.64 18.1 8.3 66 80 3.20 bleeseri
9 Terminalia ferdinandiana 166 280 439 83 15.2 0.81 18.8 12.9 108 99 4.13
Xanthostemon paradoxus 102 360 387 73 11.5 0.49 23.5 11.7 85 103 5.38
Acacia auriculiformis 40 250 415 95 24.8 1.20 20.7 14.4 136 77 3.51
Lophostemon lactifluus 54 290 421 83 9.6 0.49 19.6 8.4 68 99 4.30
Melaleuca viridiflora 32 480 466 44 6.1 0.28 21.8 14.1 64 147 7.09
Planchonia careya 90 12.0 14.0 126 147
Terminalia ferdinandiana 107 15.8 15.6 161 143
Eucalytpus tetrodonta 63 6.8 16.4 105 215
E. miniata 74 8.6 16.1 119 194
Syzygium suborbiculare 87 11.9 10.5 92 107
Cochlospermum fraseri 200 17.7 12.4 248 196 Eamus et al. 1999
Planchonia careya 101 13.5 10.8 110 114
Terminalia ferdinandiana 102 13.6 10.7 109 112
Erythrophleum chlorostachys 109 22.0 13.6 149 95
Eucalyptus clavgera 72 10.4 12.0 86 116
Xanthostemon parodoxus 125 11.0 11.9 149 190
Eucalyptus miniata 81 17.0 11.6 131 108
Eucalyptus tetrodonta 73 9.1 15.3 100 154
Lowland tropical rainforest
Aiouea saligna 23.0 96 73 10.5 1.31 26 214 Boeger et al. 2004
Alchornea triplinervia 14.6 75 52 12.5 1.44 46 165
Amaioua guianensis 20.9 48 96 10.5 0.50 42 176
Andira anthelminthica 23.0 71 48 12.5 1.48 16 155
Aniba firmula 20.9 125 144 20.9 0.87 37 343
Annona cacans 25.1 69 86 12.5 0.80 52 192
Aparisthmium cordatum 8.4 21 42 10.5 0.50 143 88
Byrsonima ligustrifolia 31.4 73 153 20.9 0.48 4 278
Blepharocalyx salicifolius 14.6 79 77 12.5 1.03 12 184
Cabralea canjerana 16.7 36 88 12.5 0.40 20 153
Calophyllum brasiliense 23.0 42 146 16.7 0.29 31 231
Calyptranthes concinna 25.1 130 266 16.7 0.49 6 437
Calyptranthes lucida 12.5 44 231 10.5 0.19 36 317
Campomanesia guaviroba 18.8 67 84 8.4 0.80 26 180
10 Clethra scabra 14.4 101 120 48.8 0.84 32 288
Clusia criuva 135.8 110 300 29.6 0.37 26 543
Coccoloba warmingii 35.5 77 52 14.6 1.48 231 163
Conomorpha peruviana 25.1 48 121 14.6 0.40 14 214
Copaifera trapezifolia 16.7 29 44 16.7 0.67 22 107
Cupania oblongifolia 25.1 21 86 10.5 0.24 93 142
Drymys brasiliensis 31.4 136 151 37.6 0.90 18 343
Endlicheria paniculata 31.4 105 223 29.3 0.47 30 403
Erythroxylum vaciniifolium 33.4 38 130 12.5 0.29 4 213
Esembeckia grandiflora 25.1 56 206 18.8 0.27 33 309
Eugenia cerasiflora 12.5 44 176 12.5 0.25 40 249
Eugenia obovata 20.9 84 79 10.5 1.05 18 283
Eugenia subavenia 48.1 117 274 20.9 0.43 6 454
Eugenia tristis 10.5 0 301 10.5 0.00 14 326
Eugenia umbelliflora 12.5 38 223 10.5 0.17 35 283
Faramea marginata 14.6 40 96 6.3 0.41 26 157
Garcinia gardneriana 16.7 36 171 12.5 0.21 28 236
Gomidesia affinis 14.6 61 102 10.5 0.59 17 188
Gomidesia schaueriana 62.7 90 326 10.5 0.28 25 506
Guarea macrophylla 25.1 65 159 16.7 0.41 30 266
Guatteria australis 27.2 52 65 20.9 0.81 16 165
Heisteria silvianii 23.0 42 169 14.6 0.25 33 274
Hieronyma alchorneoides 32.8 83 133 20.0 0.63 106 285
Ilex dumosa 23.0 138 119 18.8 1.16 8 300
Ilex interregima 37.6 300 257 25.1 1.17 63 634
Ilex pseudobuxus 20.9 125 69 10.5 1.82 5 268
Ilex theezans 54.3 240 317 25.1 0.76 40 608
Manilkara subsericea 58.5 125 128 10.5 0.98 32 317
Maprounea guianensis 23.0 52 77 23.0 0.68 6 173
Marlierea eugeniopsoides 12.5 94 194 12.5 0.48 27 309
Marlierea reitzii 16.7 42 184 10.5 0.23 30 266
Matayba guianensis 35.5 61 82 25.1 0.74 43 203
Maytenus robusta 27.2 113 115 18.8 0.98 8 274
11 Miconia cabuçu 23.0 33 107 10.5 0.31 227 173
Miconia cubatanensis 12.5 31 52 8.4 0.60 14 105
Miconia hymenonervia 14.6 113 446 8.4 0.25 19 583
Miconia sellowiana 12.5 29 100 8.4 0.29 21 146
Mollinedia uleana 73.2 59 146 20.9 0.40 38 300
Mouriri chamissoniana 33.4 84 171 12.5 0.49 40 283
Myrceugenia campestris 25.1 105 202.7 10.5 4 343
Myrceugenia reitzii 14.6 113 446 8.4 0.25 56 583
Myrcia acuminatissima 12.5 36 86 6.3 0.41 15 140
Myrcia fallax 18.8 67 105 12.5 0.64 14 219
Nectandra grandiflora 27.2 100 136 14.6 0.74 21 278
Nectandra megapotamica 25.1 90 109 10.5 0.83 19 231
Nectandra oppositifolia 13.6 103 65 23.2 1.60 73 210
Ocotea aciphylla 25.1 63 111 14.6 0.57 29 213
Ocotea dispersa 20.9 5 125 16.7 0.04 30 231
Ocotea elegans 16.7 36 140 12.5 0.25 13 326
Ocotea glaziovii 25.1 84 115 12.5 0.73 19 231
Ocotea odorifera 14.6 84 121 8.4 0.69 38 274
Ocotea pulchella 50.2 69 140 14.6 0.49 8 283
Ocotea pulchra 23.0 75 115 14.6 0.65 19 223
Oreopanax capitatum 41.8 0 0 14.6 51 223
Ormosia arborea 25.1 46 79 16.7 0.58 130 167
Ouratea parviflora 18.8 31 73 16.7 0.43 15 142
Pera glabrata 27.2 113 167 20.9 0.68 21 334
Pithecellobium langsdorffii 16.7 73 71 16.7 1.03 7 178
Pouteria beaurepairei 25.1 29 113 20.9 0.26 31 188
Pouteria venosa 14.6 21 88 10.5 0.24 59 130
Protium kleini 15.2 68 116 25.6 0.58 20 263
Prunus sellowii 25.1 130 136 20.9 0.95 16 317
Psidium catlteyanum 75.2 161 230 16.7 0.70 23 488
Rapanea ferruginea 20.9 88 117 14.6 0.75 9 231
Rapanea venosa 41.8 69 223 35.5 0.31 30 360
Rudgea villiiflora 46.0 61 360 33.4 0.17 34 497
12 Sloanea guianensis 8.4 25 92 8.4 0.27 58 134
Solanum inaequale 14.6 21 48 14.6 0.43 22 98
Styrax glabratus 20.9 36 69 10.5 0.52 34 132
Tapirira guianensis 27.2 167 115 18.8 1.45 17 300
Ternstroemia brasiliensis 23.2 184 333 40.8 0.55 23 598
Tetrastylidium grandifolium 20.9 38 178 12.5 0.21 65 249
Virola oleifera 27.4 87 100 19.2 0.87 22 249
Weinmannia paulliniifolia 29.3 159 121 14.6 1.31 3 326
Xylopia brasiliensis 18.8 92 65 14.6 1.42 6 190
Apeiba membranaceae 89 25.8 1.12 23.0 12.9 0.47 15.0 133 72 3.69 32 Santiago and Wright 2006 Aspidosperma cruentum 65 20.4 0.84 24.3 8.9 0.23 10.1 66 45 2.43 44
Brosimum utile 68 18.2 1.04 17.5 7.7 0.32 11.4 78 60 2.31 36
Calophyllum longifolium 39 12.1 0.72 16.8 6.6 0.31 11.1 43 50 1.86 36
Carapa guianensis 49 13.7 0.86 15.9 5.0 0.21 10.1 49 50 1.78 48
Cecropia insignis 91 17.1 1.24 13.8 11.4 0.48 15.7 143 117 3.58 33
Cecropia obtusifolia 267 41.6 3.04 13.7 23.8 0.56 13.1 351 118 3.58 23
Dussia munda 89 21.1 1.14 18.5 11.4 0.48 11.9 106 70 2.88 25
Jacaranda copaia 97 25.5 1.21 21.1 11.8 0.54 16.3 158 87 4.04 30
Lonchocarpus latifolius 69 18.4 1.06 17.4 10.9 0.44 14.9 103 78 3.01 34
Manilkara bidentata 58 16.5 0.83 19.9 8.5 0.22 13.4 78 66 2.91 61
Miconia borealis 104 22.0 1.30 16.9 15.3 0.60 15.2 158 101 3.77 25
Nectandra purpurea 68 17.8 0.77 23.1 6.9 0.34 10.8 74 58 2.96 32
Ochroma pyrmidale 155 21.4 1.49 14.4 15.7 0.58 14.5 225 147 4.67 25
Oenocarpus mapora 89 20.5 1.27 16.1 7.1 0.19 7.6 68 46 1.66 40
Pourouma bicolor 70 20.0 1.24 16.1 11.1 0.51 15.8 111 77 2.76 31
Simarouba amara 57 17.4 0.65 26.8 6.6 0.41 13.8 79 63 3.75 34
Socratea exorrhiza 68 19.9 1.24 16.0 6.5 0.34 11.3 77 54 1.92 33
Tapirira guianensis 71 15.4 0.88 17.5 5.8 0.41 13.0 92 84 3.25 32
Trema micrantha 127 20.9 0.87 24.0 9.3 0.54 13.4 170 114 6.05 25
Vochysia ferruginea 88 17.3 1.00 17.3 7.6 0.65 15.8 139 112 4.30 24
Acalypha skutchii 42.0 52 48 14.0 1.08 90 2.20 156 167 383 25.8 2.13 12.1 11.1 Bongers and Popma 1990 Aegiphila costaricensis 12.0 38 96 8.0 0.40 179 13.0 0.03 65 2.70 154 276 235 15.5 2.12 7.3 14.7
Allophyllus campostachis 20.0 90 110 14.0 0.82 97 23.0 0.05 15 2.80 234 457 93 11.3 1.28 8.8 9.1
13 Amphitecna tuxtlensis 177 20.0 0.07 62 3.80 119 14.3 1.11 12.8 13.1
Astrocaryum mexicanum 105 26.0 0.07 87 26.30 134 16.7 1.59 10.5 12.6
Bactris trichophylla 82 36.0 0.11 101 9.00 182 15.4 1.08 14.2 16.8
Brosimum alicastrum 40.0 32 48 20.0 0.67 37 2.50 140 454 157 21.3 1.30 16.4 12.8
Bursera simaruba 36.0 54 52 18.0 1.04 483 19.0 0.17 15 2.50 160 530 118 15.1 1.01 15.0 6.2
Capparis baduca 20.0 44 102 14.0 0.43 57 17.0 0.02 38 2.40 180 309 180 16.3 1.00 16.3 21.0
Casearea nitida 18.0 32 82 10.0 0.39 140 27.0 0.10 41 2.90 142 442 159 20.9 0.84 24.9 17.6
Cecropia obtusifolia 26.0 80 40 8.0 2.00 142 17.0 0.04 1648 154 510 127 22.1 1.22 18.1 6.9
Chamaedorea schiedeana 78 30.0 0.07 67 4.10 239 17.7 1.41 12.5 14.4
Chamaedorea tepejilote 188 29.0 0.16 140 9.90 244 22.0 2.07 10.6 12.7
Clarisa biflora 38.0 48 84 20.0 0.57 2344 5.0 0.06 21 2.60 190 559 94 21.0 1.14 18.4 8.2
Coccoloba barbadensis 26.0 142 108 14.0 1.31 132 33.0 0.14 41 2.30 290 356 97 11.0 0.93 11.8 11.0
Cordia megalantha 20.0 148 264 10.0 0.56 339 23.0 0.18 51 1.70 442 193 117 21.4 1.37 15.6 8.8
Croton schiedeanus 14.0 64 84 10.0 0.76 297 13.0 0.05 28 2.60 172 381 153 19.2 1.54 12.4 10.1
Cupania dentata 20.0 76 54 12.0 1.41 986 14.0 0.19 22 2.40 162 713 87 15.0 0.96 15.6 7.8
Cymbopetaium beillonii 20.0 100 120 12.0 0.83 366 14.0 0.07 100 3.20 252 437 91 13.2 2.10 6.3 8.1
Cynometra retusa 22.0 80 190 18.0 0.42 332 22.0 0.16 13 2.70 310 417 77 11.9 0.94 12.7 8.9
Dendropanax arboreus 36.0 72 122 16.0 0.59 233 31.0 0.22 43 2.50 246 382 106 9.0 1.39 6.4 10.3
Dialium guianense 20.0 84 64 10.0 1.31 442 19.0 0.16 8 2.60 178 465 121 16.9 1.17 14.4 3.4
Dussia mexicana 36.0 64 34 22.0 1.88 2280 7.0 0.11 36 2.40 156 523 123 15.8 1.34 11.8 8.6
Erythrina folkersii 20.0 92 38 16.0 2.42 1422 9.0 0.12 131 1.40 166 292 207 27.8 1.51 18.4 14.7
Faramea occidentalis 24.0 92 134 12.0 0.69 188 23.0 0.10 18 2.80 262 331 115 12.4 0.83 14.9 5.1
Ficus colubrinae 56.0 110 170 12.0 0.65 167 23.0 0.09 30 1.70 348 380 76 10.8 0..85 8.8
Ficus insipida 60.0 106 100 20.0 1.06 113 32.0 0.12 68 2.30 286 365 96 17.3 1.26 13.7 9.3
Guarea glabra 16.0 120 90 10.0 1.33 485 14.0 0.10 98 2.60 236 486 87 17.5 1.05 16.7 8.9
Guarea grandifolia 48.0 86 180 14.0 0.48 153 29.0 0.13 112 2.80 328 308 99 16.0 1.81 8.8 13.6
Hampea nutricia 32.0 112 98 22.0 1.14 490 25.0 0.31 180 1.10 264 232 163 21.1 1.95 10.8 14.6
Heliocarpus appendiculatus 16.0 68 42 10.0 1.62 299 24.0 0.17 171 1.10 136 381 193 21.2 1.69 12.5 7.0
Inga sp 22.0 88 86 8.0 1.02 413 24.0 0.24 109 2.40 204 452 108 24.7 0.97 25.5 7.3
Lonchocarpus guatemalensis 34.0 118 94 14.0 1.26 328 26.0 0.22 27 2.10 260 374 103 24.8 1.12 22.1 6.2
Lunania mexicana 10.0 42 62 8.0 0.68 504 17.0 0.15 36 2.40 122 451 182 15.0 1.55 9.7 13.7
Mortoniodendron guatemalense 18.0 48 104 8.0 0.46 597 11.0 0.07 9 2.40 178 557 101 15.1 0.86 17.6 7.2
Myriocarpa longipes 34.0 86 80 24.0 1.08 285 27.0 0.21 182 1.80 224 240 186 14.5 1.15 12.6 8.6
14 Nectandra ambigens 33 3.20 73 16.9 1.04 16.3 3.5
Omphalea oleifera 56.0 46 160 18.0 0.29 128 29.0 0.11 408 1.10 280 251 142 25.3 2.31 11.0 9.0
Orthion oblanceolatum 32.0 70 68 8.0 1.03 430 26.0 0.29 22 3.20 178 392 143 15.9 2.59 6.1 11.0
Piper amalago 42.0 32 64 38.0 0.50 134 27.0 0.10 26 2.30 176 373 152 21.3 1.41 15.1 17.0
Piper auritum 22.0 30 118 16.0 0.25 1445 7.0 0.07 538 1.60 186 199 270 32.2 2.17 14.8 22.9
Piper hispidum 40.0 44 90 24.0 0.49 177 35.0 0.22 59 3.10 198 327 154 23.0 1.76 13.1 12.7
Pleuranthodendron lindenii 18.0 100 84 10.0 1.19 390 15.0 0.09 23 2.10 212 471 100 13.9 1.22 11.4 10.4
Poulsenia armata 50.0 110 106 20.0 1.04 382 25.0 0.24 204 1.20 286 411 85 16.7 2.02 8.3 19.2
Pouteria durlandii 16.0 62 108 12.0 0.57 130 25.0 0.08 28 3.20 198 655 77 15.9 0.70 22.7 5.9
Poulsenia sp 16.0 66 96 12.0 0.69 181 17.0 0.05 17 2.40 190 486 108 10.7 0.71 15.0 6.1
Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria 30.0 52 66 18.0 0.79 126 9.0 0.01 31 3.60 166 520 116 10.4 0.68 15.2 10.4
Psychotria chiapensis 65 2.90 186 17.9 1.04 17.2 16.4
Psychotria faxlucens 50.0 46 130 10.0 0.35 142 23.0 0.08 28 2.30 236 233 182 13.8 0.66 20.9 10.3
Psychotria flava 72.0 92 108 20.0 0.85 184 32.0 0.19 145 2.80 292 376 91 10.9 0.69 15.8 7.4
Psychotria simiarum 28.0 62 38 16.0 1.63 115 29.0 0.10 30 2.20 144 294 236 16.1 0.70 23.0 8.5
Pterocarpus rohrii 64.0 66 114 16.0 0.58 349 21.0 0.15 25 2.00 260 368 104 18.7 1.73 10.8 5.5
Quararibea guatemalteca 28.0 42 68 12.0 0.62 459 27.0 0.33 20 2.70 150 397 168 13.5 1.61 8.4 20.8
Rheedia edulis 142 42.0 0.25 160 2.90 75 7.5 0.79 9.5 6.7
Robinsonella mirandea 22.0 56 36 16.0 1.56 589 7.0 0.03 81 1.30 130 462 167 19.5 1.81 10.8 6.7
Saprathus microcarpus 24.0 60 116 14.0 0.52 177 23.0 0.09 33 2.30 214 211 221 17.4 1.23 14.1 13.1
Spondias radlkoferi 28.0 66 100 10.0 0.66 473 11.0 0.06 47 1.80 204 353 139 14.2 1.12 12.7 6.4
Stemmadenia donnell-smithii 18.0 70 90 16.0 0.78 1313 10.0 0.13 49 2.70 194 274 188 22.4 1.20 18.7 13.9
Trema micrantha 28.0 86 44 14.0 1.95 496 16.0 0.13 61 2.00 172 334 174 22.9 1.51 15.2 8.0
Trichilia martiana 12.0 36 82 12.0 0.44 153 19.0 0.06 36 2.20 142 428 164 21.7 1.77 12.3 13.4
Trichospermum mexicanum 40.0 46 74 14.0 0.62 299 17.0 0.09 28 2.50 174 557 103 18.1 1.11 16.3 9.7
Trophis mexicana 14.0 66 82 12.0 0.80 603 11.0 0.07 13 2.80 174 367 157 16.9 1.14 14.8 8.7
Turpina occidentalis 46.0 82 106 16.0 0.77 388 11.0 0.05 26 2.80 250 324 123 11.2 0.76 14.7 7.1
Urera caracasana 22.0 28 60 10.0 0.47 306 5.0 0.01 100 2.20 120 479 174 28.3 2.10 13.5 10.6
Urera elata 48.0 52 38 12.0 1.37 473 24.0 0.27 57 2.60 150 263 254 13.7 1.03 13.3 13.7
Vatairea lundellii 20.0 72 46 12.0 1.57 217 18.0 0.07 20 3.10 150 576 116 15.5 0.76 20.4 5.3
VOchysia guatemalensis 44.0 106 132 14.0 0.80 628 23.0 0.33 49 2.90 296 380 89 10.6 0.75 14.1 3.2
Zanthoxylum kellermanii 24.0 68 94 14.0 0.72 208 28.0 0.16 31 2.90 200 326 153 20.8 2.39 8.7 11.8
Anisoptera costata 18.9 52 72 13.0 0.73 383 15.8 0.10 80 2.67 156 419 154 26.8 1.51 17.7 6.7 0.28 13.7 210 110 4.30 49 Zhang and Cao 2009
15 Dipterocarpus alatus 26.6 55 113 23.4 0.49 560 17.3 0.17 161 1.46 218 487 94 22.1 1.27 17.5 4.8 0.56 20.3 191 122 4.68 36
D. intricatus 48.3 79 149 23.3 0.53 929 20.3 0.38 241 2.89 299 546 66 16.2 1.08 15.0 4.2 0.32 14.7 105 97 3.18 46
D. retusus 31.8 56 98 24.0 0.58 315 23.6 0.17 401 1.86 213 506 94 19.4 1.40 13.9 5.0 0.29 14.0 132 96 2.92 48
D. tuberculatus 35.0 64 122 35.1 0.53 481 23.8 0.27 831 3.83 256 418 93 18.5 1.12 16.6 5.9 0.34 18.9 177 135 3.89 56
D. turbinatus 34.3 44 95 21.2 0.48 378 18.9 0.14 285 1.44 193 521 99 19.0 1.17 16.3 4.2 0.34 16.1 158 117 4.21 48
Hopea chinensis 22.3 45 88 13.4 0.52 471 16.5 0.13 27 5.12 167 438 125 22.0 1.21 18.1 5.4 0.17 9.9 124 78 3.16 58
H. hainanensis 18.8 63 116 15.4 0.54 329 18.7 0.11 56 3.11 211 465 102 20.0 1.38 14.5 5.2 0.16 10.1 102 72 2.29 63
H. hongayensis 16.8 40 83 11.6 0.49 469 15.5 0.11 65 5.75 151 343 192 19.8 1.32 15.2 6.0 0.10 6.1 118 84 2.78 61
H. mollissima 14.7 34 64 10.8 0.54 417 18.7 0.15 51 2.87 124 734 114 19.6 1.33 15.3 4.3 0.12 7.2 82 58 1.92 60
Parashorea chinensis 20.7 63 29 9.5 2.24 598 17.9 0.19 41 3.44 123 424 192 21.7 1.66 13.1 7.7 0.24 8.3 159 103 2.98 35
Shorea assamica 16.6 63 66 12.0 0.97 251 17.2 0.07 70 3.75 157 412 154 19.3 1.17 16.5 6.7 0.24 10.7 165 120 4.39 44
Shorea robusta 24.0 93 97 15.0 0.97 714 16.9 0.20 89 4.31 226 415 106 19.2 1.19 16.3 8.7 0.26 17.2 184 134 4.80 66
S. sp. 23.6 103 118 14.4 0.87 396 17.4 0.12 33 1.26 259 434 89 18.9 0.99 19.3 7.0 0.18 9.7 89 68 2.32 55
Vatica guangxiensis 14.5 59 51 12.5 1.17 412 18.1 0.13 87 5.80 137 597 123 17.0 0.86 17.1 3.5 0.09 5.1 64 54 2.31 57
V. mangachapoi 22.5 71 94 14.0 0.77 380 21.2 0.17 36 5.35 202 474 105 17.8 1.16 15.5 5.7 0.15 9.3 97 76 2.59 62
V. xishuangbannaensis 14.0 59 53 12.1 1.13 502 19.6 0.19 52 3.01 138 592 122 18.6 1.01 18.7 4.2 0.15 7.3 89 67 2.73 49 See Table 1 for the abbreviations and units of leaf traits measured in this study For authorities consult the Tropicos database (http://www.tropicos.org)
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